The defendants are members of an organization called the “Good Government League,” in the city of Detroit, which professes to have for its object the election of worthy men to office, and the promotion of good order and honest administration of city affairs. The plaintiff, having attended one session of the legislature in the capacity of representative, was a candidate for re-election. This action is for libel, alleged to have consisted of three publications over the names of the defendants. One, for convenience called the “White Circular,” was addressed to the voters, and contained in parallel columns the names of several candidates whom the electors were advised to vote for or against. The portion applicable to the plaintiff was as follows:
“VOTE
“For
Harry C. Barter for representative, because he represents all that is good in his opponent, and-does not represent the objectionable. He is the champion of labor and arbitration.
Against
Henry Eikhoff for representative, because in the last legislature he championed measures opposed to the moral interests of the community.”
Another, called the “Pink Circular,” contained the following :
“Read and Reflect Before You sYo™-
“The executive council of the Good Government League has carefully examined the record of each candidate for office. Where opposing candidates are equally bad or equally good, we make no recommendations. The following suggestions are made in the hope that they may aid you in the discharge of your duty as a citizen, and that righteousriess may prevail in public as well as in private affairs:
*355“Lou J. Burch is candidate on the Republican ticket for representative. All friends of morality and decency are asked to vote against him for the following reasons; Lou J. Burch is secretary of the Michigan Liquor Dealers’ League. He is editor of the official organ of that league. He is a self-avowed candidate for the liquor dealers, and desires to go to the legislature to work in the interest of the saloon. Lou J. Burch is editor and publisher of a scurrilous sheet, dated Saturday, but always issued Sunday morning. In his paper the ministry is ridiculed, women are maligned, and workers for the cause of righteousness are defamed. Lou J. Burch is the champion of saloon lawlessness and of vulgar theaters. Lou J. Burch has offered insult to every colored man, woman, and child in Detroit. In witness of these facts, read the following statements from his own sheet;
“ ‘The liquor interests of the city are likely to have something to say in the convention. Lou J. Burch, editor of-, is their candidate.’ October 29, 1898.
“ ‘Here and there could be seen the burly forms of chicken-fed preachers, arrayed in long, dark frock coats, with hair pompadour, and smile urbane as the harvest moon, moving about among the female portion of the flock, thinking what a snap they had. It was' a veritable Eden for them, and it was full of ripe, luscious apples, and no snakes. A preacher is never so near his heaven as when in charge of a menless audience or convention.’ January 22, 1898.
“Speaking editorially of one of Woodward avenue’s most prominent and popular ministers, the sheet says:
“ * * He is either crazy, a fool, or both; and that, at best, he is a weak, narrow-minded bigot, without religion or sense.’ May 7, 1898.
“ Referring to deaconesses and other Christian workers, Burch’s paper says:
“ ‘ The front row of chairs was occupied by as interesting a bunch of short-haired, long-nosed women, of doubtful age, as one would meet in a long search.’ October 1, 1898.
‘ ‘ Referring to prominent pastors and church workers who were at police court recently,' Burch’s paper says they were ‘as fine a looking lot of spies and sneaks as ever put powder to a safe.’ October 1, 1898.
“ ‘And still these awful good and pious old ladies can never see *356anything wrong with hugging and kissing bees and grab-bag bunco games as they are carried on at the regulation church socials.’ October 22, 1898.
‘ ‘ In commenting upon the discharge in the recorder’s court of a saloonist, Burch’s paper says:
“ ‘The outcome of all these cases should be the same as this first one, and probably will be. Mathews was defended by Navin & Sheehan.’ October 15, 1898.
“Burch’s paper spoke as follows concerning the effort to close the Capitol-Square Theater:
* * Agitating against the Capitol-Square Theater with the intention of closing it, but without success, for the simple reason that there is no excuse for such an outrageous procedure.’ April 2, 1898.
“After the evidence upon which the theater was closed was in, Burch’s paper said:
“ ‘As the investigation now stands, there can be but one result, —the complete vindication of Dr. Campbell.’ April 9, 1898..
‘“Republican politicians about town are wondering which side of the fence Charlie Joslyn will be found upon in the Pingree and anti fight this year. Pingree bought Charlie with a §5,000 per year job two years ago, but there is a rumor that the foxy Charlie is looking for a raise this year.’ April 16, 1898.
‘ ‘ ‘ Should Stay Away.
“ ‘ Negroes must Realize that There is a Line.
“ ‘The question of the color line has arisen in Detroit once more. A negro claims that he was discriminated against at Stock’s Riverside Park. This statement is denied, however. He had no business there. Negroes must realize the fact that white people will associate with them more or less in business, but will certainly refuse to be on equal terms with them socially. Knowing the objection there is for their company, why does the negro force it ? No gentleman would. White men would be forcibly ejected from any place where they made themselves half as obnoxious as do most colored people. It has since transpired that the negro, anxious for a case, made no complaint to Mr. Stock, but straightway rushed into court. Mr. Stock is a very fair-minded gentleman, and is willing, and always used Detroit citizens liberally, and there is no doubt they will support him against the arrogance of Detroit’s colored population.’ May 28, 1898.
“‘The ladies of the W. C. T. U. have been having sixteen fits each all the week over a showbill in which a man is depicted in the *357act of choking a woman. If the man in question had a grip on a half dozen or more men-women who have been making fools of themselves here in Detroit for the past year, the picture would be better appreciated by a large majority of the people.’ October 29, 1898.
“Burch probably desires the repeal of the minor law. Judge from the following:
“ ‘TO Fathers and Mothers:
“ ‘Fathers and mothers of Michigan, has it ever occurred to you that the doors of the saloon are barred against your minor sons and daughters, while they can enter a drug-store with seeming propriety, and sip intoxicating drinks issued from a soda fountain ? Which of the two institutions is the more likely to start innocent youth on the downward path ? Do you think it fair and just to continually persecute the licensed saloonkeeper, who executes a large bond guaranteeing the proper conduct of his place, and wink at the unlicensed whisky-selling druggist ? Pause and consider.’ June 4, 1898.
“For several weeks Burch’s paper has carried the following in display type:
‘ ‘ ‘ Below are the names of the 39 men who not only voted against this particular bill, but used their influence against the liquor interests during the entire session. Don’t wait for the election this fall, but be on hand at the caucuses and the conventions, and see to it that these 39 men get just what they gave you, — the dump.’ September 24, 1898.
“By your vote do you desire to ask the State to bear the expenses and pay the expenses and pay the salary of the saloonkeepers’ lobbyist? That your vote may be effective,- we ask all who may refuse to vote for Burch to concentrate their votes upon Alex. W. Blain.
“For reasons which we consider equally as good, we ask you to vote against Henry Eikhoff, candidate for representative, and for Harry C. Barter.”
There was a third, but it is unimportant. The declaration alleged that the effect and meaning of the pink circular was to charge and impute by inference and intent, upon the plaintiff, all of the wrongful, indecent, immoral, wicked, and scandalous acts charged against said Burch. The court excluded the pink circular as not libelous, and directed a verdict for the defendants upon the other counts.
*358The question before us is whether the case should have been submitted to the jury upon one or both counts. The first charge is, in substance, that the plaintiff, in his official capacity of representative, championed measures opposed to the moral interests of the community. The undisputed . testimony shows that as representative he introduced, and, to some extent, at least, approved and supported, measures calculated to change the liquor laws of the State by permitting sales on legal holidays, and election days after the close of the polls, and by repealing the act prohibiting screens in saloons. The court charged the jury that:
‘ ‘ The conclusion of the article, and the views as expressed by the defendants in that article, must of necessity, under the circumstances of the case, be termed a deduction from his record in the case. It is a question upon which men may differ. It probably will be very difficult to determine with any unanimity as to whether such measures were against the moral interests of the community. It is a question of judgment, in other words, based, in my opinion, upon his record in the legislature. Whether it is for the moral interests of the community is an open question. In my judgment, it was such a criticism upon his acts as might legitimately be made by any voter to the voting population of the State or of the county from which he asked to receive the suffrage of the people. If it were true that those acts were against the moral interests of the community, he would have no case here. If they were false, then the question of qualified privilege, as we say in law, would arise. There are certain things' which persons, may say under certain circumstances which are called privileged in the law, — qualifiedly privileged, — and it depends upon the occasion as to whether an utterance or publication is privileged. I charge you that in this case this was a privileged occasion. If they had the right to criticise the acts of this man, being a man running for public office, and one who asked to receive the trust and confidence of the people to perform the duties of that public office, they had a right to criticise him; and, though it was false, it would not be actionable, unless it was published with malice or in bad faith. I do not think in this case there is any evidence of malice outside of the publication itself, — -any positive proof, — which, *359in my judgment, would be required to be shown on the part of the plaintiff. Hence, if the publication was false, if it was such a publication as would require justification to be shown, — which would be true if the occasion was not privileged, — it being privileged and false, if they acted in good faith, and without malice, the plaintiff would have no right to recover. I don’t think there is any evidence of malice, as I said, or ill-will, on the part of the defendants in this case; and on the whole case — on the evidence as it has appeared in this case — I charge ^you to find for the defendants. The verdict is,.‘Not guilty,’ I think. The clerk will take the verdict.”
The language of the white circular, unexplained, unequivocally charged the plaintiff with having championed legislation opposed to the moral interests of the community. This charge is an attack upon his moral character, and would be likely to bring him into public contempt and disgrace. It is, therefore, libelous per ■ se. The defense made was: First, that the statement was true; and, second, that, if it cannot be said to be true, the proven acts were subject to criticism, and defendants had the right to express their opinion as to their effect, — in other words, that the language was privileged.
The defendants had a right to discuss the fitness of the plaintiff for the office to which he aspired, and might lawfully communicate to the electors any facts within their knowledge concerning his character or conduct, and express their' opinions upon them, and their inferences deduced from them, so long as they stated as facts only the truth, and as opinions and inferences therefrom only honest belief. The fault here, if there be one, is that opinions and inferences were not stated as such, but as facts. The defendants sought to justify the statement made, viz., that the plaintiff championed measures opposed to the moral interests of the community, by pi’oving that he supported the two measures stated. To the minds of some, that would be sufficient to establish the truth of the charge. Others would think otherwise. It is manifest, therefore, that we cannot say, as a legal proposition, that *360the undisputed testimony establishes the truth of the broad charge. Evidently the learned circuit judge took this view. It is evident that the acts proved were sufficient to induce in the minds of some the opinion that plaintiff had supported measures opposed to the moral interests of the community. The judge therefore instructed the jury that such persons were privileged to say so, and directed a verdict for defendants. But, admitting that they were privileged to express their opinions concerning certain acts, was this what was done ? .Did they not go further, and do more ? They did not state what measures were supported, and their opinions of that particular conduct, but said generally and unqualifiedly, as a fact, that the plaintiff had arrayed himself against the moral interests of the community, which, if true, should discredit him with any voter who should believe the statement. It appealed alike to all classes, — those who should look upon the legislation proven as not opposed to the moral interests of the community as well as those holding contrary views; and it afforded no one an opportunity to judge whether the statement was a proper deduction from the facts upon which it was based or not. ■ If one states that a candidate is a thief, without qualification, he communicates a fact pertaining to his fitness^but it is a slander if untrue, whether it was made in good faith or not, although, had he stated the exact facts, and expressed the opinion that they amounted to stealing, though they did not technically constitute the offense of larceny, the communication might be privileged.
The difficulty in this case is that the defendants have been permitted to limit their statement by proof of their intended meaning, while the writing itself contained no hint of limitation. The case of Ellis v. Whitehead, 95 Mich. 115 (54 N. W. 757), is in point. It was there said:
“The fourth request should not have been given. It makes the slander depend entirely upon the intention of the defendant, and, in effect, says that vituperation is not slander when provoked, though it transcend the bounds of *361truth and propriety. It is going sufficiently far to say that a person may without liability call another a thief under circumstances which show he does. not mean it. To hold that he could do so in the absence of qualifying circumstances, and shelter himself behind a provocation, real or imaginary, adequate or inadequate, would carry the rule much too far. In actions for defamation it is immaterial what meaning the speaker intended to convey. He may have spoken without any intention of injuring ánother’s reputation; but, if he has in fact done so, he must compensate the party. He may have meant one thing and said another. If so, he is answerable for so inadequately expressing his meaning. * * * Slander, like other wrongs, is actionable because injurious; and, while intention may have much to do with the question of damages, it is not necessarily involved in the question of guilt. ”
We are of the opinion that the court erred in saying that the words were privileged. Not being privileged, it should have been left to the jury to say whether the evidence showed that plaintiff’s support of these measures was opposed to the moral interests of the community as a matter of fact; in other words, to determine the truth of the charge.
It is hardly necessary to cite authorities in support of the doctrine that a candidate for office has a right of action for aspersions upon his character, and cannot be subjected to unwarranted and untruthful charges. In New York no distinction seems to be made between a public man and a private citizen. Lewis v. Few, 5 Johns. 1; Root v. King, 7 Cow. 613, 4 Wend. 113 (21 Am. Dec. 102); Hamilton v. Eno, 81 N. Y. 116. A leading case will be found in Com. v. Clap, 4 Mass. 163 (3 Am. Dec. 212). See, also, Curtis v. Mussey, 6 Gray, 261; State v. Schmitt, 49 N. J. Law, 579 (9 Atl. 774); Hunt v. Bennett, 19 N. Y. 173; Pierce v. Ellis, 6 Ir. C. L. 55; Simpson v. Downs, 16 Law T. R. (N. S.) 391; Duncombe v. Daniell, 8 Car. & P. 222. In this last case Lord Den-man said: “However large the privilege of electors may be, it is extravagant to suppose that it can justify the *362publication to all the world of facts injurious to a person who happens to stand in the situation of a candidate.’’ Bailey v. Publishing Co., 40 Mich. 254; Bronson v. Bruce, 59 Mich. 467 (26 N. W. 671); Wheaton v. Beecher, 66 Mich. 310 (33 N. W. 503); Belknap v. Ball, 83 Mich. 587 (47 N. W. 674, 11 L. R. A. 72, 21 Am. St. Rep. 622); Wolff v. Smith, 112 Mich. 360 (70 N. W. 1010); Austin v. Hyndman, 119 Mich. 615 (78 N. W. 663); Clifton v. Lange, 108 Iowa, 472 (79 N. W. 276); Field v. Magee, 122 Mich. 556 (81 N. W. 354).
The court excluded all proof in relation to the “Pink Circular,” upon the ground that it was not libelous. After charging that Burch is a self-avowed candidate for the liquor dealers, and desires to go to the legislature to work in the interest of saloons, that he edits a scurrilous newspaper, that he is the champion of saloon lawlessness and vulgar theaters, and quoting at length from his writings, as already shown, the pink circular concludes as follows, viz.: “For reasons which we consider equally as good, we ask you to vote against Henry Eikhoff.” The count alleges under innuendoes that the meaning of this circular was that the plaintiff was an indecent and immoral man, and equally as unworthy of support as "Burch. We are "of the opinion that this comparison with Burch cannot mean less than that the plaintiff was a man as unworthy of support as Burch, for reasons not given, except as they may be implied by the charges made against Burch. Some of the charges against Burch were libelous per sej e. g., that he is the champion of saloon lawlessness and vulgar theaters. Thus the pink circular itself furnishes implications throwing light upon the meaning of the words used about plaintiff, and justifying the claim made, viz., that he was represented to be a man of bad morals, and unworthy of support for that reason. We think this also was libelous per se, and should have been admitted, leaving the defendants to prove the truth of the charge.
The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
*363Montgomery, O. J., and Long, J., concurred with Hooker, J.