Appellant Regents of the University of Michigan seek review of the March 16, 1971 decision and order of appellee Michigan Employment Relations Commission, whereby a representation election was ordered to be conducted among the interns, residents, and post-doctoral fellows working for the appellant at the University of Michigan Medical Center for the purpose of determining whether said individuals wished to be represented for collective bargaining purposes by the University of Michigan Interns-Residents Association.
The genesis of this story goes back to the fall of 1966, when a group of interns and resident doctors connected with the University Hospital, desiring to bargain with the Regents of the University of Michigan concerning wages, rates of pay, and conditions of employment, decided to band together and form the University of Michigan Interns-Residents Association. The Regents, however, refused to recognize this newly formed organization as a bargaining agent. The association thereafter filed an election petition with the commission in April 1970.
An extensive hearing was held in June and July of 1970 before a trial examiner. Briefs were filed, and oral arguments were presented to the full commission on March 2, 1971, whereupon the commission issued its order of March 16, 1971, setting the election for April 21, 22, and 23, 1971. Prior to the election the Regents sought to stay the election. This Court denied the motion to stay the election, “but without prejudice to the plaintiff’s right to decline to bargain with the bargaining agent until a decision by this Court on the application for leave and until further order of the Court”.
The election was held and resulted in 296 votes in favor of representation, 115 against, and 4 chai*59lenged ballots.. Tbe association soon after the election requested of the Regents that negotiations be instituted, but this was refused on the theory that the matter was still pending before this Court. Leave to appeal was granted and an order was issued staying all proceedings among the parties until such time as a final decision could be made.
The factual setting having been laid, we must now look at the issues raised.
May the Public Employment Relations Act be applied to The Regents of The University of Michigan in the present matter without contravening their authority under Const 1963, art 8, § 5?
The question of whether the constitutional grant of authority to supervise, direct, and control university affairs insulates the governing bodies of state universities from regulation as a public employer has now been laid to rest. The Michigan Supreme Court in Board of Control of Eastern Michigan University v Labor Mediation Board, 384 Mich 561, 565-566 (1971), while recognizing that:
“The powers and prerogatives of Michigan Universities have been jealously guarded not only by the boards of those universities but by this Court in a series of opinions running as far back as 1856”,
nonetheless held that:
“Here we find no plenary grant of powers which, by any stretch of the imagination, would take plaintiff’s operations outside of the area of public employment. ‘Public employment’ is clearly intended to apply to employment or service in all governmental activity, whether carried on by the state or by townships, cities, counties, commissions, boards or other governmental instrumentalities. It is the entire public sector of employment as distinguished from *60private employment. The public policy of this state as to labor relations in public employment is for legislative determination.”
We therefore hold that, while the Regents continue to enjoy the entire control and management of its affairs and property, they are a public employer and thus are subject to regulation as a public employer.
Hence, we are confronted with the crucial issue.
Are interns, residents and post-doctoral fellows serving at the university and affiliated hospitals of The University of Michigan Medical Center public employees within the meaning of 1965 PA 379¶
Two members of the commission, who comprised the majority, decided that, although the persons who sought to be included in the bargaining unit were students of the University of. Michigan Medical School, they nonetheless also had an employment relationship with the university and were entitled to unite for collective bargaining purposes. The majority determined the appropriate unit to be:
“All interns, residents and fellows employed by the Regents of The University of Michigan possessing the equivalent of a minimum of an M. D. or D.D.S. degree, and post-doctoral fellows in the clinical and basic sciences, EXCLUDING- pharmacy interns, dietetic interns, nurse anesthetist trainees, chaplaincy interns, and all other employees.”
The third member of the commission dissented, holding that:
“I would find on the basis of the record as a whole that interns and residents are not employees in the traditional or legal sense but are in fact post-graduate students. Their activities represent a continuation of their medical study and are, therefore, pri*61marily educational rather than employment in nature. I would find, contrary to my colleagues, that the interns and residents are not public employees for whom this Commission should direct an election.”
Appellees maintain that the findings of fact made by the majority of the Employment Relations Commission are final, and that the reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for that of the administrative agency if such findings by the agency are supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence. Generally speaking, we have no quarrel with this argument; however, we note with approval the language of 8 Callaghan’s Michigan Pleading & Practice (2d ed), § 60.88, pp 259-260, that:
“Legal conclusions drawn by an agency, and questions of law involved in its decisions or determinations, are reviewable. Thus it has been decided, that findings upon undisputed facts are reviewable, the determination in such case being a legal conclusion, and that legal conclusions based upon findings of fact are subject to review.”
The question herein raised, as to whether the interns, residents, and post-graduate fellows are to be considered employees within the meaning of the statute, is a question of law, and thus is properly the subject of review by this Court.
In 1947 the Legislature enacted 1947 PA 336, commonly referred to as the Hutchinson Act1, for the purpose of preventing strikes among public employees and creating a procedure by which to mediate grievances. In 1965 the Legislature, exercising *62its authority granted in Const 1963, art 4, § 48,2 enacted 1965 PA 379; MCLA 423.201 et seq; MSA 17.-455(1) et seq, which substantially amended the 1947 act and included eight new sections.
The pertinent part of the title to the act as amended reads:
“An act to prohibit strikes by certain public employees ; * * * to declare and protect the rights and privileges of public employees; # (Emphasis supplied.)
The statute does not, however, define what is meant by the words “public employees”. Some help is found in Hillsdale Community Schools v Labor Mediation Board, 24 Mich App 36, 41 (1970), where it was held that:
“The words ‘public employee’ are to identify the employees other them private and does not define public employee so as to exclude supervisory personnel.”
The word “employee” is quite flexible in meaning and subject to different interpretations in accordance with the intent of the statute in which it is used. Illustrative of this point, we quote the language found in 30 CJS, Employee, p 672:
“ ‘Employee’ has neither technically nor in general use a restricted meaning by which any particular employment or service is indicated, and that it may have different meanings in different connections admits of no doubt. The word ‘employee’ has no fixed meaning which must control in every instance, and it is not a word of art, but takes color from its surroundings and frequently is carefully defined by the statute where it appears.”
*63Since the term “employee” is nebulous in nature and undefined in the statute, what then was the intent of the Legislature with regard to interns, residents, and post-graduate fellows acting as such at hospitals associated with state universities? It is first necessary to look at the nature of these persons’ positions. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines the word “intern” as:
“an advanced student or recent graduate in a professional field * * * one trained in a profession allied to medicine who undergoes a period of practical clinical experience prior to practicing his profession.”
The same dictionary defines “resident” as:
“a physician serving a residency”,
with “residency” being defined as:
“a period of advanced medical training and education that normally follows graduation from medical school and completion of internship and that consists of supervised practice of a specialty in a hospital and its out-patient department and instruction from specialists on the hospital staff.”
“Fellow” is defined as:
“a young physician who has completed training as an intern and resident and has been granted a_stipend and position allowing him to do further study and research in a specialty.”
The relationship between these persons and the Regents thus assumes a unique blend of the aspects of both employer-employee and teacher-student. Neither can we overlook the fact that a state university is a unique public employer, because its powers, duties and responsibility are derived from the Constitution rather than from enactments of *64legislation. See Regents of University of Michigan v Labor Mediation Board, 18 Mich App 485, 490 (1969).
The Regents have exclusive control of all matters dealing with the education of the student. To this end, the Legislature cannot enact any law which will regulate or direct the manner in which the educational processes are to be conducted. The wisdom of this independence was well stated in Branum v Board of Regents of University of Michigan, 5 Mich App 134,138 (1966):
“This Court recognizes that such independence must be maintained in educational matters in order to provide the highest quality education for the students of Michigan, and in order to maintain the outstanding national reputation of the University.”
The educational and employment aspects of the relationship of the interns, residents, and post-graduate fellows with the Regents are inextricably mixed. To hold that these persons are employees within the meaning of the statute would impinge, to some degree, upon the constitutional authority of the Regents to control and manage the educational affairs of the University. Absent some clear expression by the Legislature that they intended to excise their constitutional authority to regulate labor relations among public employees in such a manner as to so impinge upon the Regents’ constitutional authority, this Court will assume that the Legislature did not intend such a result. If the Legislature had intended that graduate students were to be included as public employees within the meaning of the statute, they would have clearly indicated such an intent.
Courts cannot be oblivious to the consequences of their decisions. If the interns, residents, and post*65graduate fellows associated with the University Medical Center were to be classified as herein requested, the assistants in all other departments, working part-time at their trade or profession for a small stipend, would, in order to avoid discrimination, conclude that they were entitled to the same treatment. Such a result could well wreak havoc upon the very ability of the Regents to control and manage the educational affairs of the University. It is further noted that the Legislature, itself, considers interns and other assistants as students rather than employees for the purpose of determining the amount of annual appropriation made to the University.
This case is apparently one of first impression, not only in Michigan, but in the entire United States. While the attorneys for both sides filed long and exhaustive briefs, which clearly indicate the importance of this litigation, none of the cases therein cited offer any real help in the determination of this issue. It would be of little value to review all the citations, since, in the final analysis, all can be distinguished. We would also note that in New York interns and residents may organize for purposes of collective bargaining; however, such bargaining units are specifically provided for by statute.3 The Legislature of that state has spoken on the question ; the Legislature of Michigan has not.
Therefore, for the reasons stated herein, it is the conclusion of this Court that the interns, residents, and post-graduate fellows associated with the University of Michigan Medical Center are not public employees within the meaning of 1965 PA 379; MCLA 423.201 et seq; MSA 17.455(1) et seq.
*66The decision of the Michigan Employment Relations Commission is hereby reversed and set aside, but without costs, a public question being involved.
Holbrook, J., concurred.Named after Representative Edward Hutchinson who sponsored the legislation. He is now a United States Congressman from the 4th district.
“The legislature may enact laws providing for the resolution of disputes concerning public employees, except those in the state classified civil service.”
30 McKinney’s Consolidated Laws, Labor Law, § 705, Subd 2.