(dissenting). Appellants, employer McCord Gasket Corporation and insurance carrier National Union Fire Insurance Company, appeal by leave granted an August 30, 1991, order of the Workers’ Compensation Appellate Commission dismissing their appeal
for failure to comply with MCL 418.862(2) [MSA, 17.237(862X2)] and the June 20, 1991 order of this Commission.
The referenced June 20, 1991, order of the appellate commission was issued in response to plain*706tiffs first motion to dismiss. That motion had been brought because of appellants’ failure to pay medical bills. The defense to the motion was that the magistrate’s earlier opinion directing the payment of "[a]ny and all reasonable and necessary medical expenses related to plaintiffs back et sequelae” gave appellants cause to believe that the presented bills should be challenged with regard to reasonableness and necessity. In any event, the June 20, 1991, wcac order gave appellants thirty days within which to provide the commission
an affirmation of the [medical] bills that have been received, the date the medical services were provided, and a showing that the bills have been paid pursuant to the magistrate’s order of January 22, 1989, awarding reasonable and necessary medical expenses related to plaintiff’s back. Failure to provide [evidence of] timely compliance with MCL 418.862(2) [MSA 17.237(862X2)] shall subject defendants’ appeal to dismissal.
The June 20, 1991, order, being interlocutory, was not appealable at the time. East Jordan Iron Works v Workers’ Compensation Appeal Bd, 124 Mich App 324; 335 NW2d 23 (1983).
My colleagues take the view that appellants, although timely challenging the reasonableness and necessity of the medical bills, failed to do so in accordance with 1989 AACS, R 418.1904 Rule 1904. They conclude that dismissal is an appropriate administrative sanction.
If the only question properly before us were whether the appellate commission, under its implied power to enforce § 862(2) of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act regarding payment of magistrate-ordered medical benefits for injured workers, could properly dismiss appeals by employers or insurance carriers who ignore these obliga*707tions, I would join in my colleagues’ opinion. I share the view that merely because the Legislature has authorized penalties does not preclude dismissal in lieu of or in addition to a penalty in the discretion of the appellate commission. Perry v Sturdevant Mfg Co, 124 Mich App 11; 333 NW2d 366 (1983).
I believe that under Perry for dismissal to be appropriate, there must be prerequisite noncompliance with the requirements of § 862(2). To be noted is that this provision was added to the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act by 1985 PA 103. We are called upon, in this case, to construe and apply the section for the first time. Section 862(2) provides:
A claim for review filed pursuant to section 859a or 864(11) of a case for which an application under section 847 is filed after March 31, 1986 shall not operate as a stay of providing medical benefits required by the terms of the award. Medical benefits shall be provided as of the date of the award and shall continue until final determination of the appeal or for a shorter period if specified in the award. Benefits accruing prior to the award shall be withheld until final determination of the appeal. If the benefit amount is reduced or rescinded by a final determination, the carrier shall be reimbursed for [the] amount of the expenses incurred in providing the medical benefits pending the appeal in excess of the amount finally determined. Reimbursement shall be paid upon audit and proper voucher from the general fund of the state. If the award is affirmed by a final determination, the carrier shall provide all medical benefits which have become due under the provisions of the award, less any benefits already provided for. Interest shall not be paid on amounts paid pending final determination.
This statute is striking because for the first time *708it puts the general fund of the state in the position of guaranteeing to insurance carriers and self-insureds reimbursement for medical benefits that, by final determination of the appellate commission (subject to judicial review), are found to be excessive ("reduced”), or wholly unwarranted ("rescinded”). Such a remarkable opportunity for invasion of the treasury, not suprisingly, was surrounded by statutory safeguards to prevent abuse. These guardian provisions can be found in MCL 418.315; MSA 17.237(315). Section 315, which was amended by 1985 PA 103, provides:
(1) The employer shall furnish, or cause to be furnished, to an employee who receives a personal . injury arising out of and in the course of employment, reasonable medical, surgical, and hospital services and medicines, or other attendance or treatment recognized by the laws of this state as legal, when they are needed. . . .
(2) All fees and other charges for any treatment or attendance, service, devices, apparatus, or medicine under subsection (1), shall be subject to rules promulgated by the department of management and budget pursuant to Act No. 306 of the Public Acts of 1969, as amended, being sections 24.201 to 24.328 of the Michigan Compiled Laws. The rules promulgated shall establish schedules of maximum charges for such treatment or attendance, service, devices, apparatus, or medicine, which schedule shall be annually revised. A health facility or health care provider shall be paid either its usual and customary charge for any of the above, or the maximum charge established under the rules, whichever is less. . . .
(4) If a carrier determines that a health facility or health care provider has made any excessive charges or required unjustified treatment, hospitalization, or visits, the health facility or health care provider shall not receive payment under this *709chapter from the carrier for the excessive fees or unjustified treatment, hospitalization, or visits, and shall be liable to return to the carrier any such fees or charges already collected. The department of management and budget may review the records and medical bills of any health facility or health care provider determined by a carrier to not be in compliance with the schedule of charges or. to be requiring unjustified treatment, hospitalization, or office visits.
(5) As used in this section, "utilization review” means the initial evaluation by a carrier of the appropriateness in terms of both the level and the quality of health care and health services provided an injured employee, based on medically accepted standards. This review shall be accomplished by a carrier pursuant to a system established by the department of management and budget which identifies the utilization of health care and health services above the usual range of utilization for such services based on medically accepted standards and provides for acquiring necessary records, medical bills, and other information concerning any health care or health services.
(7) If it is determined by a carrier that a health facility or health care provider improperly overutilized or otherwise rendered or ordered inappropriate health care or health services, or that the cost of the care or services was inappropriate, the health facility or health care provider may appeal to the department of management and budget regarding that determination pursuant to procedures provided for under the system of utilization review.
(8) The criteria or standards established for the utilization review shall be established by rules promulgated by the department of management and budget. A carrier that complies with the criteria or standards as determined by the department of management and budget shall be certified by the department.
(9) If the health facility or health care provider *710provides health care or a health service that is not usually associated with, is longer in duration in time than, is more frequent than, or extends over a greater number of days than that health care or service usually does with the diagnosis or condition for which the patient is being treated, the health facility or health care provider may be required by the carrier to explain the necessity or indication for the reasons why in writing.
References in the above statute to the Department of Management and Budget should now be construed to refer to the Department of Labor, Bureau of Workers’ Disability Compensation, pursuant to Executive Reorganization Orders Nos 1986-3 and 1990-1, MCL 418.1, 418.2; MSA 17.237(1).
The important point that emerges from a reading of § 315 is that workers’ compensation insurance carriers, including self-insureds, are mandated to monitor closely medical treatment for injured workers with an eye to detecting both charges in excess of the schedules of maximum fees promulgated by the agency and any overutilization. The carriers serve the policing function. This becomes important to more than the carriers when the state treasury, pursuant to the above-cited § 862(2), is brought forward as the guarantor of last resort when, despite a carrier’s best efforts, medical benefits that are unnecessary or overpriced have been provided in accordance with a magistrate’s order that is later overturned.
Undergirding this whole process, however, is the requirement that the magistrate’s order be clear enough to make apparent what medical expenses are required. This is the problem in this case. The magistrate’s order is tautological and defies intelligent implementation.
*711As the Supreme Court once described a similar unclear and ill-defined order:
This so-called award means nothing to any of the parties. It finds that the plaintiff is still partially disabled and is entitled to compensation, but does not fix the amount that he is to receive or that defendants are to pay. It is not enforceable. It is not an award upon which a judgment could be entered in the circuit court. [Thayer v Britz, 234 Mich 645, 647; 209 NW 50 (1926).]
A like sentiment must be expressed about the magistrate’s order in this case with regard to reimbursement of medical expenses. The magistrate’s order means nothing to any of the parties; it merely recapitulates the statutory language that obligates the employer, in the case of a work-related injury, to pay reasonable and necessary medical expenses under §315, albeit confining that obligation to plaintiff’s back condition. The award does not indicate what particular medical treatment ought to be included, nor does it provide criteria from which it could reliably be determined by the appellants, either in advance or in retrospect, that a particular prognosticated treatment, prosthetic, or prophylactic is within the magistrate’s concept of "reasonable and necessary” medical treatment related to plaintiff’s back. No circuit court could enter judgment on the award under MCL 418.863; MSA 17.237(863), which ought to be the touchstone, pursuant to Thayer, supra, for evaluating a magistrate’s award of medical benefits.
A workers’ compensation award inherently determines the rights of the parties only with regard to the date the award is rendered, and cannot properly include speculative or predictive matters. Sanford v Ryerson & Haynes, Inc, 396 Mich 630, *712634-635; 242 NW2d 393 (1976). It is thus always appropriate, as MCL 418.847; MSA 17.237(847), which is specifically incorporated in § 862(2), provides, for a carrier to file a petition to stop benefits on grounds that the employee’s disability has terminated or ameliorated, whether or not an appeal of the award is pending. Barham v Workers’ Compensation Appeal Bd, 184 Mich App 121; 457 NW2d 349 (1990).
If in this case the magistrate had awarded medical benefits in a properly specific form, enforceable by judgment, I would have no cause to disagree with my colleagues. But the majority opinion herein ignores this administrative obligation. The upshot is that, under the majority opinion, the insurance carrier must pay all medical bills that are facially related to any kind of treatment for plaintiff’s back or arguably related conditions, which obligation is limited only by the maximum fee set by administrative regulation for any individual treatment, attendance, service, device, apparatus, or medicine. The question whether such treatment is necessary and reasonable, in duration or frequency, or whether it is truly related to plaintiff’s compensable disability, is, according to the majority, at best an issue that arises, not between the employee and the insurance carrier, but among the insurance carrier, the medical service provider, and the general fund.
By this reasoning the carefully circumscribed occasions, with all the built-in preliminary carrier-policed protections, on which the general fund can be invaded under § 862(2) have been read out of the statute. This will then predictably create a situation, unless reversed, in which neither employees as a class, nor insurance carriers as a group, have any particular incentive under this construction of the act to challenge the necessity *713for or charge—within limits fixed by regulation— made for any medical service, because reimbursement from the general fund is guaranteed. This cannot have been the intent of the Legislature if it were fiscally responsible and, in fact, that it wasn’t the legislative intent is made clear by the fact that carriers are given the previously mentioned policing duties—duties which will now be abandoned.
The majority finds support for its position in Rule 1904(6), but the obligation imposed by the rule is in turn derivative, once again, being based on the requirement imposed "by the terms of an award to provide medical benefits.” The rule, like the statute, is written in general terms, but can only be properly understood to apply to terms of a magistrate’s award to provide medical benefits that are definite, where the requisite certainty is measured by whether the award can be made judicially enforceable under § 863. In short, the rule was drafted with an understanding that it would be interpreted in accord with Thayer, supra, and Sanford, supra, and, indeed, seventy years of unbroken workers’ compensation jurisprudence. Such limitations are not unique to Michigan workers’ compensation, but common to administrative procedure generally. Federal Trade Comm v Morton Salt Co, 334 US 37; 68 S Ct 822; 92 L Ed 1196; 1 ALR2d 260 (1948).
To give the majority their due, had the magistrate’s award in this case been sufficiently specific, this regulation would no doubt warrant the sanction of dismissal of an appeal to the wcac from the magistrate’s award, based on a determination that appellants had failed to comply with the award pending review. But, in the absence of such an enforceable magistrate’s award, there can be no noncompliance, unless one is prepared to say that the duly appointed administrative agency may *714enter orders that direct employers and insurance carriers to "comply with the provisions of the statute” and, on penalty of failing to divine the parameters of such an award, the employer or carrier can be prevented from obtaining meaningful appellate review of the substance of the decision. This I am not willing to do. Federal Trade Comm v Colgate-Palmolive Co, 380 US 374, 394; 85 S Ct 1035; 13 L Ed 2d 904 (1965).
This also seems a proper occasion to put to rest the apparent assumption, of which the parties and perhaps the appellate commission have indulged, that, where the general fund has made reimbursement to the carrier under § 862(2), the matter ends. Michigan jurisprudence recognizes, within the common-law action of assumpsit, more modernly called "implied contract,” the action for money paid. Such an action is a suit for obligations implied or imposed by law to repay money paid or expended by one person for the use or benefit of another who ought to have paid it to a third person, independent of any instrument in writing requesting such payment or promising repayment. Curtis v Flint & P M R Co, 32 Mich 291 (1875); Stevens v Jackson, 180 Mich 131; 146 NW 636 (1914). In many of these situations, an ordinary health insurer will be primarily obligated for medical coverage where workers’ compensation coverage has been adjudicated as not being applicable. See Gilroy v General Motors Corp (After Remand), 438 Mich 330; 475 NW2d 271 (1991).
When health insurers have paid medical expenses that are properly reimbursable by workers’ compensation insurance carriers, the health insurers have been allowed to piggyback as intervening plaintiffs onto pending workers’ compensation claims, over which the bureau has jurisdiction to award the requisite repayment. Aetna Life Ins Co *715v Roose, 413 Mich 85; 318 NW2d 468 (1982); Ptak v Pennwalt Corp, 112 Mich App 490; 316 NW2d 251 (1982). In the reverse situation, the workers’ compensation carrier or the state treasurer, as representative of the general fund, will probably have to initiate an ordinary civil action for reimbursement in the absence of voluntary repayment. Such suit can be predicated either on implied contract or, in the alternative, on the basis of equitable or legal subrogation, which, in its legal consequences, is almost indistinguishable from the common-law action for money paid. Commercial Union Ins Co v Medical Protective Co, 426 Mich 109; 393 NW2d 479 (1986); Tel-Twelve Shopping Center v Sterling Garrett Construction Co, 34 Mich App 434; 191 NW2d 484 (1971); Detroit v Bridgeport Brass Co, 28 Mich App 54; 184 NW2d 278 (1970).
Such reimbursement actions, however, would inherently be limited to situations in which the magistrate has rendered an award that specifically requires certain medical benefits, which have been duly provided by the carrier, and later reduced or rescinded by the wcac or on judicial review. When carriers have properly determined that specifically approved magistrate-ordered benefits are unwarranted, or that charges were excessive, this information will be conveniently at hand for the state treasurer so as to facilitate reimbursement efforts, thereby minimizing the drain on the general fund. In other respects, the carriers are not eligible for reimbursement of their out-of-pocket losses, and so the marketplace, at both ends, provides the requisite inducement for carriers to preserve the economic viability of the workers’ compensation system.
I would reverse the decision of the appellate commission, dismissing appellants’ appeal for non*716compliance with the magistrate’s award, and remand to the appellate commission for determination of the appeal on the merits, or, in the appellate commission’s discretion, to permit further remand to the magistrate for clarification of the magistrate’s order, or for joinder with appellants’ timely demanded hearing under § 847 concerning the propriety of challenged health care services, or, recognizing that such hearing has probably long since been concluded by the magistrate, for consolidation with any appeal from that later decision, or for decision in light of any unappealed findings made at such hearing. For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.