By the Court. This action is brought under bee. 1, Chap. 75, Gen. Stat., which provides that “an action may be brought by any person in possession, by himself, or his tenant of real property, against any person who claims an estate or interest therein, adverse to him, for the purpose of determining such adverse claim, estate or interest. ” This section has on several occasions received a construction in this court, and it has been settled that the possession referred to is an actual possession. Steele vs. Fish, 2 Minn., 153; State vs. Bachelder, 5 Minn., 239; Meighen vs. Strong, 6 Minn., 179; Hamilton vs. Batlin, 8 Minn., 404; Wilder vs. City of St. Paul, 12 Minn., 198.
To maintain this action then, the plaintiff must establish possession in fact. Hpon the trial the plaintiff introduced the record of a duplicate certificate of entry of the land in question issued to one Hays, and the record of a warranty deed of the same, running from Hays and wife to himself, and upon this evidence alone he relies as proof of his possession.
When no one is in actual possession of land, proof of a paper title may establish a constructive possession in the holder of such title, because under such a state of facts pos*184session follows title. Van Rensselaer vs. Radclif, 10 Wend. 654; 2 Gr. Ev. 614. But the constructive possession, from the very fact that it is constructive, is not actual possession. The plaintiff then, having failed to make out a case, the defendant’s motion for a non-suit was erroneously overruled.
The section of the statute cited has been amended (see Ch. 72, Laws 1867) by appending to it these words: “ and any person having or claiming title to vacant or unoccupied real estate may bring an action against any person claiming an estate or interest therein adverse to him, for the purpose of determining such adverse claim and the rights of the parties respectively. ” The plaintiff insists that he has brought his action under the whole section as thus amended. But this is not so. There are two cases in which the section as amended provides that an action of this kind may be maintained. First: when the plaintiff is in actual possession : Second: when the land is vacant or unoccupied and no person is in actual possession.
The plaintiff in his complaint has counted upon his possession, and therefore his case is the first.
But even admitting (for argument’s sake merely) that under a complaint counting upon possession, the plaintiff might be permitted to prove, either that .he is in possession of the premises, or that the same are vacant and unoccupied, the proof that he has made in this instance does not establish either state of facts, and he has failed to make out a cause of action in either of the cases contemplated by the statute.
Judgment reversed.