The questions here presented are — First, the construction, and, second, the constitutionality, of chapter 10, (particularly subdivisions e, f, and g of section 8,) Laws 1887, entitled “An act to regulate common carriers, and creating the railroad and warehouse commission of the state of Minnesota, and defining the duties of such commission in relation to common carriers.” The provisions of the act are made applicable to all common carriers of persons or property by railroad, or partly by railroad and partly by water, when both are used under a common control or management. It creates and establishes a commission, to be known as the “Kailroad and Warehouse Commission of the State of Minnesota,” and to consist of three commissioners appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. It provides that all charges by any common carrier for the transportation of passengers and property shall be equal and reasonable. It also requires all carriers to furnish ample, equal, and reasonable facilities for trade and travel; prohibits unequal and unreasonable preferences to any particular person or locality, or to any particular description of traffic; and forbids pools, rebates, or limitations of the common-law liability of carriers of property, etc. Section 8 (a) requires every common carrier to print and keep posted at every depot or station, schedules *292showing its freight rates and passenger fares. (b) Forbids any change in these schedules without 10 days’ notice, (c) Makes it unlawful to charge any greater or less rates than those specified in such schedules. (d) Requires the carrier to file with the railway and warehouse commission copies of these schedules, and to promptly notify such commission of all changes therein, -(e) “That in case the commission shall at any time find that any part of the tariffs of rates, fares, charges, or classifications, so filed and published as hereinbefore provided, are in any respect unequal or unreasonable, it, shall have the power, and is hereby authorized and directed, to compel any common carrier to change the same, and adopt such rate, fare, charge, or classification as said commission shall declare to be reasonable and equal; to which end the commission shall, in writing, inform such common carrier in what respect such tariff of rates, fares, charges, or classifications are unequal and unreasonable, and shall recommend what tariffs shall be substituted therefor.” (/) “In-case such common carrier shall neglect or refuse, for 10 days after such notice, to substitute such tariff of rates, fares, charges, or classifications, or to adopt the same as recommended by the commission, it shall be the duty of said commission to immediately publish such tariff of rates, fares, charges, and classifications as they had declared to be equal and reasonable, and cause the same to be posted at all the regular stations on the line of such common carrier in this state; and thereafter it shall be unlawful for such common carrier to charge or maintain a higher or lower rate, fare, charge, or classification than that so fixed and published by said commission.” (g) “If any common carrier, subject to the provisions of this act, shall neglect or refuse to publish or file its schedules of classifications, rates, fares, or charges, or any part thereof, as provided in this section, or if any common carrier shall refuse or neglect to carry out such recommendation made and published by said commission, such common carrier shall be subject to a writ of mandamus, to be issued by any judge of the supreme court, or of any-of the district courts, of this state,upon application of the commission, to compel compliance with the requirements of this section, and with the recommendation of the commission; and failure to comply with the requirements of said writ of *293mandamus shall be punishable as and for contempt. And the said commission, as complainants, may also apply to any such judge for a writ of injunction against such common carrier from receiving or transporting property or passengers within this state until such common carrier shall have complied with the requirements of this section and the recommendation of said commission; and for any wilful violation or failure to comply with such requirements, or such recommendation of said commission, the court may award such costs, including counsel fees, by way of penalty, on the return of said writs, •and after due deliberation thereon, as may be just, l
1. In construing this act, the first question that presents itself is as to our own jurisdiction. As the law stood at the time of the passage of the act, the district court had exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases of mandamus, except when the writ is to be directed to a district court, or a judge thereof in his official capacity, in which case the supreme court had exclusive original jurisdiction; and all issues of fact in any mandamus proceeding were triable in the district court •by a jury, as in an ordinary civil action. Gen. St. 1878, c. 80, § 12, Laws 1881, e. 40; State v. Burr, 28 Minn. 40, (8 N. W. Rep. 899;) State v. Whitcomb, 28 Minn. 50, (8 N. W. Rep. 902.) Does subdivision g of section 8, above cited, vest the supreme court with original jurisdiction of the proceedings in mandamus therein provided for, to •compel compliance with the requirements of the act?
It must be admitted that the language of the act is vague, and its meaning obscure. The framer of the bill evidently was not sufficiently familiar with the practice in mandamus to express himself in apt terms. If the language was to be construed with technical strictness, it might be difficult to give to it any effect whatever. But legislative enactments are not to be defeated on account of mistakes, ■omissions, or inaccuracies of language, anymore than other writings, provided the intention of the legislature can be ascertained from -the whole act. In construing a statute, we must assume, if its language will admit, that the legislature intended to act within its constitutional power. We must also, if possible, so construe the language hs to make it effectual. To construe this act as meaning that the judge shall, as a mere ministerial officer, issue the writ, without any *294, hearing or judicial determination by the court, as a sort of execution? to enforce the orders of the commission, would be to hold the act unconstitutional. For, in such a case, the functions required of the judge would be only executive or ministerial, not judicial, or pertaining to the exercise by his court of its judicial powers. Of course, it is not in the power of the legislature to impose any such duties' upon him. This construction must therefore be rejected. If it means that a judge of the supreme court is not only to allow the alternative-writ, but to hear and determine whether a peremptory writ shall issue, (in which case he would act as a court,) it would be also unconstitutional. The supreme court consists of five judges, and can exercise its judicial functions only when a quorum is present. Again, if the act means that the judge of the supreme court shall issue-the writ, and make it returnable in the district court, which alone-should have jurisdiction to hear and determine the proceedings, it' would be> obnoxious to the objection that it would vest -in him powers, and impose on him duties, belonging to the judges of the district court. Moreover, such a practice, even if allowable, would be at once both useless and without precedent. The only remaining interpretation that can be suggested, and the only one that will make-the language of the act effectual, is that a judge of the supreme-court or of the district court may issue (or cause to be issued) the writ, returnable into his own court, to bring the matter before it for hearing and determination; in short, that the intention of the act was to give the district and supreme court concurrent original jurisdiction of all proceedings in mandamus provided for in subdivision g of section 8 of the act to compel compliance with its provisions. This construction is supported and strengthened by the last clause-of the section, whieh provides that “for any wilful violation or failure to comply with such requirements or such recommendations of said commission, the court may award such costs, including counsel fees, by way of penalty, on the return of said writs, and after due-deliberation thereon, as may be just.” This last is, in our opinion,, the only reasonable or permissible construction of the act. What the practice would be in case the respondent’s return made an issue-of fact, we need not now inquire. As will be seen hereafter, the law-' *295neither contemplates nor permits any issue as to the equality or reasonableness of the rates recommended by the commission; and, aside from this, the respondent tenders no issue of fact. Its whole defence rests in questions of law. There was no fact for it to traverse except its violation of the law. If the statute is valid, it was bound to obey it; and, if it is not obeying it, there is no issue of fact to try.
2. The next and only remaining question that arises on the construction of the act is as to the nature and extent of the powers granted to the commission in the matter of fixing rates. It seems to us that, if language means anything, it is perfectly evident that the expressed intention of the legislature is that the rates recommended and published by the commission (assuming that they have proceeded' in the manner pointed out by the act) should be not simply advisory, nor merely prima facie equal and reasonable, but final and conclusive as to what are lawful or equal and reasonable charges; that, in proceedings to compel compliance with the rates thus published, the law neither contemplates nor allows any issue to be made or inquiry. had as to their equality and reasonableness in fact. Under the provisions of the act, the rates thus published are the only ones that are lawful, and therefore, in contemplation of law, the only ones that are equal and reasonable; and, hence, in proceedings like the present, there is, as said before, no fact to traverse except the violation of the law in refusing compliance with the recommendations of the commission. Indeed, the language of the act is so plain on that point that argument can add nothing to its force. It is significant, however, in this connection, that while the other portions of the act are mainly copied from the “Interstate Commerce Act,” in which the interstate commerce commission is not given any .authority to fix rates, (its action being merely advisory, and the provisions of the act being.only enforceable by judicial proceedings, in which the reports and findings of the commission, in certain cases, are made merely prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated,) subdivisions e and / of section 8, and so much of subdivision g of the same section of our act as relates to-compelling compliance with the schedules of rates recommended by the commission, are entirely new, not being found in the act of congress. The incorporation of this new matter must *296have been for á purpose, and that purpose clearly was to clothe the commission with full power to determine, in each particular ease, what were equal and reasonable rates, and to make their determination on that question final and conclusive. There are a number of other subjects, such as the management of railroads, affecting the convenience and safety of traffic and travel, damage resulting to individuals or localities from unjust discriminations or extortionate charges, which are the subjects of investigation by the commission, and their reports made by subsequent sections the basis of actions in court, in which the findings of the commission are merely prima facie evidence of the matters therein stated. But these in no way relate to the matter of fixing general schedules of rates, which is fully and exclusively provided for in section 8, which, upon that subject, is complete in itself. Indeed, if the action of the commission upon that matter is not conclusive, it amounts to nothing; for nowhere in the act is there anything making it. prima facie evidence of what is equal and reasonable, should a judicial investigation of that question be permitted. What might be the result if the commission failed to exercise an honest judgment, and it manifestly and palpably appeared rthat they had acted corruptly, we need not consider, for no such case is now, before us.
3.^ This brings us to the question of the validity of the act — that is, the authority of the legislature to confer such powers upon this commission. That the legislature itself has the power to regulate railroad charges is now too well settled to require either argument or citation of authority. The history of the contest over this question is still fresh in the minds of all. Railways had become practically the public highway system of the country. The situation was anomalous, being the first instance in history where a public highway system was at the same time owned by private parties, and exclusively used by those who owned it. This condition of things, emphasized by the reckless railway management of 15 years ago, led to legislation assuming to regulate and limit railway charges for the transportation of persons and property. Entrenched behind the doctrine that a charter is a contract, the railroad companies denied the power of the legislatures to do this; claiming the right to charge what they *297■•pleased for their services, subject only to the common-law rule that 'these charges should be in themselves reasonable; and this they ■ claimed was a question for judicial, and not legislative, determinatioif. The dispute was submitted to the arbitrament of the courts. The decisions in the so-called “Granger Cases,” over 11 years ago, .resulted in a complete victory for the right of legislative control, rlt was there held that railway companies, being incorporated as common carriers for hire, and given extraordinary powers and special rights and privileges, in order that they might better serve the public, were engaged in a public employment, affecting the public inter-est, and therefore, unless protected by their charters, were subject to .legislative control as to their rates of fare and freight; that for projection against wrong, under the form of legislative regulation, they must rely entirely upon the good faith of the people, and the wisdom -and impartiality of the legislature. See Granger Cases, 94 U. S. 113-187. The- result was so different from the preconceived ideas of the railway companies that they were slow to realize the full import of these decisions, and sometimes reluctant to accept the situation. Judging from their argument, it would seem that even the • eminent counsel for the respondent in this case are not yet fully reconciled to the result. But we know Of no decision of any court, ..state or federal, in which the doctrine of the cases referred to has ‘been modified, denied, or overruled, and it must now be accepted .-.as a settled fundamental principle in American constitutional law. £j[n fact, it was settled in the only way that any such question can be •permanently settled, viz., in accordance with public policy and public necessity, for no modern civilized community could long endure that their public highway system should be in the uncontrolled, exclusive use of private owners. The only alternative was either governmental regulation or governmental ownership of the roads. )
It is insisted, however, that while the legislature might authorize .a commission to recommend rates, and might declare that the rates ■•so recommended should be prima facie evidence of what is equal and reasonable, yet it is not within its power to set up a commission ■whose judgment or determination as to what is reasonable should be final and conclusive; that this is a judicial question, which can only *298be determined by the courts; that the railway company has a right to controvert before a court the reasonableness of the rates fixed by the commission; that, if absolute power to fix rates be given such a. body, it may be abused to the extent of practical confiscation, and depriving the companies of their property without due process of law. This argument is not a new one. It is the same that was advanced. 15 years ago against the right of the legislature itself to regulate rates,, and, if it is sound, it would apply with equal force to either case. The power might be abused by the legislature, as well as by a commission. But the liability of a power to abuse is no argument, against its existence; and, should the legislature directly fix rates,, the railway company would no more have its day in court, or a judicial determination of their reasonableness, than if fixed by a commission. This argument was met and fully answered in the decision of the Granger Cases, already referred to. Its fallacy consists in failing to distinguish a case like the present from one of mere private-contract, in which the public has no interest. In the latter, the reasonableness of a charge for services must be judicially ascertained,, because the legislature has no control over the contract; but a railway company, engaged as a common carrier, is engaged in a public employment, affecting a public interest. It has received special rights- and privileges from the state, whereby it enjoys certain advantages, over others. Submission to regulation of it? compensation by the-state, in the exercise of its police power, may be said to be an implied, condition of the grant; and the state, in exercising this power, only determines the conditions upon which the grant shall be enjoyed.. The controlling fact is the right to regulate at all. This being conceded, it is immaterial, so far as concerns the question now under consideration, whether the legislature fixes the rates directly, or does it. indirectly through a commission. -
This brings us to the only remaining question in the case. It is contended that the power to regulate rates, — if it exists at alT^-is legislative; and therefore the act is'void, because it delegates legislative power to a commission. This is really the most important question in the case. The constitution of the state vests all legislative: power in a legislature, consisting of a senate and house of represent*299atives. It is, of course, one of the settled maxims in constitutional law, that the power conferred upon the legislature to make laws cannot be delegated by that department to any other body. Where ther sovereign power of the state has located the authority it must re-main. The department to whose judgment and wisdom this high prerogative has been intrusted cannot relieve itself of the responsibility by choosing other agencies, and substituting their judgment- and wisdom for its own. As was said by this court in State v. Young, 29 Minn. 474, 551, 552, (9 N. W. Rep. 737:) “It is a principle not-questioned that except where authorized by the constitution, as in-respect to municipalities, the legislature cannot delegate legislative5 power, — cannot confer on any body or person the power to determine' what shall 'be the law. The legislature only must determine what it-shall be. * * * In enacting a law, the legislature must pass on-two things: First, on its authority to make the enactment; second,on the expediency of the enactment. It cannot refer either of these questions to the decision of any one else.” But it is also true that it-is often difficult to discriminate, in particular cases, between what is-properly legislative, and what is or may be' executive or administra-tive, duty. The authority that nfakes the laws has large discretion-in determining the means through which they shall be executed; and-the performance of many duties, which they may provide for by law, they may refer to some ministerial officer, specially named for the-duty. Cooley, Const. Lim. 114. It is not every grant of powers, involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, to executive or" administrative officers, that amounts to a delegation of legislative5 power. The difference between the departments undoubtedly is that-the legislative makes, the executive executes, and the judiciary con-strues, the law; but the maker of the law may commit something to’ the discretion of the other departments, and the precise boundary of this power is a subject of delicate and difficult inquiry, into which $ court will not unnecessarily enter. Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 1, 46. The principle is repeatedly recognized by all courts that the legislature may authorize others to do things which it might properly, but cannot conveniently or advantageously, do itself. All laws are carried into execution by officers appointed for the purpose; some *300"with more, others with less, but all clothed with power sufficient for the efficient execution of the law. These powers often necessarily involve in a large degree the exercise of. discretion and judgment, even to the extent of investigating and determining the facts, and acting upon and in accordance with the facts as thus found. In fact, this "must be so, if the legislature is to be permitted effectually to exercise its constitutional powers. If this was not permissible, the wheels of government would often be blocked, and the sovereign state find itself helplessly entangled in the meshes of its own constitution. The statute books are full of legislation granting to officers large discretionary powers in the execution of laws, the validity of which has never ■been successfully assailed. We might mention as examples of this the grant of power to courts to adopt rules governing their own practice and process; the power given to boards for the control of public institutions to make contracts, fix prices, and adopt rules reasonably adapted to carry out the purposes of their creation. The power of taxation is legislative, but this does not requir’e the legislative itself to assess the value of each man’s property, or determine his share of the tax. The exercise of the police power in requiring persons who follow certain occupations to obtain a license is legislative; but nothing is more common than to delegate to certain officers or boards the power to ascertain and determine whether persons have the proper qualifications as to learning, skill, or moral character, and to grant or refuse a license according as they may find the facts to be. The difference between the power to say what the law shall be, and the power to adopt rules and regulations, or to investigate and determine the .facts, in order to carry into effect a law already passed, is apparent. The true distinction is between the delegation of power to make the law, which necessarily involves a discretion as to what it shall be, and the conferring an authority or discretion to be exercised under and in pursuance of the law. Cincinnati, etc. R. Co. v. Commrs. Clinton County, 1 Ohio St. 77, 88.
It seems to us that the authority and discretion conferred upon this commission is of the latter kind. The legislature enacts that all freight rates and passenger fares should be just and reasonable. It had the undoubted power to fix these rates at whatever it deemed *301equal and reasonable; but wbat are equal and reasonable rates is a. question depending upon an infinite and ever-changing variety of' circumstances. What may be such on one road, or for one description of traffic, may not be such on or for another. What are reasonable one month may not be so the next. For a popular legislature that meets only once in two years, and then only for 60 days, to-attempt to fix rates, would result only in the most ill-advised and haphazard action, productive of the greatest inconvenience and injustice alike to the railways and the public. If such a power is to be exercised at all, it can only be satisfactorily done by a board or commission, constantly in session, whose time is exclusively given to the-subject, and who, after investigation of the facts, can fix rates with reference to the peculiar circumstances of each road, and each particular kind of business, and who can change or modify these ratea to suit the ever-varying conditions of traffic. If experience has proved anything in the so-called railroad problem, it is that mere abstract, laws against unequal or unreasonable railroad charges are of little or no avail.; hence modern legislation has usually taken the form of' creating boards of commissioners, intrusted with general supervision over railroads. Almost all efficient legislation on the subject is under such commissions, vested with discretionary administrative powers* more or less extensive. Our legislature has gone a step further than most others, and vested our commission with full power to determine what rates are equal and reasonable in each particular case. Whether-this was wise or not is not for us to say; but^in doing so we cannot, see that they have transcended their constitutional authority. They have not delegated to the commission any authority or discretion as. to what the law shall be, — which would not be allowable, — but have merely conferred upon it an authority and discretion, to be exercised in the execution of the law, and under and in pursuance of it, which is entirely permissible. The legislature itself has passed upon the expediency of the law,- and what it shall be. The commission is intrusted with no authority or discretion upon these questions. It can neither make nor unmake a single provision of law. It is merely charged with the administration of the law, and with no other power* Whether the charges of a railway in any particular case are or are *302not equal and reasonable is a fact left by the law for them to determine. If the commission find them unequal and unreasonable, and .declare other rates to be equal and reasonable, the law itself declares the former unlawful, and allows the railway company to charge only the latter, j Authorities precisely in point on this question are few. We are referred to no case where the grant of such authority and discretion to a board or commission has been held invalid, as a delegation of legislative power; but, on the contrary, numerous cases can be found in which the validity of acts conferring similar powers has been sustained. People v. Harper, 91 Ill. 357; Georgia R. Co. v. Smith, 70 Ga. 694; Tilley v. Savannah, etc., R. Co., 5 Fed. Rep. 641, 656. See, also, State v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 34 Minn. 387, (26 N. W. Rep. 123;) Hildreth v. Crawford, 65 Iowa, 339, (21 N. W. Rep. 667.)
Rote. After the filing of the foregoing opinion, the respondent, by Flan.drau, Squires & Cutcheon, petitioned for a reargument on the grounds — (1) ■That since the investigation and order of the commission were made, not of its own motion, but on complaint made to it, the case was not within the 8th .section, but was governed by the 13th, 14th and 15th sections, and therefore •the remedy to enforce obedience to the order of the commission must be administered by the district court, which is clothed by those sections with exclusive jurisdiction; and hence this court has no jurisdiction of this proceeding, and it should be dismissed. (2) That even if the case were within see-tion 8, the order of the commission is void upon its face, because it does not fix a definite rate, as provided in section 8 (e), but requires the respondent to .change its schedule by substituting “a rate of not to exceed two and one-half cents per gallon,” etc., and the act confers no power to fix a maximum .rate or a sliding scale. (3) That the court, in its opinion, misconstrued the “ Granger Cases, " and did not consider the later decisions, in which those cases .are explained and limited, viz., Ruggles v. Illinois, 108 U. S. 526, 531-2, 533; Stone v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 116 U. S. 307, 325, 328, 330-1; Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356. On July 2, 1888, the petition was denied, and on July 23d a writ of error -to remove the cause to the supreme court of the United States was applied for .and allowed. — [Reporter.Our opinion is that the act isngfi obnoxious to the objection made. Let the writ issue as prayed fo