Action to enjoin appellants from damming up a ditch constructed by the joint co-operation of respondent and appellants over a part of the lands of each for the purpose of draining; in part,- the lands of both. ’The court found' that the parties entered into an oral'agreement for the purpose of draining and benefiting the lands of each, whereby it was mutually agreed to construct a ditch, commencing upon respondent’s land and running for a considerable distance over appellants’ land into an outlet consisting of a lake or slough; that it was agreed that each of the four owners should pay one-fourth of the cost of constructing the ditch; that pursuant to the agreement the ditch was dug, and each of the owners paid one-fourth of the cost thereof, amounting to $69 each; that the ditch as constructed served the purpose of draining and materially benefiting the lands of all the parties, draining practically all of respondent’s wet land and part of the land of each of the appellants; that about two years thereafter appellants, without the knowledge and consent .of respondent, obstructed the ditch by damming it at a point on appellants’ land, which- resulted in obstructing the flow of water from respondent’s land, but did not interfere with the drainage of appellants’ land.
The question before the court is whether the verbal agreement became executed to. such an extent as to estop appellants from asserting that it was void under the statute of frauds.
It is elementary that a verbal contract for an easement over the real estate of another, unexecuted and unaccompanied by any .other *405circumstances, is contrary to-the statute of frauds, and does not convey any interest in the real estate. But there is a wise exception, founded on the accepted rules of conduct,- and where an entry is made under a-license, and the conduct of the licensor is such that it would be a fraud on the licensee to permit the licensor to revoke it, the doctrine of equitable estoppel applies. The facts of this ease bring it within this exception. In some of the leading cases on the subject the verbal contract was for the conveyance of specific real estate, and in such cases, when, one party has executed the contract, equity will resist its repudiation. Van Horn v. Clark, 56 N. J. Eq. 476, 40 Atl. 203. But the doctrine is not limited to contracts for the conveyance of specific real estate. Ini some jurisdictions mere acquiescence of the licensor in the expenditure -of money or labor by the licensee in the execution of the license does not have the effect of preventing revocation. Cronkhite v. Cronkhite, 94 N. Y. 323; Entwhistle v. Henke, 211 Ill. 273, 71 N. E. 990, 103 Am. St. 196; Carleton v. Redington, 21 N. H. 291; Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. 387, 19 S. W. 1104, 33 Am. St. 536; Nowlin v. Wilson, 119 Mich. 406, 78 N. W. 338; Thoemke v. Fiedler, 91 Wis. 386, 64 N. W. 1030. In other jurisdictions the courts have extended the doctrine of equitable estoppel to eases of that character (Rerick v. Kern, 14 Serg. & R. 267, 16 Am. Dec. 497; Robinson v. Luther, 140 Iowa, 723, 119 N. W. 146), to a limited extent (Clark v. Glidden, 60 Vt. 702, 15 Atl. 358; Garrett v. Bishop, 27 Ore. 349, 41 Pac. 10; Stoner v. Zucker, 148 Cal. 516, 83 Pac. 808, 113 Am. St. 301).
So far as this court has spoken, mere assent by the licensor to the execution of the license does not avoid the operation of the statute of frauds. In Johnson v. Skillman, 29 Minn. 95, 12 N. W. 149, 43 Am. Rep. 192, the defendants claimed that, under a verbal agreement with plaintiff’s grantor, defendants had the right to maintain the dam so long as their flouring mill, connected with it, should be kept and operated as a custom mill. The court held that the defendants were'not entitled to the relief sought, for three reasons: Eirst, that the terms of the agreement relied upon by the defendants were too general and indefinite; second, that defendants did. *406not rely upon such an agreement except in part; and, third, that there was an adequate remedy at law by proceeding to secure the right of flowage. In Wilson v. St. Paul, M. & M. Ry. Co., 41 Minn. 56, 42 N. W. 600, 4 L. R. A. 378, the plaintiff had constructed a drain, at. his own expense, from his land over the adjoining land of the defendant’s grantor, and it was held that the drain had been maintained across the land by mere parol license of the owner, and that the latter might revoke the same and proceed to use the land as though the drain was not there, without giving any notice to the licensee. Minneapolis Mill Co. v. Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. Co., 51 Minn. 304, 53 N. W. 639, has a closer bearing. An action was brought by the plaintiff to recover possession of certain land in the milling district of Minneapolis occupied by the tracks of defendant’s railway. Defendant claimed the right to occupy the land under a verbal license from the plaintiff, and that the plaintiff waived any other compensation than the special benefits to plaintiff’s remaining property resulting from the construction and permanent use of the railroad tracks in that locality. The court held that there was an entire lack of evidence to support such claim, or that the plaintiff requested and induced the defendant to construct the tracks where they were located, and stated that the most defendant could claim from the conversations -referred to was that the tracks were built under a parol license from the plaintiff, and it was held that the licensee was conclusively presumed, as a matter of law, to know that such a license was revocable at the pleasure' of ,the licensor, and, if it expended money in connection with its entry on the land, it did so at its peril.
But for the purpose of this case we may concede that a licensor may stand by and witness the expenditure of money, or its equivalent in labor, in pursuance of a -verbal license. Here, however, the appellants did more than that. They not only granted the right to. respondent to go upon their land and construct a ditch, but joined in the enterprise and accepted the benefits of respondent’s labor and expense in completing the system of drainage. An after attempt to exercise the right of revocation by damming up the ditch, thus depriving respondent of all benefits from its construction while they *407retain it for their own use, operated as a fraud upon him, and a court of equity will interfere to restrain it. Vannest v. Fleming, 79 Iowa, 638, 44 N. W. 906, 8 L. R. A. 277, 18 Am. St. 387; Ferguson v. Spencer, 127 Ind. 66, 25 N. E. 1035, and Gilmore v. Armstrong, 48 Neb. 92, 66 N. W. 998, are cases similar in the facts.
The same principle controls the construction and maintenance of irrigation ditches. Gooch v. Sullivan, 13 Nev. 78.
There was some evidence tending to show that plaintiff had extended the drainage system beyond what was contemplated by the parties. There were no findings, and no- requests for findings, with reference to this question, and it cannot be considered. But we are not to be understood as holding that a party to a transaction of this character may not in a proper action prevent the construction of additional ditches for the purpose of extending the drainage system beyond the limits originally contemplated.
Affirmed.