This is a fire case against the defendant railway companies and James C. Davis as agent of the President under the Transportation Act of 1920. This action is based on negligence. Action dismissed as to all defendants except the Great Northern Railway Company and James C. Davis, agent of the President under Transportation Act of 1920. Plaintiffs were given a verdict and from an order denying their alternative motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or for a new trial, defendants have appealed.
Plaintiffs’ property is located in the city of Duluth, 28 miles east and about one mile south, of Mile Post 62 which is at the place where plaintiffs claim the fire started.
For the purposes of this case we assume that through defendants’ negligence a fire was started in some wood products at Mile Post 62 on Thursday, October 10,1918, and though suppressed, it was not subdued, and burst forth with renewed vigor about noon on October 12. There was sufficient evidence on this branch of the case to justify the verdict.
In township 51 we have towns in ranges 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14 and 13 and, beginning with range 18, they are named Culver, Industrial, Grand Lake, Canosia, Eice Lake and Lakewood. Then immediately below this we have township 50 with ranges 19, 18, 17, 16, 15 and 14 and, beginning with range 16 they are named Solway, Herman and city of Duluth.
The St. Louis river flows from west to east through sections 30, 29, 28, 27, 26 and 25 in the town of 51-19 and through sections 30, 29, 28, 27, 35 and 36 of the town of Culver, and then through sections 2, 1 and 12 of the town of 50-18 and then southeasterly several miles to the city of Cloquet.
The Cloquet river comes from the northeast and enters the St. Louis river on section 36 of the town of Culver.
The village of Brookston was located principally on sections 34 and 35 of the town of Culver.
The country between Mile Post 62 and plaintiffs’ property was timbered country with settlers here and there developing their land.
The fire at Mile Post 62 started to spread at 1:40 p. m. The general direction of the wind in the afternoon on this date, which was so terrible to the settlers in that locality, was from a little north of west. This fire reached Brookston, 4 miles away, at 4 p. m.
A fire was on the north side of the river at about Mile Post 60, and while the evidence does not directly connect this with the railroad fire, the jury was possibly justified in drawing an inference that it was of railroad origin.
The railroad fire caught Brookston and passed over a territory immediately to the south thereof, and crossed the St. Louis river at 3:30 p. m.
The fire north of Mile Post 60 apparently went easterly and crossed the Cloquet river in section 30 of the town of Industrial at about 2 p. m. and then passed on to where it destroyed one Thorwall’s house in the western part of section 29 at about 3 p. m. and then the evi-
The evidence shows that a fire at 4 p. m. struck Bloom’s place on the east half of the northeast quarter of section 2-50-17, which is 5 miles east of where the railroad fire crossed the St. Louis river at 3:30 p. m.
A fire was in the northwest quarter of section 6 of the town of Solway (6-50-16) at 4:35 ip. m.
A fire was in the tree tops at 4 or 4:10 p. m. in section 1 in the town of Solway (1-50-16). This is 12 miles east of the place where the railroad fire crossed the river at 3:30 p. m. and 6 miles east of Bloom’s place which the fire struck at 4 p. m.
In the forenoon of the eventful day, from sections 1 and 12 of the town of Grand Lake (51-16) fire was observed in the north and a trifle to the east. This fire had been in existence for several days and had come from due north and had “traveled possibly several miles east of where it originally had been seen.” It was in the vicinity of Fish lake (not shown on map).
At 7 p. m. flames were jumping in the tops of the trees from hilltop to hilltop like torches, going east and possibly south in the vicinity of Rice lake.
A fire was observed on section 15 in the town of Herman (15-50-15) at about 3:30 p. m. which is about the same time the railroad fire was crossing the St. Louis river 16 or 17 miles to the west.
Jackson School was 'at the northeast corner of section 10 of Herman town (10-50-15). Between 3:30 and 4 p. m. a fire existed half a mile north of the Jackson School and was there all day and, at a point two miles north of Jackson School, fire had crossed the roads at 4:30 p. m.
Between 4 and 5 p. m. a fire crossed large portions of the Work Farm on sections 1 and 2, town of Herman (1 and 2-50-15), covering all of section 1. The main buildings on this farm were burned by
Under a north wind the Kimball and Clark homes on section 12, just south of section 1, part of Work Farm, were burned. This was about the same time that plaintiffs’ home was destroyed. It was apparently located on the northwest 40 acres of section 2-50-14. But the Norman dairy, located on the southerly part of sections 4 and 5 and on the northerly part of sections 8 and 9 in 50-14, was burned at 6 p. m. Almost straight west from the dairy, the fire came from the west to the Leslie home on the west side of section 10, town of Herman (10-50-15) at 6 p. m.
Was the fire at Leslie’s at 6 p. m. the fire that crossed over the Work Farm between 4 and 5 p. m? Fire was seen from the dairy farm at 5 p. m. approaching from the west, 100 feet high, and yet the fire from the west apparently did not reach Leslie’s, over 4 miles to the west, until 7 p. m.
This brings us to the immediate vicinity of plaintiffs’ property. To the north and northwest are platted lots. About a quarter of a mile due north of plaintiffs’ home was a lettuce farm on which peat land was burning all the afternoon of the day of this misfortune, and the fire department of Duluth was called and arrived about 3:35 p. m. They connected a hose with a city water hydrant and fought the fire with water. After half hour of unsuccessful efforts, men were called from other fires up on the Arnold road, half a mile north, to help. This fire, in spite of the human opposition, continued to spread and advance, and at 7 p. m. the men withdrew and left it almost north of plaintiffs’ home, and from this direction and this locality came the fire brands that brought the destruction.
Calvary road, traversing from west to east in the center of sections 32 and 33 and then southeasterly through section 34 in Bice Lake township (34-51-14), had between 6:30 and 7 p. m. fire on both sides of it along part of section 34. Kingston road, which is parallel with the west part of Calvary road and one-eighth mile to the north in sections 32 and 33, was blocked by fire at 6:45 p. m. To the north of the Kingston road is Luzerne road and from the north of this road fires were sweeping in from the north. These fires were approaching from the northwest between 5 and 6 p. m.
At 12:30, when tbe railroad fire bad not yet made a fair start and bad not left tbe landing at Mile Post 62, such clouds of smoke were blowing over tbe city of Duluth, 29 miles to tbe east, that tbe sun was obscured and tbe condition alarming. This fact alone is very persuasive as to tbe general fire condition in a large territory west and northwest of tbe city of Duluth in which locality a number of stray fires were located. At 4:30 in tbe afternoon tbe witness Kayser saw fire on both sides of tbe Howard Gnesen road about two miles from plaintiffs’ home, which bad “jumped tbe road.”
There were a number of fires in this burned area on tbe afternoon in question, which could not possibly have originated from tbe fire at Mile Post 62. This is particularly true of fires in tbe towns of Grand Lake, Canosia, Rice Lake, Solway and Herman. In fact, aside from tbe fire at Mile Post 62, these various fires were not of railroad origin, and their origin is unknown.
Fires have been known to smolder for weeks and then flare up and proceed to consume property. This fire occurred on a day when forest fires were extant in northern Minnesota and burned areas extended beyond tbe limits of this immediate locality. Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S. S. M. Ry. Co. 146 Minn. 430, 179 N. W. 45; Hall v. Davis, 150 Minn. 35, 184 N. W. 25. This fire occurred in an unusual and protracted dry period and on a day when a high wind was prevailing.
Tbe record shows that at 7 a. m. on tbe day in question, in tbe locality of Leslie’s place, smoke was in tbe air, indicating tbe presence of fire which caused this man to delay a trip to Duluth, having in mind the welfare of bis children, who were to be left on tbe farm alone. Smoke was in tbe air at this place for several days previous, indicating the presence of fire which was not spreading rapidly until perhaps put in motion by tbe gale on tbe afternoon of October 12.
Tbe buildings on tbe dairy farm caught from fire coming from tbe west, apparently from tbe fires in tbe locality of tbe Work Farm,
Emil Lignell owned the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 5-50-14 in the city of Duluth, which is immediately to the northeast of the Norman Dairy, and was called to his premises by phone on the afternoon of October 12, as he says, “to fight the fire back of my land, the first fire,” and he arrived there about 3 p. m., when the fire was north of his land, and he stayed there all afternoon watching and fighting this fire and he continued in this service until the fire came from the west destroying the dairy buildings. The Lignell fire, like others, indicates or shows various sources and opportunities for spreading fires.
At 2 p. m. a fire was reported as being on or near section 6-50-14 and the owner appeared there between 3 and 3:30 p. m. and observed heavy smoke then coming from the west. This is apparently 20 miles from the place where the railroad fire was crossing the St. Louis river at 3:30 p. m.
From the west side of section 28-51-14, around noon, signs of fire were noticed to the north, and from this point of observation, buildings were burning at about 3:30 p. m. North of the Luzerne road was a fire between 4 and 5 p. m. and at 5 p. m. the large gate on the Howard Gnesen road leading to Calvary cemetery was on fire.
Homecroft School on the southwestern part of section 34-51-14, and about a mile from plaintiffs’ premises, burned about 6:15 p. m.
The various fires located over this devastated region in their peculiar locations — and considering the direction of the wind — render it impossible to point out and identify which fire or fires caused plaintiffs’ loss.
It is the claim of the .plaintiffs that the fire was brought from Mile Post 62 by a west wind or at least by a wind a trifle north of west and, when this fire got into the vicinity of the towns of Solway and Herman, that there was a sufficient change in the wind to carry
If the fire which reached Leslie’s place on the west side of section 10 in the town of Herman at 6 p. m. was not the railroad fire, what fire was it? Surely it was not behind the railroad fire. If this was the railroad fire, how are we to conclude that it destroyed the Norman Dairy 4 miles to the east at 6 p. m? If it did not destroy the Norman Dairy, what reason is there to conclude that the railroad fire destroyed plaintiffs’ premises? It would seem more reasonable to conclude that plaintiffs’ premises were destroyed by fires from the north or northwest, though with possibly some connection with the fire that destroyed the Norman Dairy.
The evidence fails to disclose with any degree of probability that the fire, having its origin at Mile Post 62, constituted a material or substantial element in any combination of fires that consumed this property. The trial court, in a memorandum somewhat inconsistent with the order appealed from, says: “It may be that the fire reached plaintiffs’ property and aided in its destruction.” That is not sufficient. This very statement characterizes the ever present contrary probability born from this evidence.
On October 12, 1918, in this locality there were numerous other fires for which defendant was not responsible, and on this day a large area was swept over and a wind blew that would fan many slow and smoldering fires into flames which would either develop terrific fires, in themselves, or join the mighty march of other flames. It is plain that the railroad fire moved easterly and consumed Brookston and covered some adjacent territory, and crossed the St. Louis river, leaving its path of ashes and desolation. If this fire united with other fires, as it may have done, there is no evidence to sufficiently identify this fire, alone or in union with other fires, ever reaching plaintiffs’ premises. The evidence fails to show any probability that this fire was even a concurring element in the destruction of this property. The evidence leaves plaintiffs’ case in the realm of speculation and conjecture.
Mr. Justice Mitchell in the case of Baxter v. Great Northern Ry. Co. 73 Minn. 189, 192, 75 N. W. 1114, which is a forest fire case, said this:
“Under such circumstances it was necessary that the fire should be carefully traced and identified by the evidence from the right of way to plaintiff’s premises. The jury were not at liberty to arrive at the result by mere guess or conjecture, but must have had some substantial evidence on which to base their verdict. We have carefully read and studied the evidence, and are clearly of the opinion that there was no sufficient tracing of the fire, either by any one witness or by all the witnesses together, from the point where the sectionmen ignited the pile of ties and rubbish on the right of way, to plaintiff’s premises. Neither was it traced by proof of facts and circumstances from which the inference could be legitimately drawn that it was the same fire. The most that can be claimed for the evidence is that it is possible that the fire started on the right of way might have been, in whole or in part, the fire which consumed plaintiff’s property. Anything like an analysis of all the evidence would be impracticable and useless. A careful reading of it in the light of a sectional map of the country will, we think, satisfy any one that our conclusion as to its-probative force is correct.”
Defendant cannot be made liable upon a mere possibility, nor upon a remote probability, but there must be some positive proof which will permit a conclusion based upon some thing besides conjecture and speculation. Swenson v. Erlandson, 86 Minn. 263, 90 N. W. 534.
In the case last cited Mr. Justice Brown used this language [at page 267]:
“The origin of the fire must 'be established by evidence reasonably certain and convincing to an unprejudiced and unbiased mind, and until there is some such evidence there can be no recovery. Circumstantial evidence is, of course, competent and proper, and often the only obtainable evidence in such cases; but, as such evidence consists in reasoning from facts which are known or proved, to establish such as are conjectured to exist, the process is fatally vicious and defective if the circumstances from which we seek to deduce the conclusion depend also upon conjecture and speculation. 3 Rice, Ev. § 342.”
The circumstances furnish a basis only for a conjecture that the loss may have occurred as claimed, but the circumstances do not furnish a basis for the inference that the loss, in fact, did result from the railroad fire.
The evidence and circumstances upon which plaintiffs rely for a recovery are too improbable and conjectural to permit a verdict to stand. -'The authority and duty of the court in cases of this kind to direct final judgment notwithstanding the verdict of a jury, is well settled; and in the absence of lawfully required identification, which is necessary to support a verdict, the duty of the court to say so is imperative. The rights of the party entitled to such consideration cannot be ignored.
The order of the trial court is reversed and a new trial is granted.