The very interesting subject presented in this case is, whether the sixteenth section was subject to location by an Indian reservation under the Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty.
The defendants in error derive title through Robert Jones, who, under the second article of the treaty, was entitled to locate a section upon any “unoccupied and unimproved land.” The school trustees insist that the patent issued to the assignees of Jones is void, because congress had dedicated the sixteenth section for the promotion of schools and education in the township, and, therefore, it must not be subject to location.
The practice of the United States has been to regard the Indian tribes as quasi proprietors of the country in which they dwelt, resulting from their occupancy; but with an incapacity to alienate except to the national government. The right to acquire and extinguish their title pertained exclusively to the United States, therefore individual purchases, made from them separately, or as tribes, were null and void. This applied to all the public domain in which the ultimate sovereignty and proprietorship to the soil was in the United States. 3 Kent’s Com. 492; Mitchel v. United States, 9 Pet. 711.
The United States have recognized the Indian nations as so far having the attributes of sovereignty, as to be capable of making treaties, and being bound by them; as having also such title to tire country occupied by them as may be granted by alienaron and cession. This practice was uniformly adhered to toward the Indian tribes of the southwest. The treaty of Hopewill, made the 3d January, 1786, defined the boundary between the Choctaws and the United • States. The treaty of Port Adams, concluded with the same tiibe, December 17th, 1801, established the boundary, as previously agreed upon with the British commissioners, and ‘ ‘ relinquished and forever quitclaimed to the United States,” all their right, title and pretension to the lands bounded south by the 31st parallel of north latitude, and *382north to the point where the boundary line, as defined in the preceding treaty, would strike the Yazoo river. Features of boundary and cession are contained in the treaty with the Chickasaws, of April 20th, 1816; the treaties with the Choctaws, of October 24th, 1816, and October 18th, 1820. Finally, the treaty of Dancing Babbit Creek, of the 27th and 28th September, 1830, extinguished their title to all their lands east of the Mississippi river, except certain reservations therein made.
The several acts of congress, in reference to the survey and sale of the public lands, distinctly keep in view the fact “that the Indian title must first have been extinguished, and acquired by the United States,, before individual right to any part of the soil can be derived and vest.” Thus the act of March 3d, 1803, regulating the grants and disposition of lands south of the state of Tennessee, in its first section, directs, among other things, ‘ ‘ all the lands in the Mississippi territory, to which the Indian title had been extinguished, to be surveyed.”
The twelfth section provides for the sale of all the land thus surveyed, “except the sixteenth section, which shall be reserved in each township for the support of schools therein,” except, also, a reservation for the benefit of Jefferson College, and. other lands already granted. • An addition to the foregoing statute was passed in 1806, authorizing the substitution of other lands in place of the sixteenth section, “where the same has already been granted Iby congress, or is claimed by a virtue of a British grant,” that is, “the secretary of the treasury may locate another section in lieu thereof for schools.”
Congress has devoted the sixteenth section in each township to the use of schools in all the territory ceded by Virginia and by Georgia to the United States. This is the general dedication; but if, on account of a previous appropriation, or an executory obligation assumed by the United States, the grant cannot take effect on that particular section, then the like quantity may be selected elsewhere in the same *383township. Because of the impracticability of the grant in all cases taking effect on the sixteenth section, authority is given to locate a section on other lands. Speaking on this point, in Cooper v. Roberts, 18 How. 178, the court said, “the fulfillment of the policy of the government partially defeated uniformity in the appropriation of the sixteenth section.” This language was used with reference to the northwestern territory, where other appropriations of land interfered. In the same connection, remarking in reference to the southwestern territory, it is said, this “ territory was similarly burdened in the compact of cession by Georgia, and similar paramount obligations have arisen in treaties with the Indian tribes who inhabited it.” When the political authorities have surveyed the township and designated the section, “if there be no legal impediment in the way,” the dedication of the section to the charitable use becomes complete. Gaines v. Nicholson, 9 How. (U. S.) 356; Cooper v. Roberts, 18 How. 178.
We have an example in the Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty “ of a paramount obligation resting on the government,” which interposes “a legal obstacle to the reservation of the section in controversy for the use of schools.” Robert Jones, by the second article of the treaty, was allowed a reservation of one section, and, jointly with James L. McDonald, one section, “who may locate the same on any unimproved and unoccupied land.” There can be no difficulty by referring to other parts of the treaty in determining what is meant by “unimproved and unoccupied land.”
Many of the Indians had made improvements. Whenever a reservation was made in their behalf, it included the settlement and improvement. Jones was not in that class; he is described as “not residing in the nation.” He, and others in the same catagory, that they might not interfere with another’s improvement, were required to select unoccupied and unimproved land.
The only difference between the two classes of reservees is, that one is permitted to retain the “improvements;” *384the other must make his selection of some section of the wild lands. The “right” of each, which is the equivalent of a grant, is created by the same words.
If, on a survey into township and sections, the sixteenth section should include an “improvement,” which, by the treaty, was reserved to a particular Indian, it would seem to be quite clear, that the reservee would have a good title ; for the very parcel of land described and designated, is excepted out of the grant and cession to the United States; that proposition was ruled in Gaines v. Nicholson, 9 How. (U. S.) 356. The court, however, forebore to express an opinion, whether the same result would ensue, if a reservee had located his “ float,” (so called in common parlance) on a sixteenth section. The satisfactory reasoning by which the court came to the conclusion, that the reservation in the former case, would be paramount was, that the special tract did not pass by the treaty to the United States. It was carved out of, and reserved from, the grant. The same reasoning applies with equal force to the reservee who has retained to him by the treaty, a right to make a location. The covenant of the United States was that the reservee might place his float upon any lands within the ceded territory not “improved and not occupied.” If the United States had desired to limit the range of selection, and to withdraw any portion of the ceded territory from the privilege of location, it would doubtless have been so nominated in the treaty.
The cession of the whole was subject to the right to withhold certain parcels, which, when designated by a selection, were excluded from the grant, and held by the ancient title of the tribe quitclaimed and confirmed by the United States. The United States had the power to deal with the lands occupied by the Indian tribes according to its pleasure. It could respect their title and pretensions, as they saw fit; giving such validity and character as it pleased. J3ut as the several treaties and acts of congress referred to show the government never regarded the absolute title to the *385soil as resting in the United States, as the proprietors in fee, until ceded by the Indians. Nor did they undertake to dispose of them by grants for charitable uses, or to individual purchases, until the acquisition of the Indian title.
It was upon this principle and practice of the government, that the case in 9 How. (U. S.) was decided. If, .before the Dancing Babbit Creek Treaty was concluded, there had been a reservation, and dedication of a portion of this Indian territory for the support of schools, it could not have been decided that the reservee had a title superior to the beneficiaries of the charity. In Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Pet. 498, it is said, “ a reservation sets aside the thing reserved for some particular use. Whenever a tract of land shall be legally appropriated to any purpose, it becomes separated from the public lands.” If the reservation be for a seminary of learning, or for the support of schools in a township, it is no objection, that, at the time of tíre reservation, there was no “seminary” in existence, or no inhabitants of the township who could be beneficiaries. In the mean time the title abides in the United States, to rest in trust so soon as there are those who may enjoy the use of the property. Vincennes University v. Indiana, 14 How. 274.
The territorial government for Mississippi, established by congress in 1798, extended to the people all the privileges, rights and advantages” granted to the people of the northwestern territory, by the ordinance of July 3, 1787 (except the first clause of the sixth article, which prohibited slavery). The third article declares “that religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indian nations ; their lands and property shall never be taken from them -without their consent.” The policy of the national government, both on the subject of encouraging education and laying down a rule' of conduct toward the Indian tribes, was thus marked *386out by this celjsbrated ordinance before the adoption of the constitution. Congress has with fidelity fulfilled these injunctions, by appropriating the sixteenth section for local schools, and larger grants for seminaries of higher learning. The treaties which we have referred to show that good faith has been observed toward the Indians. The cession made by Georgia to the United States, of her vast domain, was burdened with obligations antecedent to the compact, which the United States engaged to observe. They also undertook, as might be practicable, to extinguish the India,n title and open the lands to sale and settlement.
Until survey by the United States, the right to the sixteenth section rests in compact, binding in good faith, depending for execution on the political authorities. The - government, as we have seen, may incur such prior obligations as will defeat it altogether.
The statute of 1803, reserving the sixteenth section for schools, in terms only applied to lands to which the Indian title had been extinguished. The Choctaws and Chickasaws then occupied a very large portion of the territory embraced in the limits of this state. The line which divided the territory of Mississippi from the Indian country was at a point at or near the mouth of the Yazoo river. Prior to the extinction of the Indian title there was not a vested right either in the state or the inhabitants of a township to the sixteenth section. The United States, in her treaties of acquisition, might come under such stipulations and engagements as would defeat a reservation of the sixteenth section in some of the townships, while it would attach in others; or would defeat the reservation in the ceded territory altogether. The Dancing Babbit Creek Treaty furnishes an example of the former. The treaty with the Chickasaws of 20th October, 1832, is a most noted example of the second. The first article cedes all the land owned by the tribe east of the Mississippi river; but the subsequent articles couple the grant, with the trust, that the United States shall survey and sell the lands, and pay over the net proceeds to their *387use. Those who chose to remain would select certain quantities of land and make locations. The theory has never been advanced (so far as we know), that the townships within the area of this cession have any pretension of claim upon the sixteenth section. Congress, however, very promptly redeemed its obligation, by substituting equivalent lands elsewhere.
It is believed that in the execution of these Indian treaties the government has uniformly permitted “reservees” to make locations on any sections, including the sixteenth section. Such was the opinion given by the attorney-general to the officers of the land office in 1838.
We think that the treaty made in effect a grant, location, specified the tract upon which it operated. When located, the “right” relates back to the treaty and becomes as'complete as though the treaty had assigned a particular section. Niles v. Anderson, 5 How. (Miss.) 382; Wray v. Doe, 10 Smedes & Marsh. 383; Harris v. McKisrick, 37 Miss. 469.
What virtue does the patent to the assignees of Jones have. “ It is evidence of the existence and due performance of the conditions upon which its issuance depends.” “ It is evidence that the Indian was entitled to a ‘ reservation,’ and that the land was regularly surveyed and located.” Harris v. McKisrick, 37 Miss. 469. The same objection urged to this patent was raised in Johnson v. Horne, 33 ib. 153, but without avail. There the patent was said to be valid as to all persons who do not show a title derived from the reservee. This disposes of the substantial questions touching the merits. It is unnecessary therefore to consider the action of the court below in granting and refusing instructions to the jury.
Wherefore the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.