The appellant sued for a divorce “ a vinculo matrimonii,” on the ground that his wife, before and at the time of the marriage, was insane. He avers- that her mental infirmity was at that time unknown to him, but that it disclosed itself shortly after the marriage; that, conceiving that it was temporary and curable, he continued to cohabit with her, until satisfied that she was incurable, when he separated from her. As to Mrs. Smith, the wife, the case was prepared and heard ex parte in the chancery com;t. There is no appearance for her in this court.
In none of the revisions of the statutes, prior to 1857, was insanity mentioned as one of the causes of divorce. Prior to that time the subject was dealt with as at common law. That code made insanity cause of absolute divorce, “ if the other party was insane at the time of the marriage, and the party applying did not know of such insanity.” It is a principle common to the law of contracts, quite as applicable to marriage, as to those which are purely private, and terminate, in their influences and effects, with the immediate parties thereto, that if either party was deficient in intellect, so as not to have the power of will and assent, as to such person, the contract was of no effect. Therefore, the common law denounced a marriage with an insane person as void, because of inability to assent thereto. The case of Ward v. Dulaney, 23 Miss. 414, arose prior to the revision of 1857, and was decided under the common law. It were *216quite impossible to lay down a general rule, to measuré with precision the degree of mental imbecility or intellectual alienation, which will suffice to annul the marr riage contract. It may be safe to say that there ought to be enough of capacity to comprehend the subject, and the duties and responsibilities of the new relation. 23 Miss. Rep. supra. The statute makes two modifications of the common law: first, insanity at the time of marriage, does not make void the matrimonial contract, but in addition thereto the party applying must not know of its existence; second, upon dissolution, the issue shall not be bastardized. The statute meant to deny a divorce when the applicant for it was aware of the insanity at the time of the marriage, and then also to make legitimate the issue of the marriage, although it might be dissolved. This we suppose to be the extent of the change made of the common law. The statute, like the old law, referred the insanity “ to the time of the marriage.”
There must, from the reason and fitness of things, be the presumption that all persons of competent age have sufficient intellect and understanding to make a contract, or be bound by, and responsible for, an act done. Experience and observation teach that intellectual competency is the rule, the want of it the exception. Powell v. Powell, 27 Miss. 783.
The law, deriving the principle from common experience and observation, recognizes as true, that the same person may at one time, because of mental derangement, be irresponsible, and at another, be in such full possession of the mental faculties as to comprehend the quality of the act, and the responsibilities that flow from it.
The courts accept as true, that the general term mania, implies many phases of mental disorder; in other words, there are degrees of insanity. There may be a partial impairment of the faculties, or there may *217be an utter want of power to apprehend the quality and relations of some subjects, whilst upon others the mental operations may be clear, normal and rational. In the more aggravated forms, there is an utter prostration of the intellect. The faculty of perception, the understanding, may be healthy and vigorous upon most subjects, whilst upon one or more, the quality and its relations may be entirely confounded and perverted. It is also accepted in jurisprudence, that mental distempers may be periodic; that whilst the disorder, or its paroxysm, lasts, there may be neither reason, will, nor understanding to give responsibility to the conduct. But when this state subsides, the mind returns to a normal and healthy action. This constitutes what is called the “ lucid interval.”
It is of the utmost importance in legal investigations, to keep before the mind distinctly the character of mental derangement in the special case; otherwise, wrong deductions may be made. Presumptions of fact are upon the results of experience and observation. If proof establishes the condition of complete, permanent insanity before the contract made,' or act done, the presumption would be that the same condition continued ; and the party averring the validity of the act or contract, must show that, “at the time,” that condition had passed away, and has been succeeded by a lucid interval. 1 Hagg. Ec. Rep. 414; 1 Eng. Ec. Rep. 44; Way & Way, 33 Ala. 187; same case, 19 ib. 524.
But if the insanity be temporary, arising out of some exciting cause, such as a disease of the body, or one of its organs, as a suppressio mensis, or engorgement of the vagina, which, when they subside, leave the mind clear and lucid, it would seem that the “ onus ” should be upon the party impugning the contract, or the act, to show that insanity existed at the “time in question.” White v. Wilson, 13 Ves. 87 ; Avery v. Hill, 2 Eng. Ec. Rep. 269 ; 3 Mod. 67 ; Corlit v. Smith, 7 Iowa, 60. The *218distinction we have been attempting to enforce, was emphatically noted in Hix v. Whittiman, 4 Met. 546.
The complainant claims, that inasmuch as he has proved insanity before the marriage he is entitled to the benefit of the presumption of its continuance and existence at the time of the marriage. It becomes necessary, therefore, to ascertain the nature and extent of the insanity; does the testimony establish permanent derangement, or fits, or spells, (to use the common phrase,) followed by lucid intervals ; and what was the intensity and duration, of the deranged, compared with the lucid periods.
The acquaintance of the complainant with the defendant began in the early spring of 1865, the marriage took place in December of that year. It is strange if habitual or permanent insanity existed; that in the intimacy of association, which we may suppose existed, during those interesting months, when mere acquaintance passed into friendship, and warmed into love, there was no speech, or act of the defendant, so eccentric and unusual as to attract his attention, or excite suspicion. It was said by the supreme court of Massachusetts in an anonymous case in 4 Pick. 82, that “ going through the marriage ceremony with propriety and decorum” was of itself prima facie evidence of sufficient understanding of the contract, to make it valid. We would not be disposed to attach such grave consequences to that circumstance. We prefer the estimate put upon it by Lord Stowell, in Browning v. Reane, 1 Eq. Ec. Rep. 190. Much stress was not to be laid on that circumstance “as persons in that condition, will nevertheless often pursue a purpose with the composure and regularity of apparently sound minds.”
The testimony comes short of showing that the defendant was, before her marriage, “ habitually ” insane. Most of the witnesses on this point speak from report. After marriage, she passed several months at a time in *219a calm, quiet, composed state of mind, conversing and behaving rationally. Whilst in this condition, she expressed regret to one or two of her friends, that her mother had not disclosed her condition to Mr. Smith before their marriage, — that she urged her to do so. It was in evidence, that the insane taintwas in her family; her sister (who ivas married) Avas affected, as she was, her brother was so likewise. Dr. Lipscomb, who attended her after marriage, and especially during pregnancy, attributed her mental disturbance, to a disease peculiar to her sex, and supposed that it had produced the like mental effects before she was married. Mr. Smith, the husband, denied that she had been in that condition, but on inquiry was satisfied of its truth. It is hard to believe, (unless convinced by testimony,) that the mother would have permitted the marriage, if she believed that her daughter was habitually insane, or incurably so. She may have supposed that marriage, and time would bring about a cure. Instead of a realization of this hope, very shortly after marriage, the attacks became more severe, which coupled with the hereditary tendency to derangement, this unfortunate wife became confirmed in her affliction. We have not seen a case where the presence of the taint of hereditary insanity, with manifestations of occasional paroxysms, has of itself been held to be cause of dissolving the marriage. The case of Hamaker v. Hamaker, 18 Ill. 149, is, in many of its features, like this, (including the hereditary predisposition,) yet the divorce was denied. See, also, Achey v. Stephens, 8 Ind. Rep. 411.
The complainant’s case then, is in this catagory: he has not shown by his testimony, that at any time before the marriage, or shortly before it,, the defendant was insane “habitually;” that such was her “ confirmed ” condition. The duty was upon him to make proof then, that she was insane at the “time of the marriage;” no such testimony was offered. Not establishing enough in *220her previous history to entitle him to the presumption which he claims, he has failed to show title to the relief which he sought.
We concur in the conclusion of the chancellor, and affirm his decree.