delivered the opinion of the court.
On July 21,1870, the legislature incorporated the Canton and Vicksburg Railroad Company (Acts 1870, p. 205-214), and, in the charter, authority was given to the board of supervisors *706of Madison County to subscribe for stock therein, and issue bonds to pay for tbe same. In pursuance of art. 12, § 14, of tbe Constitution, tbe charter required, as a condition precedent to tbe subscription for stock and making tbe bonds, that an election should be held, at which two-thirds of “ all the legal voters ” of the county should vote in favor thereof. In case of a favorable vote, the bonds were to be issued payable to the company or bearer, and by the eighth section of the charter, said bonds were required to be delivered “ to the President or Secretary of said Company, for the use of said Company.” Afterwards, the name of the company was changed to that of the Canton, Vicksburg and Yazoo City Railroad Company; and some amendments were made to tbe charter, immaterial to the question raised by the record; and on the thirtieth day of March, 1872, an election was held in Madison County, at which ten hundred and sixty-seven votes were cast for, and seventy-seven votes against, the subscription. The registered vote of the county being about three thousand eight hundred, the board adjudged that two-thirds of the legal votes were cast for the subscription, and thereupon made a subscription to the capital stock of the company of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; bonds to that amount were also directed to be prepared and executed and placed in the hands of a trustee, to be kept by him and delivered to the company in instal-ments, when certain conditions relating to the progress of the work on the road were complied with by the company.
The appellee, Paxton, was president of the railroad company from its organization until after his purchase of the bonds in controversy in this suit. About September 11, 1873, an instalment of twenty-five thousand dollars of the bonds were called for by the company, and its vice-president and the contractors for building its road were in the town of Canton for the purpose of receiving them. A bill to enjoin the issue of said bonds, and the fiat of a judge granting the injunction had been prepared by a tax-payer of the county, and an injunction was about to be issued by the clerk of the Chancery Court. The injunction was predicated on the charge that two-thirds of the legal voters of Madison County had not voted for the subscription for stock or issue of the bonds. A compromise *707was made between the vice-president and contractors on the one hand, and the complainant in the injunction bill on the other, whereby the bill was not filed, nor the injunction sued out, and the bonds were delivered to the vice-president by the trustee. Afterwards, on Jan. 81, and on Sept. 24, 1874, two other instalments of the bonds of twenty-five thousand dollars each were delivered to the company. These instalments were received by the appellee, Paxton, as president of the railroad company acting on its behalf. Of the last instalment, the three bonds in controversy in this suit were a part. Paxton paid these three bonds to a creditor of the company, and received them back in payment of a debt due by such creditor to him. The board of supervisors, for several years after-wards, paid the interest on the bonds so issued. On the third day of January, 1879, this bill was filed by the board of supervisors of Madison County against Paxton, charging the illegal issue of the bonds for the want of the two-thirds approving vote, and alleging his connection with the company as president, and charging him also with notice of that illegality; and especially with notice of the controversy initiated by the injunction suit, and its settlement before alluded to. The object of the bill is to enjoin Paxton from negotiating the bonds, and to have them delivered up and cancelled. Paxton denies the knowledge charged, but it is insisted that his denial is by way of negative pregnant, and that the allegation of the bill on that point should on that account be taken as admitted. We think the answer is liable to the objection, but we do not consider that it is such fault as entitles the complainant to take the allegation of the bill as admitted. It is a denial of the charge, as made in the bill, basing the denial upon all the circumstances of time and place mentioned in the bill, and therefore bad pleading. But we think that the complainant should have excepted, and required a further answer.
This brings us to the very important question, whether Pax-ton, being the president of the railroad company, and charged by the charter with the duty of receiving these bonds from the board of supervisors, and actually receiving them and passing them off to a creditor of the company, and then receiving them back, as an individual purchaser, stands in a better relation to *708these bonds than the company which he represented ; and whether he can deny the notice, which the law fixes on the company as payee in the bonds, and which it actually had in this case through its vice-president. It will be noticed that there is no attempt to shelter Paxton’s purchase under the rights which the purchaser from the company may have had in case his purchase was bona fide. Paxton does not claim that this purchaser had no notice. His defence rests solely on the ground that he himself is a bona fide purchaser for value. The fact, therefore, that there was a sale by Paxton, as president of the company, to another, who in turn resold to Pax-ton as an individual, may be eliminated from the case, as it is not of the slightest value in determining the rights of the parties ; and the case may be considered as if Paxton, as president of the company, and by its authority, had made the sale to himself on such terms as were satisfactory to the company. The power of the board of supervisors to issue these bonds was special and limited. It was no part of their ordinary jurisdiction. They were hot the county of Madison, whose rights were to be affected by their action. They were not even the legal representatives of the county, except in so far as they pursued strictly the authority conferred on them by the charter of the railroad company, passed in pursuance of the Constitution. Whatever authority they had was given on a condition precedent, which must have been performed before the power vested. The performance of the condition precedent was not a mere form, but was of such substance as to have been prescribed by the Constitution itself. It was no less than the assent of two thirds of the legal voters, presumed to be tax-payers, on whom the burden of payment of the debt to be created must fall. All that the board did without this assent was mere usurpation, in violation of the Constitution of the State, and, therefore, was binding on no one. It is undeniable that whoever deals with a special agent, or an agent whose powers depend upon conditions, must inquire into the extent of the authority and see that the conditions exist on which the authority rests. Wharton on Agency, § 188. This is the rule when the agent is private, and it applies with especial *709force to dealings with public agents, whose powers are defined in the Constitution and laws. Wharton on Agency, § 180. This duty to inquire into the authority of an agent is not measured by considerations solely relating to the validity of his contract as it may affect the interest of the person dealing with him. As thus circumscribed, it is predicable only of contracts in which the person dealing with the agent parts with something in the faith that the principal is responsible for it. In s.uch a case, the failure to inquire into the agent’s authority can affect no one but the party guilty of the neglect, and his inability to recover from the principal, though a proper penalty on him for his negligence, in no way wrongs the principal. But where, as in this case, something of value belonging to the principal is to be acquired by the transaction from the agent, which may be lost to the principal, or which may be perverted to the injury of the principal, the dutjr to inquire into the agent’s authority, by the person dealing with him, is owed to the principal. Whoever thus acquires the principal’s property wrongfully is bound to make restitution. And this duty to inquire into the agent’s authority ought especially to be performed in a case like this, where negotiable paper of the principal is wrongfully issued by the agent, and it may by its wrongful subsequent transfer become binding on the principal.
The railroad company derived its being from a law enacted by a legislature which owed its existence to the Constitution. It had no other life than such as this legislature, acting under the Constitution, imparted to it. By the charter of the company and the Constitution of the State, the board of supervisors were prohibited from issuing the bonds, unless upon the assent, as a condition precedent, of two thirds of the legal voters. What the board of supervisors were thus prohibited from issuing the company was equally prohibited to receive. It was therefore the duty of the railroad company to see, before they received the bonds, that the assent was given. This is clear so far as the rights and duties of the company itself are concerned. But the company was an artificial 'being. It had no visible existence except through its officers and agents. It could do no act whatever without them. It had no mind to make inquiry or to receive notice, no judgment or will to ac*710cept or reject the bonds, and no hand to take them, except by means of its appropriate officers. If the duty to make the inquiry rested on the company, as we have shown that it did, it could only be performed by its officers or agents, and therefore the duty rested on them. And so resting on them, it must follow that, if its performance would result in actual notice, the officers on whom it rested must be charged with such actual notice. Mr. Paxton was the president of the company, and, as such, was specially authorized by the eighth section of its charter to receive these bonds. He was thus by law made the representative of the company as to its reception of them. He did in fact receive two thirds of all that were ever issued, including the bonds in controversy. He was therefore in legal effect, as to the reception of the bonds and all the duties connected therewith, the company itself. His mind and voice were the mind and voice of the company to make the inquiry as to the legality of the issue of the bonds, and his hand was the hand of the company to receive them. He was therefore under all the obligations that rested on the company to make inquiry as to the power of the board of supervisors to issue the bonds. It is certain from the facts shown in the record that if he had performed this duty he would have acquired, long prior to the issuance of the bonds now in controversy, actual notice of their invalidity. Even if he had not shut his eyes and closed his ears to what was going on around him, he must have acquired a knowledge of the fact that there was no assent of two thirds of the voters of Madison County to the issuance of the bonds. This fact was no secret. It was well known in Madison County, in which about one half the road of the company was located. The vice-president of the company, before any bonds were issued, had notice of the defect in the power of the board of supervisors to issue the bonds ; the contractors, who were building the road, also had notice. The vote actually cast amounted to but a little more than one fourth of the legal voters of the county, a disparity readily perceived by any one even slightly acquainted with the current history and resources of the State. Nothing but the most inexcusable neglect and want of attention to his business prevented the president of the company *711from actually knowing what seems to have been well known to every one interested in ascertaining the facts. Under these circumstances he cannot be allowed to aver ignorance of the invalidity of these bonds, which as president of the railroad company he illegally received from the board of supervisors, and then, in effect, bought individually from the company. It cannot be allowed that a man, who, as president of a corporation organized under the laws of this State, received bonds of a county issued in violation of the Constitution and the charter of the company, shall have a greater right to the bonds than the company he represented, based on an asserted ignorance of a fact, which as president of the company he was bound to know. That the bonds are illegal and invalid is admitted. They can have imparted to them no force, except in favor of a purchaser for value without notice. To allow Mr. Paxton this privilege would be to allow him to gain a right solely upon the ground of the non-performance of his duty to inquire into the powers of the board of supervisors, — a proposition for which there is no foundation in our jurisprudence.
There is nothing in the estoppel set up, as arising from the acts of the board of supervisors in assuming control of the stock, and levying taxes and paying the interest on the bonds. Whatever force these acts may have in favor of a Iona fide purchaser of the bonds, it is certain that as to a party charger able in law with notice of their invalidity, they can only be regarded as additional usurpations by the board of supervisors and additional wrongs to the tax-payers of the county. The fact that the appellee received interest to which he was not entitled rather raises an obligation on him to return it, than establishes a right to demand a further invasion of the rights of the tax-payers of the county.
Decree reversed and decree here.