delivered the opinion of the Court.
In December, 1881, appellant was indicted for carrying a concealed weapon. At that time the punishment prescribed by Sec. 2985 of the Code for such offence was by fine, not exceeding one hundred dollars, and, in the event the fine and costs were not paid, by hard labor, not exceeding two months; and at that time the statute did not prohibit one who had good and sufficient reason to apprehend an attach, from carrying concealed weapons.
*544In May, 1888, appellant was tried on the indictment, convicted and sentenced to pay a fine of thirty dollars; but prior to that date, the legislature, by the act approved March the 9th, 1888, amended Sec. 2985 of the Code by striking out the words having good and sufficient reason to apprehend an attack, and providing, without any saving clause as to past offences, that the punishment for carrying concealed weapons shall be by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, nor less than twenty-five dollars, and, in the event the fine and costs were not paid, by hard labor, not exceeding two months, nor less than one month. It is urged by appellant that he cannot be punished under the old law, because it has been repealed; nor under the amended law, because as to him it is an ex post facto law, both under the State and federal constitutions.
The purpose and effect of the amendment to Sec. 2985 of the Code was to repeal so much of the section as fixed the punishment for carrying concealed weapons and permitted having good and sufficient reason to apprehend an attack to be a defence to the charge, and to prescribe a new and severer punishment for the offence. The punishment prescribed by the amendment was substituted for and, took the place of that provided by the section before it was amended. The section, as amended, made it unlawful for one to carry concealed weapons, though he might have good and sufficient reason to apprehend an attack, and it increased both the minimum of fine and imprisonment provided by the section before its amendment, and prescribed the only penalty for the offence.
In this state of the law, how can appellant be lawfully punished for the offence with which he is charged ? It is better that any criminal shall go unpunished than that any provision of the constitution shall be disregarded, or that the foundations of the criminal law shall be unsettled.
After the amendment to Sec. 2985 of the Code was adopted, appellant could not be punished under the section as it existed before the amendment, because so much of it as related to the penalty had been repealed, and he could not be punished under the section as amended,-because it operated prospectively from the date of the approval of the amendment, and there being no *545saving clause as to offences committed before the passage of the amendment, it could not be applied to him. Wheeler v. State, 64 Miss., 462. As to him, the amended law was clearly an ex post facto law, first, because it abrogated the right which before existed of defending against the charge on the ground that he had good and sufficient reason to apprehend an attack, and made an act criminal which was not so at the time the amendment was passed; and second, because it changed but did not mitigate the punishment for the offence. Cooley on Const. Lim., 321-329; 1 Bish. Cr. L., Sec. 281; 1 Kent Com., 409; Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall., 386; Hartung v. People, 22 N. Y. 95; Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S., 221; Com. v. McDonough, 13 Allen, 581.
There is, perhaps, no provision of our state or federal constitution founded on broader or juster views of human rights and liberty than that which prohibits ex post facto laws. Mr. Madison considered the clause of the federal constitution on the subject, as a “ bulwark in favor of personal security and private rights.” Federalist, No. 44. Mr. Hamilton ranked it as a security to liberty, equal to the writ of Rabeas Corpus. Federalist, No. Y8. Blaekstone defines it to be an ex post facto law, “ when, after an act indifferent in itself is committed, the legislature for the first time declares it to have been a crime, and inflicts a punishment upon the person who has committed it; ” and he justly denounces such laws as more unreasonable than the methods of the Roman tyrant, who wrote his laws in very small characters and hung them upon high pillars, the more effectually to deceive and ensnare the people. 1 Bla. Com., 46. In the interest of personal rights and liberty, this definition has been enlarged and liberalized by the general course of judicial decision in this country. In Calder v. Bull, 3 Dallas, 386, ex post facto laws were classified by Mr. Justice Chase, as follows : “ 1st. Every law that makes an action done before the passage of the law, and which .was innocent when done, criminal; 2d. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed ; 3d. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime, when committed; 4th. Every law that altqrs the legal rules of evidence, and receives less or different testimony? *546than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence in order to convict the offender.” This view of the character of ex post facto laws, with reference to our constitutional provisions against them, has been generally accepted and followed as correct. Cooley on Const. Lim., 323.
Afterwards, in Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 138, Chief Justice Marshall defined an ex post facto law to be “ one which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when it was committed,” and this definition has been regarded as distinguished for its comprehensive brevity and precision. 1 Kent. Com., 409. And later, in Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S., 221, the Supreme Court of the United States reasserts the opinion expressed by Mr. Justice Washington, in United States v. Hall, 2 Wash., 366, that “ an ex post facto law is one which in its operation makes that criminal or penal which was not so at the time the act was performed; or which increases the punishment; or, in short, which in relation to the offence, or its consequences, alters the situation of a party to his disadvantage.” Garvey v. People, 6 Colorado, 559, and State v. Willis, 66 Mo., 131, are to the same effect.
Such being the nature of ex post facto laws, it is nevertheless true, that the punishment for offences already committed, may be changed by statute, provided the punishment is mitigated, and not increased or aggravated by the change. As the constitutional provision was enacted for protection against arbitrary and oppressive legislation, it is quite evident that it is not violated by any change in the law which goes in mitigation of the punishment. There has been much diversity of oj)inion as to what would constitute mitigation of punishment in such case, but the view best sustained by reason and authority is, that a law changing the punishment of offences committed before its passage, is objectionable, as being ex piosi facto, unless the change consists in the remission of some separable part of the punishment before prescribed, or is referable to prison discipline •or administration as its primary object. Cooley on Const. Lim., 329. It is enough for courts to render judgment according to law, without being required to determine the relative severity of *547different punishments, when there is no common standard in the matter by which the mind can be satisfactorily guided.
“ If the law,” says Judge Cooley, “ makes the fine less in amount or imprisonment shorter in point of duration, or relieves it of some oppressive incident, or if it dispenses with some separable portion of the legal penalty, no embarrassment would be experienced in reaching a conclusion that the law was favorable to the accused, and therefore not ex post facto. But who shall say, when the nature of the punishment is altogether changed, that the punishment is diminished or increased by the change ? What test of severity does the law or reason furnish in these cases ? And must the judge decide upon his own view of the pain, loss, ignominy and collateral consequences usually attending the punishment, or may he take into view the peculiar condition of the accused, and upon that determine whether, in his particular case, the punishment prescribed by the new law is or is not more severe than that under the old law ? ” Cooley Const. Lim., 324.
In Hartung v. People, 22 N. Y., 95, where a law was held inoperative as[to offences committed before its passage, Mr. Justice Denio said, “ it is enough to bring the law within the condemnation of the constitution, that it changes the punishment after the commission of the offence by substituting for the prescribed penalty a different one. We have no means of saying whether the one or the other would be most severe in a given case. That would depend upon the disposition and temperament of the convict. The legislature cannot thus experiment upon the criminal law. * * * * It is enough in my opinion, that it changes the punishment in any manner, except by dispensing with some divisible portion of it. * * * * Any thing which, if applied to an individual sentence would fairly fall within the idea of a remission of a part of the sentence, would not be liable to objection. And any change which would be referable to prison discipline or administration as its primary object, might also be made to take effect upon past as well as future offences ; such as changes in the manner or kind of employment of convicts sentenced to hard labor, the system of supervision, the means of restraint or the like. Changes of this sort might operate to *548increase the severity of the punishment of the convict; but it would not raise a question under the constitutional provision we are considering.”
The doctrine of this case is commended by being just, simple and readily understood, and it is well supported by authority. Shepherd v. People, 25 N. Y., 406 ; Ratzky v. People, 29 Id., 124; Kuckler v. People, 5 Parker Cr. Rep., 212; Carter v. Burt, 12 Allen, 424. Cooley Cons’t Lim., 329.
Clarke v. The State, 23 Miss., 261, is not regarded as in conflict with this doctrine, for there, while the punishment for the offence had been changed, there was a saving clause as to prior offences, and the prisoner was sentenced under the law in force at the time the crime was committed.
The judgment is reversed and the cause dismissed.