Appellant was indicted, tried, and convicted at the April term, 1911, of the circuit court of Yazoo county for bigamy, and was sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years. From this judgment and sentence he appeals to this court.
The evidence shows conclusively that on September 20, 1890, in Columbia, S. C., he was duly and legally married to Miss Ella M. Gilman, and that they lived together as man and wife in said city of Columbia. By this union, four children were born to them. In October, 1899, appellant left Columbia and his wife and children, and never returned. On March 16, 191.1, in Yazoo county, Miss., appellant married in due form of law Miss Alice Woodward. At the April term, 1911, of the circuit court of Yazoo county, Miss., appellant was indicted for bigamy; the indictment charging in substance that he, “being the lawful wedded husband of one Mrs. E. M. Bennett, and never having been divorced from the said Mrs. E. M. Bennett, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously marry and tafce to wife one Miss Alice Woodward, and to her, tho said Alice Woodward, was then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously married, the said Mrs. E. M. Bennett being then and there alive, and in full health, and not divorced by law from him, the said Jas. G. Bennett,-her husband.” At the same term of this court appellant was tried upon this indictment, and was convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years.. It was conclusively shown that, at the time appellant married Miss Alice Woodward, his wife, Mrs. Ella M. Bennett, was alive. Indeed, she was at the trial of appellant at the time and place above described, and was presented as a witness at this trial on behalf of the state, but on objection by the appellant was not permitted to testify by the court, on the ground that she was the alleged wife of appellant. Dr. Philpot, the *693stepfather of Mrs. E. M. Bennett, testified that she had lived continuously in his home after her husband, the appellant, left her; that he had never heard of any divorce proceedings being instituted in this case by appellant; that Mrs. E. M. Bennett had never received, so far as he knew, any notice of any character that appellant had commenced a suit for divorce. Appellant introduced no evidence in this case. This is substantially ;an abstract of the material testimony in the case.
Appellant was indicted under section 1051, Code 1906. That portion of said section relevant and material to this case reads as follows: “Every person having a husband or wife living, who shall marry again, •except in the cases hereinafter named, shall be guilty •of bigamy, and imprisoned in the penitentiary not longer than ten years.” Section 1052, Code 1906, is as follows: (1) “The last section shall not extend to any person whose husband or wife shall have been absent ■for seven successive years, without being known to such person, within the time, to be living;” (2) “nor to any person whose husband, or wife shall have absented himself or herself from his or her husband or wife, and remained without the United States continually for seven years;” (3) “nor to any person, by reason of any former marriage which shall have been dissolved by the decree of a competent court, unless the said decree provide that such person shall not be at liberty to marry again;” (4) “nor to any person, by reason of any former marriage which shall have been pronounced void by the sentence or decree of a competent court, for the nullity of the marriage contract;” (5) “nor to any person by reason of any former marriage, contracted by 'such person within the age of legal consent, and which shall have been annulled by the decree of a competent •court. ’ ’
Upon the trial of this case, at the request of the district attorney, the court instructed the jury, for the *694state, “that if they believe from the evidence beyond all reasonable' doubt that the defendant, J. G. Bennett, married Miss Ella Gilman, September 20, 1890, in the state of South Carolina, and afterwards, and while said Ella Gilman was living, married Miss Alice Woodward in Yazoo county, Miss., then it is the sworn duty of the jury to return the following verdict: ‘We, the jury, find the defendant guilty as charged.’ ”
Considering this instruction, along with the evidence and the instructions refused for the defendant, it is manifest the holding of the trial judge in effect was that the burden of proof rested upon the defendant to show, if he could, or so desired, that he came within one of the exceptions mentioned in section 1052, Code of 1906. In other words, the prosecution was not required to introduce any evidence to show that the first marriage to Mrs. E. M. Bennett was- not dissolved, in order to make out a prima facie case against appellant. Appellant seems to contend that, when his second marriage was consummated in accordance with the forms of law, it must be presumed that his former marriage with Mrs. E. M. Bennett had been dissolved, and the burden of showing that such marriage had not been dissolved rested upon the state. This is not the rule of law. The great weight of authority holds to the contrary. The evidence in this case shows beyond a reasonable doubt the first and second marriages, and it further shows that at the time of the second marriage his first wife, Mrs. E. M. Bennett, was alive. The proof of these three facts makes out the case on the part of the prosecution. The great weight of authority holds that the burden is on the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt both marriages, and that at the time of the second marriage the wife of the appellant by his first marriage was living. When this is done, that completes the offense. 3 Greenleaf on Ev., sec. 204; State v. Goulden, 134 N. C. 745, 47 N. E. 450. The defense may be made by *695showing that the defendant’s case comes within any of the exceptions found in section 1052, Code of 1906. The burden was on him to show, if he could, that he was divorced from his first wife. The authorities for this are abundant. Underhill on Crim. Ev. (2d Ed.), sec. 405; State v. Barrow, 31 La. Ann. 691; State v. Lyons, 3 La. Ann. 154; Stanglein v. State, 17 Ohio St. 453; State v. Abbey, 29 Vt. 69, 67 Am. Dec. 754; Fleming v. People, 27 N. Y. 329; State v. Williams, 20 Iowa, 98; 2 Wharton on Crim. Law (10th Ed.), secs. 1704, 1705; 2 McClain Crim. Law, sec. 1080.
It is the well-established rule in civil cases that, in attacking the validity of a marriage ceremony on the ground of a former marriage, the burden of proof is. upon the attacking party to show that there was no divorce from the first wife. This is the well-established rule in civil cases, but it is equally as well established that the rule does not apply in prosecutions for bigamy. “In fact, we know of no case where it has ever been held that the rule that ‘the burden of proof never shifts from the state’ has been held to extend further than proof of the case as charged in the indictment; nor of any case where, if the defendant seeks to excuse himself from liability on account of some substantive distinct matter, he has not been held to have the laboring-oar, and the onus of making good his issues thus presented.” Ake v. State, 6 Tex. App. 419, 32 Am. Rep. 586. “It is often difficult to determine when an indictment, under a statute defining an offense, and containing exceptions should by express averment negative the exceptions, and when they may be omitted and left to the defendant to set up by plea. It may be said generally that, where the exception is so ingrafted in the enacting clause of the statute that the offense cannot be described without meeting and negativing the exception, it must always be set out in the indictment, but that where the exception is contained in some other statute, or is clearly *696separable from the offense, and the crime may be described without reference to the exception, then the latter is a matter of defense, and need not be mentioned in the indictment.” Thompson v. State, 54 Miss. 744; Steel v. Smith, 1 Barn. & Ald. 94; State v. Abbey, 29 Vt. 60, 67 Am. Dec. 754; 1 Bishop, Crim. Proc., sec. 631 et seq.; United States v. Cook, 17 Wall. 168, 21 L. Ed. 538. “It is a universal rule of evidence, founded on the most obvious principles of justice- and policy, and derived from the great fundamental maxim of law, that every person must be presumed innocent until proved to be guilty.” Bur rill on Crim. Ev. 728. “But, while this is true, it must be remembered there may be cases where a defendant relies on some distinct substantive ground of defense to a criminal charge, not necessary to a prosecution on which the indictment is founded, in which the "burden of proof is shifted on the defendant.” Commonwealth v. McKie, 1 Gray (Mass.) 61, 61 Am. Dec. 410. “The maxim, that the burden of proof in criminal cases never shifts from the state, means only that it never shifts in so far as it is necessary to make out a specific case of murder, or . rape, or any other offense •charged in the indictment, by establishing the corpus delicti and the constituent elements of the crime. When distinct substantive matter is relied upon by the defendant to exempt him from punishment and absolve him from liability, then that is matter foreign to the issue as made by the state in her charge against him, and the burden of proving it, in reason, common sense, and law, should be upon the defendant.” Ake v. State, 6 Tex. App. 419, 32 Am. Rep. 586.
Our investigation clearly convinces us that the overwhelming weight of authority is to the effect that if a •defendant, in an indictment for bigamy, relies upon a divorce as a justification of his second marriage, it is incumbent on him to prove it. If appellant, in this case, desired to prove, or could prove, that he was within *697any of the exceptions contained in section 1052, Code of 1906, it was incumbent upon him to show that fact. If he could, or desired to, show that he was legally divorced from his first wife, the burden was upon him to show that fact, and the state of Mississippi was not called upon to offer any proof that he was not. “When the appellant is, in the first instance, shown to have done an act which was unlawful, unless he was distinctly authorized to do it, the proof of authority is upon him.” 4 Elliott on Evidence, sec. 2873; Commonwealth v. Boyer, 7 Allen (Mass.) 307, and cases there cited. 'The authorities show that this rule is especially applicable to cases in which, as in the case before us, the subject-matter of the negative averment is peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant.
In the trial of this case the appellant had ample notice and opportunity, above all others, to show whether a divorce had been granted, dissolving the marital rites between him and Mrs. E. M. Bennett; and, if so, he knew exactly in what county and state abundant proof of that fact might be obtained. “Public policy and convenience do not require the state, in this class of cases, to search all records extant for proof of a negative fact peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant; but, when the state shows that the accused had been married to a woman who was still living at the time of his second marriage to another, it was incumbent upon him to show a divorce from such former wife.” Fletcher v. State, 169 Ind. 77, 81 N. E. 1083, 124 Am. St. Rep. 219. The onous of proof is on him to show, as a matter of defense, that he had been divorced by competent authority at the time of his second marriage, or that his former marriage had been declared void by competent authority. Such, in substance, was the holding of the court in the case of State v. Barrow, 31 La. Ann. 691. See 1 Bishop on Marriage, Divorce and Separation, sec. 1149. Mr. Underhill, in his most excellent work on Criminal Evi*698deuce (2d Ed.), sec. 405, announces the same principle: “A marriage, shown to have been solemnized, will be presumed to be valid until its invalidity is shown. The rule that, when a marriage has been consummated, it will be presumed that the former marriage of one of the parties has been legally dissolved, does not apply in a prosecution for bigamy; so, where the state has shown that the accused has been married to a woman who was still living at the time of his second marriage to another, the burden was on him to show that his former marriage had been legally dissolved.”
In our opinion, the proof in this case was sufficient, and the charge of the court given for the state presented the law of the case. There being no error, we think that this case should be affirmed.
In the preparation of this opinion, we have been g’reatly aided by the excellent brief filed in this cause by the learned assistant attorney-general, Mr. Carl Eox.
Per Curiam:. The above opinion is adopted as the opinion of the court, and for the reasons therein indicated the judgment is affirmed.
On Suggestion of Error.
Mates, C. J.The very excellent opinion of Commissioner McLain, written in affirmance of this cause when it was originally considered, renders it unnecessary for us to make a lengthy response to this suggestion of error. The opinion exhausts the subject and is adopted as the opinion of the court. Indeed, counsel filing the suggestion of error admit that the opinion of the distinguished commissioner is supported by abundant authority, but complain that this court has held otherwise in various decisions, which they cite, and which we will refer to a *699little later on. In this contention the learned counsel are in error. The question presented by this record has never been decided by this court before, nor has it ever been presented, so far as this court has been able to ascertain. Every case which counsel cite as having been decided by this court, except the case of Gibson v. State, 38 Miss. 313, was a case involving civil litigation where the offending party was dead and the litigation was between equally innocent parties over property rights pure and simple. The case of Gibson v. State lias no analogy to the case now on trial, except that Gibson was prosecuted for bigamy; but the question in the case was not at all similar to the question in this ■case. We will discuss the Gibson case later.
When the fact of whether or not a man or woman is a bigamist is incidentally involved in the pursuit of property rights by different persons claiming matrimonial relations with him or her, the guilty person being dead and having nothing at stake, the law is that the person who seeks to profit by proof of the unlawful relation must establish it by the clearest proof. Such person, in this character of litigation, cannot establish the bigamous marriage by mere proof of a valid first marriage with the first husband or wife living at the date of the second marriage. Such facts must be followed by satisfactory and convincing proof that there had been no divorce from the first marriage before the second was contracted, or the law steps in and presumes the validity of the second marriage. But when the man or woman is before the court on a direct charge of bigamy, when the proof of bigamy is not merely incidental to the accomplishment of some other desired end, the same proof which the law allows to' stand as a shield to protect and save innocence is allowed to condemn and punish the guilty. This rule of law has its foundation in charity, that virtue which is pronounced by the Good Book to be the best of all virtues. The foun*700datiou of this rule of the law grows out of the fact that it has greater regard for name and character than it has for mere property rights.
To illustrate what we mean by this, let us suppose a case. Let us suppose that Mr. Bennett had married, as he did marry, Miss Ella M. Gilman in Columbia, S. C., and had lived with her, as he did, from September, 1890, to October, 1899, and that there were born to them four children, two boys and two girls', as this record shows; that in October, 1899, he had left the above wife, and come into Mississippi, and married a second time, and had children by the second marriage, and, instead of being arrested and charged with bigamy, he had died leaving a large estate. Let us suppose that this contest was between these two sets of children, or alleged wives, as to which should receive or be lawfully entitled to the property, and all the proof offered by the South Carolina wife was the fact of the prior marriage, that she was alive, and that there was a second marriage twelve years' later, and children. This proof would not be sufficient for the court to award the property to the first wife, as the question of the bigamous marriage is only an incident connected with an effort to accomplish another purpose. The same proof would warrant a conviction on a direct charge against the offending party of bigamy. The reason for this difference in the probative force of the proof offered in each case grows out of the difference in the way it arises, and the thing sought to be accomplished by it, and the results that are to flow from it. In a controversy over property rights by equally innocent parties, if the second marriage of the dead offender is to be invalidated and held to be bigamous, the wife, has been but a wife in name, the offender cannot be punished by the proceeding, and the children are to be bastardized and turned nameless into the world, subject to the scoff and scorn of an uncharitable world. When consequences so disas*701•trous as these are to he visited upon innocent heads, merely that some equally innocent party may add to their worldly goods, the law, that is more tender, humane, and just than mankind, whom it serves, declares that its mighty powers cannot he used in such a case, ■except where the proof is made clear by those who would bring about this disaster. The law then follows the right, no matter where it leads, or what the consequence.
But the reason for this rule of law does not apply to the guilty party, where he stands before the court -on a charge of bigamy,- and the law seeks to have him punished for the reprehensible crime he has committed. The reason of the law ceasing, the law itself ceases. With what justice can the guilty party ask that this rule of the law, that has its application only to innocence, that designs only to protect innocence, shall be used as a guard to protect him in his guilt? The very thought shows the fallacy of the undertaking. Who knows better than the guilty party where the evidence is that will show his innocence? This very case is the best possible illustration of the monstrosity and absurdity of the claim. The appellant stands charged with bigamy. The proof shows his marriage in 1890 with Miss Ella M. Gilman. There are four children of that marriage. . A second marriage is shown to Miss Alice Woodworth, in March, 1911, while the first wife was living. Appellant pleads not guilty, and, in the face of this proof, chooses to rest his case on what he claims is presumptive proof of “law innocence,” and as a result is convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years. Who was better able to show where proof of his innocence lay, if such proof was in existence? He had wandered from South Carolina to this state, and for the state to assume the burden of showing that a divorce had not been granted would have required an examination of every record of divorce in every county into *702■which appellant had gone for the last twelve years. The state could never convict of bigamy, if such was the law, unless it kept a corps of detectives ceaselessly on the track of every man and woman in the commonwealth. The state requires the alleged bigamist to make the proof, because only he can make it, and, if it exists, he will make it, to save both his good name and a penitentiary sentence. If the appellant had the proof, it was his duty under the law to produce it. It was his duty to himself. It was his duty to his first wife and children. It was his duty to the last innocent young woman whom he had so grievously injured. Appellant could not have expected this self-respecting young woman to continue to live with him, if he remained dumb and rested Ms case on “law innocence,” raised by this presumption to which he erroneously appeals. All these things merely illustrate the fact that the reason of the law has no application to this state of case.
We now turn to the cases cited from our own court. The first is the case of Gibson v. State, 38 Miss. 313. Gibson was indicted for bigamy in Warren county. The facts were that in 1855 he married one Maria A. Williams. Two years afterwards, in 1857, and while Ms first wife was living, he married Ann Cochran. Subsequently he was indicted for bigamy. It appears that Maria Williams had married in 1849 one E. H. Williams, and that a few months, after their marriage Maria’s husband went away, and had been absent and unheard of for more than five years at the date that Maria married Gibson. A statute of the state, at that time, made the absence of a husband or wife for five years, and unheard of, a legal presumption of death. Gibson was prosecuted and' convicted of bigamy after his second marriage with Ann Cochran in 1857, and made the contention that the legal presumption of the death of Maria Williams’ husband, raised by the statute, could not be invoked against him when on trial for bigamy; his *703contention being that his marriage to Maria was a void marriage, because she was married at the time, and the statutory presumption could not be used against him. This court held differently, and sustained the conviction. This case is authority for the fact that the court has recognized presumptions in bigamy cases and has sustained a conviction on same.
The other cases cited by counsel for appellant are Hull v. Rawls, 27 Miss. 471; Spears v. Burton, 31 Miss. 554; Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496; Railway v. Beardsley, 79 Miss. 417, 30 South. 660, and K. of P. v. Tucker, 92 Miss. 505, 46 South. 51. All of the above cases involved a civil litigation between innocent parties; the wrongdoer himself having no sort of interest involved. The above cases were decided as they should have been in each instance, and the rule of law announced by them is not interfered with by the holding of the court in this case, and is not intended to be. We will analyze the above cases. In the case of Hull v. Rawls, 27 Miss. 471, it appears that one Margaret Bawls was married to James C. Bawls in December, 1848. Subsequently James C. Bawls died, and an administrator of his estate was appointed. The alleged wife filed a petition to have her dower in the estate set aside. The administrator denied the validity of the marriage, and undertook to prove that J. C. Bawls had stated in his lifetime that he had another wife living in Georgia. The court in the above case said: “The marriage having been solemnized according to the forms of law, every presumption must be indulged in favor of its validity. The statement of Bawls, while it could have been used as evidence against him in a proceeding in which he was directly interested or could be affected, cannot be used to the prejudice of the petitioner.” In the case of Spears v. Burton, 31 Miss. 554, the facts are about the same. In 1834 Abner P. Burton married a Mrs. Bayard, and they had one child. It also appears that Mrs. Bayard mar*704ried her first husband prior to 1829, hut that during that year Bayard left her, and was never afterwards heard of. Those who would have been the heirs of Burton, if his marriage with Mrs. Bayard was invalid, and the son of this marriage, became involved in a litigation over the property, both father and mother being dead, and the court held that under the facts the validity of the marriage would he presumed. The cases of Wilkie v. Collins, 48 Miss. 496; Railway v. Beardsley, 79 Miss. 417, 30 South. 660, and K. of P. v. Tucker, 92 Miss. 505, 46 South. 51, involve the same principles, and are dealing with the rights and character of innocent third parties, where the guilty one has passed on to he tried by a higher court than this, and where the rules of this court cannot reach.
Since the rule of law is a rule for the protection of innocence, where the guilty party has no interest involved and is beyond the reach of human laws, it can have no application to him when he is before the court with an interest, and when the state is undertaking to bring him to punishment for the outrage he has committed against society and the law of the land. The case of Sullivan v. Grand Lodge of K. of P., 52 South. 361, is a case involving the same principles as the other civil cases above referred to.
This suggestion of error is overruled. Overruled.