UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Edward S. MACOMBER, Airman First Class
U.S. Air Force, Appellant
No. 08-0072
Crim. App. No. 36693
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Argued October 21, 2008
Decided February 24, 2009
BAKER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which EFFRON,
C.J., and ERDMANN and STUCKY, JJ., joined. RYAN, J., filed a
separate dissenting opinion.
Counsel
For Appellant: Captain Tiaundra Sorrell (argued); Lieutenant
Colonel Mark R. Strickland (on brief).
For Appellee: Captain Coretta Gray (argued); Colonel Gerald R.
Bruce and Major Matthew S. Ward (on brief); Major Jeremy S.
Weber.
Amicus Curiae for Appellant: Kimberly M. J. Lynch (law student)
(argued); Randall Hodgkinson, Esq. (supervising attorney), Mark
Coulter (law student) and E. Lee Oliver (law student) (on
brief); Jeffrey D. Jackson, Esq. –- for the Washburn University
School of Law.
Military Judge: James L. Flanary
THIS OPINION IS SUBJECT TO REVISION BEFORE FINAL PUBLICATION.
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
Judge BAKER delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant entered mixed pleas to two specifications under
Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C.
§ 934 (2000), before a military judge sitting as a general
court-martial. He pled guilty to receipt of child pornography
but contested a separate specification alleging wrongful
possession of child pornography. He was ultimately convicted of
both offenses. The adjudged and approved sentence included a
bad-conduct discharge, confinement for eighteen months,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances and reduction to pay grade
E-1. The United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
affirmed. United States v. Macomber, No. ACM 36693, 2007 CCA
LEXIS 345, 2007 WL 2500313 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Aug. 31, 2007)
(unpublished).
Prior to trial, Appellant moved to suppress evidence seized
as a result of a search of his military dorm room based on a
lack of probable cause. The military judge accepted a
stipulation of fact agreed to by the parties in support of the
motion. The military judge denied the motion, concluding that
the search authority had probable cause to authorize the search.
Appellant challenges that ruling in this Court. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm.1
1
Oral argument in this case was heard at the Washburn University
School of Law, Topeka, Kansas, as part of the Court’s “Project
2
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
FACTS2
In February 2004, Special Agent (SA) Novlesky of the
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) in Minot, North
Dakota was notified by his agency colleagues that during a child
pornography website takedown operation called “Operation
Falcon,” Appellant was identified as a child pornography website
subscriber. The website known as “LustGallery.com- A Secret
Lolitas Archive” was dismantled during Operation Falcon, and ICE
agents recovered credit card information relating to its
subscribers, including Appellant. As a result of Operation
Falcon, SA Novlesky received a “Site Index” listing child
pornography website subscribers located in North Dakota.
Appellant was identified on this index by his name, dormitory
address, telephone number, commercial e-mail account and credit
card information. The index lists: “Edward Macomber, Dorm 211
Unit 503, Minot, North Dakota, 58705, (701) 727-6236 . . . .”
The evidence showed that Appellant had accessed
“LustGallery.com” on April 18, 2003.
Outreach.” See United States v. Mahoney, 58 M.J. 346, 347 n.1
(C.A.A.F. 2003). This practice was developed as part of a
public awareness program to demonstrate the operation of a
federal court of appeals and the military justice system.
2
The language of this factual recitation, with slight
modification, is taken directly from the stipulation of fact
agreed to by the parties and relied upon by the military judge.
3
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
SA Novlesky subsequently obtained the grand jury evidence
relating to Operation Falcon in order to verify the information
presented to him by his ICE colleagues. He then contacted the
bank relating to the credit card information linked to Appellant
in order to verify the accuracy of the information. Because the
address listed by Appellant when he signed up for the
“LustGallery.com” services appeared to be a military dormitory
address, SA Novlesky concluded that Appellant was a member of
the Air Force stationed at Minot Air Force Base (AFB). He
contacted the Air Force Office of Special Investigation (OSI) to
share the information he had and to verify Appellant’s identity
and military status. SA Novlesky met with OSI Special Agent
Patrick White to discuss options for proceeding with the
investigation of Appellant, and the agents agreed to conduct a
joint investigation. SA Novlesky recommended to OSI that Postal
Inspector Rachel Griffin be contacted to send a target letter to
Appellant offering him child pornography. OSI agreed and
Inspector Griffin was contacted and brought in as part of the
investigation team.
Pursuant to this investigation, Inspector Griffin sent a
letter and a “Sexual Interest Questionnaire” to Appellant from
Eclipse Films, a fictional company purporting to specialize in
illegal pornography. The correspondence stated that pornography
offered by the film company was “illegal” and must be kept in
4
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
the “strictest confidence.” The correspondence was sent to
Appellant’s mailing address at Dorm 211 on Minot AFB. Appellant
was on temporary duty to Guam at the time, so the letter was
forwarded to him at his temporary duty location. Appellant
completed the questionnaire listing “teen sex” and “pre-teen
sex” among his sexual interests and indicated his interest in
buying pornography from the company. He mailed the items back
to Inspector Griffin at her undercover post office box. The
letter was postmarked from Guam, but Appellant indicated his
return address on the envelope as “Dorm 211, Unit 503, Minot
AFB, ND 58705.” Inspector Griffin sent Appellant a letter
thanking him for his interest list and describing the available
videos fitting his stated sexual interests along with an order
form pricing the videos at twenty dollars each.
On June 14, 2004, Inspector Griffin received a pre-stamped
white business size envelope in the mail. The envelope was
postmarked “Minot, ND June 8, 2004” with the return address
listed as “Edward Macomber, Dorm 211, Unit 503, Minot AFB, ND
58705.” The envelope contained a completed order form
indicating Appellant’s request to purchase two child pornography
videos titled “IC-5 Mixed Sleepover” and “IN-9 Sweet Sixteen.”
A postal money order was enclosed for the amount of forty
dollars payable to Eclipse Films. The purchaser was listed as
“Ed Macomber, Dorm 211, Unit 503, Minot AFB, ND 58705.”
5
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
The law enforcement team planned a controlled delivery of a
package containing the two child pornography videos ordered by
Appellant. Prior to the controlled delivery, SA White
coordinated with Inspector Griffin and the Minot legal office to
prepare an affidavit in support of search authority for
Appellant’s dormitory room. The application for search
authorization was prepared for submission to the base
magistrate, Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col) James Harrold. Although
this was SA White’s first child pornography case, he received
guidance from fellow OSI agents with more specific experience in
child pornography cases. Inspector Griffin provided SA White
with profile information relating to individuals who view child
pornography and who have a sexual interest in children. She
conferred with other postal inspectors prior to advising SA
White on the profile information in the affidavit. SA White
discussed the affidavit with other more experienced agents in
his office and his detachment commander.
On June 21, 2004, SA White briefed the magistrate on the
investigation into Appellant’s activities and provided him the
affidavit in support of search authority for Appellant’s
dormitory room and personal vehicle. Lt Col Harrold read the
affidavit twice and discussed its contents with SA White. SA
White told Lt Col Harrold that Appellant was identified as a
subscriber to a known child pornography website through
6
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
Operation Falcon. However, Lt Col Harrold was not told that
Appellant had accessed the website on April 18, 2003, fourteen
months earlier. Lt Col Harrold was also informed that Appellant
had identified himself through a sexual interest questionnaire
as having a sexual interest in “teen sex” and “pre-teen sex” and
that Appellant had ordered two child pornography videotapes
through the mail from undercover Inspector Griffin for delivery
to his address at Dorm 211, Minot AFB, North Dakota. SA White
discussed the operational plan for the controlled delivery of
the package with Lt Col Harrold, along with the alternative
plans in the event that Appellant did not return to his dorm
room or in the event he tried to leave the base with the
package. The affidavit provided to Lt Col Harrold listed a
synopsis of each movie Appellant had ordered. In the synopsis,
both movies were described in fairly graphic detail as featuring
children engaged in sexual acts.
SA White based the request for search authority on
Appellant’s actions prior to his receipt of the actual videos
from Eclipse Films. Specifically, the request was based on
Appellant’s subscription to the “LustGallery.com” child
pornography website using his dorm room address, his self-
proclaimed interest in children engaged in sex, and his attempt
to order movies containing child pornography. While the
affidavit stated that SA White expected to find a parcel
7
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
addressed to Appellant from Eclipse Films, this was not the
basis for the search authority nor was it the reason the
magistrate found probable cause.
The affidavit also included “pedophile profile
information.” This information was based on SA White’s
discussion with Inspector Griffin and included profile
information relative to individuals interested in child
pornography or those sexually interested in children. It was
also based on SA White’s training while attending the OSI
Academy and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center during
which “typical behavior of child pornographers” was described.
The affidavit stated:
child pornographers and persons with a sexual attraction to
children almost always maintain and possess child
pornography materials such as: photographs, magazines,
negatives, films, videotapes, graphic image files,
correspondence, mailing lists, books, tapes, recordings and
catalogs. These materials are stored in a secure but
accessible location within their immediate control, such as
in the privacy and security of their own homes, most often
in their personal bedrooms.
Lt Col Harrold granted authority for the search of Dorm
211, Room 104, Minot AFB, ND 58705, and the search of
Appellant’s 2002 Mitsubishi Mirage. According to the
stipulation of fact, he based his probable cause finding “mainly
on the information linking [Appellant] to a pay-for child
pornography website, together with the information submitted by
[Appellant] indicating his sexual interest in children, the
8
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
correspondence whereupon [Appellant] listed his dormitory
address attempting to obtain child pornography, and the fact
that [Appellant] ordered two child pornography videos through
the mail.” He considered all of this information together with
the profile information from experienced agents in the field
that showed the likelihood that individuals with child
pornography usually keep close possession and control of the
pornography and often keep it in their homes and bedrooms.
That same day, Inspector Griffin and SA White set up the
controlled delivery of the child pornography videos to
Appellant’s mailing address at the Postal Service Center at
Minot AFB. The OSI agents were aware that the mail delivery
system on Minot AFB required that packages be picked up by dorm
residents at the service center rather than delivered to them at
their dorm rooms. Because of the illegal nature of child
pornography, it was necessary for the agents to maintain control
of or visual contact with the contraband package at all times.
Therefore, OSI agents conducted surveillance of Appellant
throughout the day on June 21, 2004, while Inspector Griffin
maintained visual control of the package in the service center.
Appellant picked up the package containing the child pornography
videos and exited the service center. Two agents outside the
service center drove by Appellant as he exited the facility in
an effort to photograph him. However, the camera flash went off
9
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
when they took the picture. Appellant proceeded to his vehicle,
sat inside for a few moments, then got out of his vehicle and
attempted to return the package to the service center, at which
point he was apprehended.
Following the apprehension, the agents initiated a search
of Appellant’s residence in accordance with the search
authorization. The search revealed several pages of printed
materials and photos, writings Appellant had made regarding
specific child pornography websites, and several hundred
suspected child pornography images retrieved from his computer.
DISCUSSION
We review a military judge’s denial of a motion to suppress
for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Leedy, 65 M.J.
208, 212 (C.A.A.F. 2007); United States v. Rader, 65 M.J. 30, 32
(C.A.A.F. 2007). An abuse of discretion occurs if the military
judge finds clearly erroneous facts or misapprehends the law.
Leedy, 65 M.J. at 213. In this case, the military judge relied
on facts stipulated to by the parties, therefore the question
here concerns the military judge’s application of the law, which
we review de novo. Rader, 65 M.J. at 32 (conclusions of law
reviewed de novo); United States v. Flores, 64 M.J. 451, 454
(C.A.A.F. 2007). The core legal question in the case is whether
the military judge correctly ruled that the search authority had
a substantial basis for determining that probable cause existed.
10
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39 (1983); United States v.
Carter, 54 M.J. 414, 418 (C.A.A.F. 2001). “‘The task of a
reviewing court is not to conduct a de novo determination of
probable cause, but only to determine whether there is
substantial evidence in the record supporting the magistrate’s
decision to issue the warrant.’” United States v. Monroe, 52
M.J. 326, 331 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (quoting Massachusetts v. Upton,
466 U.S. 727, 728 (1984)).
This standard reflects the law’s preference for warrants
and for independent review by magistrates. “In reviewing a
decision that there was probable cause for a search, we must
keep in mind that a determination of probable cause by a neutral
and detached magistrate is entitled to substantial deference.”
Carter, 54 M.J. at 419 (citation and quotation marks omitted);
Monroe, 52 M.J. at 331 (citations omitted); United States v.
Maxwell, 45 M.J. 406, 423 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (citation omitted).
“A deferential standard of review is appropriate to further the
Fourth Amendment’s strong preference for searches conducted
pursuant to a warrant.” Upton, 466 U.S. at 733. We have
interpreted the Supreme Court’s guidance to require that
resolution of doubtful or marginal cases should be largely
determined by the preference for warrants and that “[c]lose
calls will be resolved in favor of sustaining the magistrate’s
decision.” Monroe, 52 M.J. at 331 (citation and quotation marks
11
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
omitted); Maxwell, 45 M.J. at 423 (citation omitted). “‘A
grudging or negative attitude by reviewing courts towards
warrants,’ is inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment’s strong
preference for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant; ‘courts
should not invalidate [warrants] by interpreting [affidavits] in
a hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner.’” Gates,
462 U.S. at 236 (quoting United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S.
102, 108-109 (1965)) (alteration in original); Carter, 54 M.J.
at 419.
“Probable cause to search exists when there is a reasonable
belief that . . . property or evidence sought is located in the
place or on the person to be searched.” Military Rule of
Evidence 315(f)(2). The search authority is required to make
this determination based on the “totality-of-the-circumstances.”
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238; Carter, 54 M.J. at 418; Monroe, 52 M.J.
at 331; United States v. Bethea, 61 M.J. 184, 187 (C.A.A.F.
2005). A probable cause determination is “a practical, common-
sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in
the affidavit before” the search authority, “there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 238; Bethea, 61 M.J.
at 187 (citation omitted). As this Court has explained,
probable cause deals with probabilities:
12
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
It is not a technical standard, but rather is based on the
factual and practical considerations of everyday life on
which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians,
act. Probable cause requires more than bare suspicion, but
something less than a preponderance of the evidence. Thus,
the evidence presented in support of a search need not be
sufficient to support a conviction, nor even to demonstrate
that an investigator’s belief is more likely true than
false, there is no specific probability required, nor must
the evidence lead one to believe that it is more probable
than not that contraband will be present. The duty of the
reviewing court is simply to make a practical, common-sense
decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in
the affidavit . . . there is a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.
[P]robable cause is founded not on the determinative
features of any particular piece of evidence provided an
issuing magistrate . . . but rather upon the overall effect
or weight of all factors presented to the magistrate.
Leedy, 65 M.J. at 213 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Finally, “[i]n reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we
consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted);
United States v. Reister, 44 M.J. 409, 413 (C.A.A.F. 1996).
ANALYSIS
Appellant makes four arguments challenging the magistrate’s
finding of probable cause. In particular, Appellant argues that
there was insufficient information placed before the magistrate
to reflect a search nexus to his dorm room, a computer in his
dorm room, and to link Appellant to the generic pedophile
profile presented by SA White. Finally, he argues that his
subscription to the “LustGallery.com” site did not provide such
13
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
a nexus because the information was fourteen months old and
therefore stale. These arguments are necessarily related where
the totality of the circumstances is weighed. With that in
mind, we consider each argument in turn, recognizing that the
question presented is not whether one fact or another provided
sufficient cause, but whether the facts taken as a whole did so.
First, Appellant argues there was an insufficient nexus
between the child pornography discovered in his possession at
the post office and his dorm room to provide cause to search his
dorm room. The argument is based on the apparent ground that
the mail for dormitory residents was delivered to the Postal
Service Center as opposed to the individual rooms; since
Appellant was apprehended at the service center, it was
unreasonable to infer that additional child pornography would be
found in his dorm room.
The facts indicate otherwise. As stipulated, Appellant
used his dorm address as the return address in his
correspondence with the agents when he ordered pornographic
videotapes and when responding to the sexual interest
questionnaire. Further, Appellant concedes that this was his
only address. In the military context, the barracks or
dormitory often serves as the servicemember’s residence, his or
her home. That was true for Appellant. Based on these facts,
common sense would suggest a fair probability that any child
14
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
pornography Appellant might possess would be located in his dorm
room.
Appellant’s first nexus argument necessarily leads to
Appellant’s additional arguments that the evidence presented to
the magistrate did not support a fair inference that Appellant
owned a computer, on which he might store child pornography, or
that he fell within the generic pedophile profile presented to
the magistrate. In Appellant’s view, without such an inference,
there was no reason to believe pornography would be stored in
his room. Appellant correctly points out that while SA White’s
affidavit presented a “pedophile profile,” including and in
particular the statement that pedophiles are likely to store
pornography at their places of residence, it did not expressly
conclude or state that Appellant fit the profile. Indeed, while
courts have relied on such profiles to inform search
determinations, clearly, a profile alone without specific nexus
to the person concerned cannot provide the sort of articulable
facts necessary to find probable cause to search.
But that is not this case. The stipulated facts reflect
that Appellant had subscribed to an Internet child pornography
web service in the past, and that he expressed an ongoing
interest in child pornography in the present. He had recently
filled out a questionnaire documenting this interest. Such
facts may or may not place Appellant within a generic pedophile
15
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
profile or a clinical pedophile profile,3 but they certainly
reflect an ongoing interest in child pornography. Based on
common sense, law enforcement experience, and case law, the
military judge reasonably concluded there was a fair probability
that a person with an interest in child pornography, who has
ordered child pornography in the past and in the present, is
likely to store such pornography in some quantity at a secure
and private location. For a servicemember residing on a
military installation, that means his dormitory room, barracks,
or vehicle.
This also moots Appellant’s argument that the only evidence
presented to the magistrate suggesting that he might own a
computer was based on his earlier subscription to an Internet
child pornography service. As the parties recognize in their
arguments, the critical question in this case is whether there
was sufficient nexus to the dorm room to substantiate a search.
Once the agents had probable cause to search the dorm room,
agents were also authorized to search where the items sought
might reasonably be located, and therefore the computer was
within the scope of the search authorization. In any event, Lt
Col Harrold reasonably relied on the common sense inference that
a military member who subscribed to an Internet website while
3
A point we need not decide in the context of this case.
16
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
listing his dormitory as his address owned a computer, and that
the computer would likely be found in his dormitory room.
That leads to Appellant’s final argument that, to the
extent the magistrate’s finding of probable cause was based on
his earlier subscription to a pornographic web service, that
information was stale. Moreover, because the magistrate was not
told of this time lag, the affidavit in general is unreliable
and lacks credibility. Timeliness informs probable cause.
United States v. Lopez, 35 M.J. 35, 38 (C.M.A. 1992). The
passage of time may diminish the likelihood that what is sought
will be found in the place to be searched. Id. As a result,
the magistrate should have been apprised of this time lag.
However, “[w]hether too long a period has elapsed from the time
the facts are obtained until the search is authorized depends on
many factors.” Id. They may include, but are not limited to,
the location to be searched, the type of crime involved, the
nature of the articles to be seized, and how long the crime has
been continuing. Id. In Leedy, for example, we recognized that
in the context of child pornography, a law enforcement expert’s
experience might reasonably inform a magistrate’s judgment as to
whether, and for how long, a child pornographer might retain
pornography. 65 M.J. at 216. However, we also cautioned that
“relying upon expertise too heavily, at the expense of hard
facts, can be troubling and is open to abuse.” Id.
17
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
Here we have hard facts. The agent’s affidavit established
that this was an investigation into the unlawful possession of
child pornography. The nature of the contraband sought was such
that it was highly portable, easily secreted, and often stored
in the possessor’s home in a variety of forms and on a variety
of media. The affidavit also indicated that at some point
Appellant had subscribed to a child pornography website. But
that information did not stand alone. This information prompted
the agents to conduct a ruse that confirmed Appellant’s current
interest in this contraband in the form of a sexual interest
questionnaire and a subsequent controlled delivery. As such, it
was part of the total circumstances raising the fair probability
that Appellant had a present as well as a past sexual interest
in or a sexual attraction to children, that he probably
possessed child pornography material, and that it probably was
kept where he lived.
DECISION
Based on this record, we conclude that the military judge
did not err in ruling that the magistrate had a substantial
basis for finding probable cause in this case. The decision of
the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is
affirmed.
18
United States v. Macomber, No. 08-0072/AF
RYAN, Judge (dissenting):
It is undoubtedly true that a magistrate’s finding of
probable cause “should be paid great deference.” Illinois v.
Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983) (quoting Spinelli v. United
States, 393 U.S. 410, 419 (1969) (quotation marks omitted). But
that deference is “not boundless.” United States v. Leon, 468
U.S. 897, 914 (1984). “Probable cause to search exists when
there is a reasonable belief that the . . . evidence sought is
located in the place or on the person to be searched.” Military
Rule of Evidence (M.R.E.) 315(f)(2). “In the typical case where
the police seek permission to search a house for an item they
believe is already located there, the magistrate’s determination
that there is probable cause for the search amounts to a
prediction that the item will still be there when the warrant is
executed.” United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 95 (2006).
Because I do not agree that the facts presented to the
magistrate in Special Agent White’s affidavit and briefing
supported a prediction that child pornography had ever been in
Appellant’s dormitory room, let alone was still there at the
time of the search, I respectfully dissent.1
1
Moreover, while these same facts certainly demonstrate that
Appellant has interests that are perverse, they do not establish
a “reasonable belief” that he ever possessed child pornography,
either at the time he accessed the website or at the time the
search authorization was sought. M.R.E. 315(f)(2).
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
As defined in M.R.E. 315(f)(2), a finding of probable cause
“encompasses showing a nexus to the place to be searched.”
United States v. Gallo, 55 M.J. 418, 421 (C.A.A.F. 2001); see
also Gates, 462 U.S. at 238 (defining probable cause as “a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place”) (emphasis added). In this case, the
fact that Appellant had once accessed a child pornography
website was central to the magistrate’s finding of probable
cause to search Appellant’s room. But the affidavit did not
provide sufficient information to support the inference that
this access resulted in Appellant possessing child pornography,
let alone that child pornography was in his room. The affidavit
merely stated that Appellant “had accessed a fee for service web
site known to traffic and display child pornographic images,”
and contained the agent’s unsupported supposition that Appellant
“has used his computer system to facilitate the
possession/distribution of child pornography.” (emphasis added).
There is no evidence the agents verified that Appellant actually
owned a home computer or had Internet access in his room. The
affidavit does not indicate the location of the computer
Appellant used;2 it does not, for example, provide an Internet
2
The Stipulation of Fact states that the federal investigation
revealed Appellant provided his dormitory address when he
subscribed to the website, but this does not tell us anything
about where Appellant was located at the time the “fee for
2
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
Protocol (IP) address for that computer. Nor does it provide
information that Appellant purchased or downloaded child
pornography from the website.
The affidavit’s use of profile information related to
“child pornographers and those with a sexual interest in
children” cannot mitigate the scarcity of detail in the
affidavit. According to this profile, such people “almost
always maintain and possess child pornography materials” and
store them “in a secure but accessible location, which is within
their immediate control, such as in the privacy and security of
their own homes, most often in their personal bedrooms.”
Reliance on this profile is problematic, and I cannot agree that
all the government ever need do to defeat nexus concerns is
provide boilerplate language about the habits of the theoretical
“collector.”
In this case, nowhere does the affidavit specifically
conclude that Appellant fits the “collector” profile because he
possessed child pornography, is a “child pornographer,” or a
person “with a sexual interest in children.” Admittedly,
Appellant indicated an interest in viewing child pornography
when he responded to the Eclipse Films survey and an interest in
acquiring child pornography when he ordered two videos to be
service web site” was accessed. Presumably, Appellant was
required to use his home address when he paid for his
subscription with his credit card.
3
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
sent to him through the mail. But an express desire to have
child pornography delivered to one’s home in the future does not
by itself support an inference that Appellant previously
possessed child pornography in that home, or anywhere else.3 It
is by no means axiomatic that a person who expresses an interest
in owning something actually already has possessed it,
particularly when that thing is contraband. While it is logical
to infer that the website subscription gave Appellant access to
child pornography, the affidavit neither informs the magistrate
where the access occurred nor indicates that Appellant actually
downloaded any images to possess in his room or elsewhere.4
Although we have previously credited expert reference to
“profile evidence” in cases involving child pornography, we have
3
The fact that Appellant instructed Eclipse Films to address the
video package to him at his dormitory would undoubtedly have
provided probable cause for an anticipatory warrant to be
executed once Appellant brought the package back to his room.
See Grubbs, 547 U.S. at 95-97. But it is does not support an
inference that he already possessed child pornography in his
room.
4
Nor does the affidavit indicate the number or kind of images
Appellant viewed on the LustGallery site. And the absence of
information about where the access occurred is especially
problematic when that access is used to support the inference
that he possessed child pornography: if Appellant did nothing
more than view images on a public computer, under our case law
his actions would not have ipso facto established the offense of
possession of child pornography. See United States v.
Navrestad, 66 M.J. 262, 267-68 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (holding that the
appellant’s act of viewing files containing child pornography on
a computer at an Internet café did not amount to possession
because appellant “lacked the dominion and control necessary to
constitute” the offense).
4
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
done so when there were “other factors” to “bolster the opinion
as to where the child pornography might be found in appellant’s
home.” Gallo, 55 M.J. at 422. In Gallo, the affidavit
supporting the request to search the appellant’s home indicated
that: (1) the appellant fit the profile of a pedophile; (2) the
appellant had advertised for and solicited child pornography;
(3) 262 pictures had been found on the appellant’s work
computer; and (4) the appellant had downloaded and uploaded
child pornography from his work computer. Id. Here, however,
there were not sufficient “other factors” to allow the
magistrate to rely on the profile.
Finally, even assuming the evidence supported an inference
that Appellant previously possessed child pornography, the
critical fact supporting that inference –- access to the website
-- occurred fourteen months prior to the search authorization
application. This fact was not disclosed to the magistrate
either in the affidavit or in person. This omission is
important because “the passage of time at some point results in
the likelihood that the goods [sought] will no longer be in the
original location.” United States v. Lopez, 35 M.J. 35, 38
(C.M.A. 1992). Although the majority states that as a result of
the omission “the affidavit in general is unreliable and lacks
credibility,” they do not find this to be a significant problem.
Macomber, __ M.J. at __ (17). While it is true that staleness
5
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
depends in part on the nature of the evidence sought, and in
general we have credited expert opinion that certain people tend
to retain child pornography for a long time, United States v.
Leedy, 65 M.J. 208, 216 (C.A.A.F. 2007), I disagree that the
opinion should be accepted in this case. Here, the magistrate
did not know how old the information was, and therefore he could
not assess whether it was reasonable for him to rely on the
profile to determine that the evidence sought existed anywhere,
let alone in Appellant’s room.
We are left, in the end, with nothing more than the facts
that Appellant has a disturbing interest in child pornography
and fourteen months previously had paid to access a website that
contained it from an unknown computer. Because these facts
neither establish a sufficient nexus between Appellant’s room
and the child pornography nor support a reasonable belief that
Appellant possessed child pornography at all, the magistrate’s
conclusion that child pornography would specifically be found in
Appellant’s room is less a “practical, common-sense decision,”
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, and more a leap of faith. Such a leap
does not reflect the substantial basis required to conclude that
there was probable cause to search Appellant’s dorm room. In
addition, because the sparse details in the affidavit required
such a leap to be made, and because the agent omitted
information about when the website was accessed, the affidavit
6
United States v. Macomber, No.08-0072/AF
was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render
official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.” Leon,
468 U.S. at 923 (quoting Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 610-11
(Powell, J., concurring in part)). The affidavit simply failed
to provide information from which a nexus between the items
sought and the location to be searched could be found. Under
these circumstances, the good faith exception of M.R.E.
311(b)(3) does not apply. See United States v. Carter, 54 M.J.
414, 421-22 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (acknowledging that M.R.E. 311(b)(3)
was intended to incorporate the good faith exception as outlined
in Leon).
I would reverse the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals and
find the military judge erred in denying the motion to suppress
the evidence seized in Appellant’s dormitory room.
7