This was a proceeding in the nature of a quo warranto, by the State of Missouri, at the relation of the *82Attorney General, against the respondent, Joseph 0. Ran-son, requiring him to show by what warrant or authority he claimed to have and exercise the powers and duties of a justice of the peace within and for the township of Kaw, in Jackson county, Missouri. The information was filed December 13th, 1880, and charged, in substance, that at the general election for State, county and township officers held in said township, under authority of law, on the 2nd day of November, 1880, one John W. Childs was legally elected a justice of the peace within and for said township, and that on the 10th day of said month thereafter, said Childs was duly appointed and commissioned a justice of the peace, within and for said township, by the county court of Jackson county, Missouri, and qualified accordingly, and that, thereafter, said Childs was legally entitled to hold said office and receive and enjoy its emoluments and privileges. The information then further charges that the respondent, Ranson, had been elected and commissioned a justice of the peace for said township, in November, 1876, for the term of four years, but that said respondent, since said election and commission of said Childs, in November, 1880, had been and was exercising the powers and duties of a justice of the peace, in said township of Kaw, beyond the term for which he was elected and commissioned, and in violation of law, to the great damage of the State of Missouri, and contrary to the statute in such cases made and provided. The answer of respondent first denies that he is, or was wrongfully holding said office; and then, for a further answer, says, in substance, that at the regular and general election held in November, 1876, he was duly elected a justice of the peace, within and for said township of Kaw, in said county and State, and that in pursuance of said election, he was thereupon duly commissioned by the county court of Jackson county, aforesaid, justice of the peace for said township of Kaw, for the term of four years, and until his successor was duly elected and qualified. The answer then further' says, that since *83his said election in November, 1876, no person has been duly elected or appointed and qualified, under the law, as his successor ; that since then there has been no legal election held, at which his successor could have been elected; and that there was no law or authority for holding an election for justice of the peace in said township in November, 1880; and that by reason thereof, and by virtue of his commission, he was and is entitled, under the constitution and the statutes of the State to hold and exercise the powers and duties of justice of the peace, within and for said township, in said county and State. The reply was a general denial.
The facts in this cause, as shown by stipulation of the parties, are, in substance: That at the regular general election held in November, 1876, the respondent was duly elected justice of the peace within and for Raw township, Jackson county, Missouri, and that afterward, to-wit: on the 8th day of November, 1876, he was duly commissioned as such justice of the peace for said Raw township, for the period of four years, and until his successor was duly elected or appointed and qualified, and that since that date, and up to and including the present time, the said Ranson has exercised and still continues to exercise the duties and prerogatives of said office. It is also admitted that at the last regular election held in November, 1880, the said respondent and John W. Childs were competing candidates for said office, and that, at said election, said Childs received a majority of 496 votes over said Ranson ; and that thereafter, on the 10th day of November, 1880, said Childs applied to the county court of said county to be commissioned to said office for the period of four years; and that thereupon the said respondent appeared before said court protested against said court issuing a commission to said Childs, and that at the same time a letter was read from Peak & Yeager, addressed to the presiding justice, J. B. Yeager, that under the law and also section 2807, Revised Statutes, the said Childs was not entitled to a commission, *84for the reason that there was no provision for an election at the November election, 1880; and that afterward, on the 10th day of November, 1880, the said county court issued a commission to said Childs, as justice of the peace for said township, for the period of two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified; and that said Childs received said commission and qualified thereunder, in due form.. It is also admitted that respondent, Ranson, has not turned over his docket or surrendered said office, but continues to hold the same and exercise the duties and prerogatives thereof. It also further appeared that said section 2807, Revised Statutes 1879, mentioned in the above stipulation, as originally enacted, was and is section 5 of an act of the general assembly of the State of Missouri, entitled “An act to revise and amend chapters 176 to 186, inclusive, regulating the jurisdiction and procedure before justices of the peace in civil cases,” approved May 8th, 1879, which said section, both in the original act and in the Revised Statutes, is as follows: “ Justices of the peace, as herein provided for, shall be elected at the general election to be held in 1882, and shall hold their offices for four years, or until their successors are elected, commissioned and qualified ; but every justice of the peace now in office shall continue to act as such until the expiration of his commission and until his successor is elected and qualified.”
It would seem from the pleadings and stipulation in the cause, that the parties originally designed to call in question the validity of section 2807, only by reason of its alleged violation of section 8, of article 14 of the constitution of this State. The introduction, at the hearing, of the title of the original bill, by which this section was enacted, was intended to place its invalidity on the further ground that it contravened, also, section 28, of article 4 of the constitution. The first of these questions is a new question in this court. The section, itself, is a new provision in our organic law ; and so far, this court has never been called on to construe it. The other question, however, has *85been the subject of judicial interpretation, on various occasions, heretofore.
The respondent, for a justification of his continuance in office, relies on his election and commission in November, 1876, which fix his term of office for four years, and until his successor is duly elected and qualified; and also on section 2807 of the Revised Statutes of 1879, coupled with a denial of the validity of the election or appointment of said Childs in November, 1880. If that section (2807), in its entirety, is a valid enactment, it is quite clear that the respondent’s title to the office in question cannot be controverted. The relator, in his brief, insists that said section is a nullity for two reasons : 1st, Because it is not embraced in the title of the bill, by which it was originally enacted, as required by section 28, of article 4 of the constitution of the State, which declares that: “No bill (except, etc.,) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title.” 2nd, Because that part of said section, which continues justices in office, whose terms were to expire at the recent election, is in violation of section 8, of article 14 of the constitution of Missouri, which provides that: “ The compensation or fees of no State, county or municipal officer shall be increased during his term of office; nor shall the term of any office be extended for a longer period than that for which such officer was elected or appointed.” The relator also claims that the election of Childs in November, 1880, was a valid election, and that his appointment and commission by the county court of Jackson county, Missouri, to the office in question, was a valid appointment; and that, by consequence, from and after that date, the successor of respondent, in the language of his commission, was duly elected and qualified, and his office thereby terminated by the law of its existence. In this proceeding, however, it may be remarked, the validity of Childs’ election, appointment or commission, can be inquired into so far only as they may tend to show that Ranson’s term of office had expired ; or *86that his successor was elected and qualified, and his subsequent continuance in office unlawful. If the above objections of the relator, or either of them, are well taken, it is manifest that the respondent has no title to said office and ought to be removed. We will consider them in the order in which they are made.
1. constitutional section2807of the chapter on ]us« tices of the peace,
The title of this bill, as we have seen, is an “act to revise and amend chapters 176 to 186, inclusive, regulating the jurisdiction and procedure before justices of the peace m civil cases. Ihe subject or r ° this section (2807) is to provide for the election of justices of the peace and the tenure of their office; and then it proceeds to declare that “ every justice of the peace, now in office, shall continue to act as such until the expiration of his commission, and until his successor is elected and qualified.” Is that section outside of that title, within the true meaning and intent of the constitution, according to the accepted construction of that instrument, in this particular ?
In the first place it may be well to inquire what is tbe general scope and intent of this constitutional inhibition? The adjudicated cases, as well as the elementary writers, all concur that it was to prevent the vicious practice of conjoining, in the same bill, incongruous matters, and subjects having no legitimate connection or relation to each other, and in no way germane to the subject expressed in its title; that its object was to prevent surprise or fraud upon members of the legislature, rather than embarrass legislation by making laws unnecessarily restrictive. Cooley on Const. Lim., 174; City of St. Louis v. Tiefel, 42 Mo. 590. Some of the adjudicated cases have construed this provision with some strictness, but in the majority of them the rule is otherwise. In the case of the State v. Miller, 45 Mo. 497, this court, uses this language: “ The courts, in all the states where a like or similar provision exists, have given it a very liberal interpretation, and have endeavored to construe it so as not to limit or cripple legislative enact*87ments any further than what was necessary by the absolute requirements of the law.” Justice Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations, (p. 178,) says : “ There has been a general disposition to construe the constitutional provision liberally, rather than embarrass legislation by a construction whose strictness is unnecessary to the accomplishment of the beneficial purpose for which it was adopted.” The supreme court of Louisiana, in commenting on argument of counsel, which demanded a strict construction of a constitutional elause like this, uses this language : “We think the argument invokes an interpretation of the constitutional clause too rigorous and technical. If in applying it we should follow the rules of a nice and fastidious verbal criticism, we should often frustrate the action of the legislature without fulfilling the intention of the framers of the constitution.” Succession of Lanzetti, 9 La. Ann. 333.
With this view of the object and purpose of this constitutional prohibition before us, and recognizing the rules of construction thus announced and adopted as correct, let us proceed with their application to the facts of this case. What, then, is the real scope and bearing of the subject contained in this bill ? The title, on its face, says it is to revise and amend certain “ chapters ” therein mentioned, regulating the jurisdiction and procedure before justices of the peace in civil cases. In point of fact, what are those “ chapters,” what do they regulate, and are the subjects thus regulated outside the title of this bill, within the meaning of the constitution, as interpreted by the adjudged cases ? That is a matter of inspection and construction. They are found in the G-eneral Statutes of 1865, at page 694, under title 38: “Of Justices of the Peace and their courts.” The first of these chapters, 176, provides for the election of justices of the peace; others of them regulate the jurisdiction and procedure before them; whilst another, 185, authorizes appeals from their judgments to the circuit court, and regulates the subsequent *88proceedings therein. Can it be said that these subjects or “chapters” are incongruous ; or that they have no legitimate connection or relation with each other? On the contrary, are they not all kindred matters, intimately connected and related, and germane to the general subject — indicated or expressed in the title of this revisory and amendatory act ? If so, the section in question cannot be held void by reason of this constitutional prohibition.
In the case of Brandon v. State, 16 Ind. 197, the court held that: “If the title of an original act is sufficient to embrace the provision contained in an amendatory act, it will be good, and it need not be inquired whether the title of the amendatory act would, of itself, be sufficient.” This court, in the case of City of St. Louis v. Tiefel, 42 Mo. 590, in treating of an amendatory act, recognize and approve this doctrine of the Indiana court. Apply that principle to this case, and the same result follows. The act whose title we are here considering is, on its face, a revisory and amendatory bill, and the “chapters” thereby revised and amended, may be taken as the original act; and the title prefixed to the same by the General Statutes, as we have seen, may be accepted as the title to said chapters, since this arrangement and heading of the General Statutes is authorized by law, and indeed has become a part of the law itself. Gen. St. 1865, pp. 882, 883, §§ 1, 8, 9; R. S. 1879, p. 530, § 3164; People v. Molineux, 53 Barb. 9. This title, it is manifest, would be sufficient to embrace the election of justices of the peace, as well as their jurisdiction and procedure, whether the amendatory act, by itself, would have been or not. In Texas, where the same provision substantially exists, the courts give it a liberal construction, and it has been held that an act, which was entitled “ to regulate proceedings in the county court,” and which also gave an appeal from the county court to the district court and regulated proceedings therein, was not within the mischief contemplated by the constitution, and the act was,' therefore, valid. So of this ease ; chapter 185, one of the *89chapters revised and amended by this bill, gives an appeal from justices of the peace to the circuit court, and then regulates proceedings therein. This chapter, 185, is as much outside the title of this bill, as chapter 176 ; yet under the ruling of the Texas court it would be held valid. If so, no reason is seen why chapter 176 should not also be considered good. Section 2807, Revised Statutes 1879, is but an amendment of chapter 176 of the General Statutes of 1865, and is equally within the ruling of the Texas and Indiana courts above quoted. We, therefore, conclude that the first objection urged by the relator is not well taken.
2_. extension j9ustfoe's oftte peaoe'
His second objection involves the construction of the 8th section of the 14th article of the constitution, and the 2807th section of the Revised Statutes of 1879. This is a case of first impression in this court. The spirit and intent of the convention, in framing section 8, of article 14 of the constitution, as we apprehend, was to prevent the too frequent practice that had obtained, of passing special laws to increase the compensation or fees of particular officers, or to extend the term of special offices by like special legislation, for the benefit of present incumbents. This, we think, was the object and purpose of this section of the constitution. We cannot suppose that the convention intended thereby to cripple and embarrass the legislature in the exercise of a sound and wise discretion in making such reasonable changes in the times of electing public officers, as the public interest and convenience might require. Such changes were not within the mischief contemplated by the convention, although they might incidentally result, in some instances, in prolonging the time a given officer might have under his commission. The object and intent of the legislature in framing section 2807, Revised Statutes, was to provide and fix a certain and uniform time at which the election of justices of the peace should take place. It was not their purpose thereby to extend the term of said *90offices within the meaning of this constitutional prohibition, but simply to supply an omission that had long existed in our statute, prior to this enactment, and remedy as far as possible the inconvenience and want of uniformity resulting therefrom; and, if in the exercise of a sound and proper discretion on the part of the legislature, in thus fixing a definite time for the election of justices of the peace, it should incidently result, that some of the justices should thereby continue in office longer than they would have done in the absence of this enactment, we are not prepared to say that the legislature thereby exceeded its authority, or violated the spirit or intent of the constitution in this particular.
The convention that framed the constitution thought proper, in order: “ That no inconvenience might arise from the alterations and amendments of the constitution of the State,” to ordain and declare that all persons then filling any office or appointment in the State, should continue in the exercise of the duties thereof, according to their respective commissions and appointments, unless otherwise provided by law. See schedule and section 6 of the schedule to the constitution of the State. By the latter clause of section 2807 of the statute, the legislature at its revising session in 1879, prompted by a like consideration, intended, we think, to obviate any like inconvenience that might result from the alteration of the old law as to the time of electing justices of the peace. The spirit and intent of the convention in framing this ordinance and that of the legislature in passing this section of the statute, are so near alike that it has occurred to us that they ought to receive the same liberal consideration and construction.
Section 37, of article 6 of the constitution, provides that: “ In each county there shall be elected or appointed as many justices of the peace as the public good may require, whose powers, duties and duration in office shall be regulated by law.” In the exercise of that power and *91duty,' the legislature, in the revision of 1879, first determined how many justices the public good required in municipal townships, and then proceeded, by the first clause of section 2807, to effect a much needed reform, that had long been felt, in the statute law of the State, by fixing a definite time at which all justices of the peace should be elected ; and to this section is appended the latter clause which provides that: “ Every justice of the peace now in office shall continue to act as such until the expiration of his commission, and until his successor is elected and qualified.” This latter clause, it is claimed, acts as an extension of the term of certain justices whose terms would otherwise have expired at the recent November election in 1880, and is, therefore, claimed to be in violation of section 8, of article 14 of the constitution above mentioned.
The first question is, what constitutes, under the law, the official term of justices of the peace? The statute in force now and when respondent was elected and qualified, provides that: “Justices of the peace are to be commissioned by the county court, and shall hold their office for four years, and until their successors are elected and qualified.” The constitution of the State — 5th section, 14th article — declares that: “ In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers now or hereafter elected or appointed, shall hold office during their official terms, and until their successors shall be duly elected or appointed and qualified.” The stipulation of the parties shows that at the November election in 1876, the respondent was duly elected, commissioned and qualified as a justice of the peace within and for Kaw township, in Jackson county, Missouri, for the period of four years, and until his successor was duly elected or appointed and qualified. It would seem from this that the period of four years, and whatever time thereafter may elapse before the election or appointment and qualification of his successor, constitutes the official term of justices of the peace; that the time intervening between the end of the four years and the election or appointment *92and qualification of his successor, is as much a part of his term of office, as the four years -that preceded it. Such, we think, is the meaning and import of this term. In the case of the State v. Lusk, 18 Mo. 337, this court, in treating of an act of the legislature creating the office of public printer, and in commenting on the 5th section of that act, which provides that: “ The public printer to be elected at each session of the general assembly, shall hold his office for two years * * and until his successor shall be elected and qualified,” uses this language: “ While it may be true that the design of continuing an incumbent in office until his successor is duly elected and qualified, is to prevent an interregnum in the office, and to have some person always authorized to discharge its duties, it is also true that the incumbent, until the qualification of his successor, is as fully in the office and entitled to all its advantages and emoluments, as he was for tbe previous period of his service, and it is his right to hold the office until everything has been done which is required by law to give title to the office to another person.” Commonwealth v. Hanley, 9 Barr (Pa.) 513; State v. Robinson, 1 Kas. 17; State v. Berg, 50 Ind. 496; Thompson v. State, 37 Miss. 518; Placer Co. v. Dickerson, 45 Cal. 12; State v. Daniel, 6 Jones (N. C.) 444; Sparks v. Bank, 9 Am. Law Reg. (N. S.) 365. In the case of Harris v. Babbit, 4 Dill. C. C. 190, and some of the cases there cited, a somewhat different doctrine is held.
Before proceeding further in the consideration of the validity, force and effect of this latter clause of section 2807, a brief history of its origin and purpose may throw-some light on this question. Upon examination it will be found that it is in fact no new enactment; that it is found as an independent section, in all the prior revisions from 1865, back to 1835. Whether it is to be considered as a new creation of the revision of 1879, or is to be construed as a continuation of a prior law, we will not now stop to consider. See § 7, chap. 176, Gen. St. 1865, p. 695 ; § 7, chap. 89, E. S. 1855, p. 920; § 7, chap. 92, R. S. 1845, p. *93630; § 3, R. S. 1835, p. 344. Here it had its origin,, and if we will examine the circumstances under which it was first enacted, we may be able to form some just estimate of its purpose and force. By the revision of 1825, it will be found that justices of the peace, prior to 1835, were, from time to time, appointed and commissioned by the Governor for four years only, upon the recommendation of the several tribunals having the transaction of county business, whenever the inhabitants and householders of any township petitioned for the same. In this state of the case the revision of 1835 takes place, and this provision, now constituting the latter clause of section 2807, made its first appearance on our statute book, and has remained there ever since. Its true purpose and force, at that time, may be best ascertained and determined by considering the inducements supposed to have influenced the legislature of 1835 to enact it. Prior to that date, as we have seen, justices were appointed and commissioned by the Governor for four years, whenever, from time to time, their appointment was asked for. It is apparent from this, that the various outstanding commissions of justices of the peace, at the date of the revision of 1835, bore different dates and expired at different times. When the legislature of that year made justices of the peace elective, instead of appointive, in order to protect the unexpired commissions from the Governor, it enacted section 3 of the statute of that date, which is as follows: “Each justice of the peace now in office shall continue to act as such until the expiration of his commission, and until his successor shall be duly elected and qualified.” In the same, form it has been re-enacted at every revising session from that day to 1879. Its effect, was to keep up the same diversity in the beginning and termination of the office of justice of the peace that originally existed in 1835, at least, so far as to make some of them elective at each biennial election, and without any direct or express statute to that effect. To correct this evil section 2807 was enacted in 1879.
*94It may be objected that while this section, in all the prior revisions under the old constitution of the State, was a proper and valid enactment, it becomes void and inoperative in the revision of 1879, by reason of the new clause in the new constitution on this subject. If we are right, in the view we have taken of the objects and purposes of this new section in the constitution of 1875, this objection is not well taken.
But to return to the consideration of the first clause of this section. The power of the legislature to enact that clause, we think, cannot be seriously questioned. The wisdom and propriety of appointing some definite and fixed time at which the election of all justices of the peace shall take place, is admitted by all. The effect of the enactment, it may be granted, was to supersede and repeal all prior statutes authorizing, directly or by implication, any and all elections of justices of the peace prior to November, 1882. It follows from this that the recent election in Kaw township, held in November, 1880, and at which said respondent and said Childs were competing candidates for justice of the peace, and at which said Childs received a majority of 496 votes, was not a valid election, and that it failed to furnish any duly elected and qualified successor to respondent. It also follows that the official term of said respondent, under his commission, the statute and the constitution of the State, has not yet expired ; and that he is rightfully in office, and entitled to exercise its powers and duties for the want of a duly elected and qualified successor to take his place, as provided by law and the terms of his commission. This result would follow by the force and effect of the first clause of this section, without any reference to, or even in the absence of its latter clause. If there was no law for the election of 1880, there is no successor to respondent. If there was no successor, the term of his office continues, by the law of its own existence and creation. If the respondent was rightfully in office, there could be no vacancy, and consequently no warrant for con*95struing Childs’ commission for two years into a valid appointment, as claimed by relator. In all such cases it is immaterial whether the want of a successor results from a failure to hold an election, the failure of the person elected to qualify, or from a lawful change in the time of holding an election. Whether the change in a given case is lawful, must depend upon the exercise of a sound discretion on the part of the legislature in making the change. In this case we have deemed that discretion to have been wisely and beneficially exercised, and, therefore, valid.
3.-.
Justice Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations, 220, well remarks : “ It has been said by an eminent jurist, when courts are called on to pronounce the invalidity of an act of legislation passed with all the forms and ceremonies requisite to give it the force of law, they will approach the question with great caution, examine it in every possible aspect, and ponder upon it as long as deliberation and patient attention can throw any new light upon the subject, and never declare a statute void, unless the nullity and invalidity of the act are placed, in their judgment, beyond reasonable doubt. A reasonable doubt must be solved in favor of the legislative action, and the act be sustained.” Admit that this case has its difficulties and perplexities; are they so great that we would be warranted in pronouncing the act invalid ? We think not. In this case there are other considerations which make this rule more imperative. We understand that the business of the country, confiding in the validity of this enactment, has adjusted itself to its provisions; that justices of the peace, throughout the State, generally, are holding office, acknowledging deeds, solemnizing matrimony, trying causes, administering justice and exercising all the powers and duties incident to their office, and we, therefore, submit that, under the circumstances, it would be extremely hurtful to the best interests of society, to have doubts thrown upon the legality and validity of all these proceedings by an adverse decision in this cause. *96We, therefore, conclude that we are not required or authorized, by anything shown us in this .case, to pronounce the act invalid.
Respondent’s answer adjudged sufficient, and proceedings dismissed.
All concur.