[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 11-15734 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Non-Argument Calendar MAY 25, 2012
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 1:06-cr-20501-UU-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
RODRICK CLAYTON,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(May 25, 2012)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, CARNES and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant Rodrick Clayton appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se
motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). In 2007, the
district court sentenced Clayton as a career offender to 150 months’ imprisonment,
which included a 20% reduction based upon his substantial assistance. In his
§ 3582(c)(2) motion, Clayton had argued that, despite being a career offender, he
was entitled to a reduction under Amendment 750 and the Fair Sentencing Act,
which was comparably less than the amended guideline range sentence in order to
reflect his substantial assistance to authorities. On appeal, Clayton acknowledges
that he was sentenced as a career offender, but argues for the first time that he is
entitled to a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) because, in light of United
States v. Freeman, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2685, 180 L. Ed. 2d 519 (2011),
(plurality opinion) his sentence was “based on” the crack guidelines that were later
amended by the U.S. Sentencing Commission.
“We review de novo a district court’s conclusions about the scope of its
legal authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).” United States v. James, 548 F.3d
983, 984 (11th Cir. 2008). Objections or arguments that are not raised at the
district court are reviewed for plain error. See United States v. Evans, 478 F.3d
1332, 1338 (11th Cir. 2007) (reviewing a claim that there was an insufficient
factual basis for a guilty plea for plain error). To prove plain error, a defendant
must show: “(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.”
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United States v. Turner, 474 F.3d 1265, 1276 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation
marks omitted). If all three conditions are met, we may exercise our discretion to
recognize the error, if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “A
plain error is an error that is obvious and is clear under current law.” United
States v. Humphrey, 164 F.3d 585, 588 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Federal courts have the authority to consider reducing the sentence “of a
defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a
sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). A district court must follow a two-step
process in ruling on a § 3582(c)(2) motion. United States v. Bravo, 203 F.3d 778,
780 (11th Cir. 2000). First, the court must recalculate the defendant’s sentence
“by substituting the amended guideline range for the originally applied guideline
range, and then using that new base level to determine what ultimate sentence it
would have imposed.” Id. In other words, the court “shall determine the amended
guideline range that would have been applicable to the defendant if the
amendment(s) . . . had been in effect at the time that the defendant was sentenced.”
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(1). Under the second step, as a matter of discretion, the
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court must decide whether to retain the original sentence or to re-sentence the
defendant under the amended guideline range. Bravo, 203 F.3d at 781.
A career offender’s base offense level is determined by using either the
offense level that would ordinarily apply under Chapters 2 and 3 or, if it results in
a higher offense level, the table in § 4B1.1(b). U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b). A
§ 3582(c)(2) proceeding does not constitute a de novo re-sentencing and “all
original sentencing determinations remain unchanged with the sole exception of
the guideline range that has been amended since the original sentencing.” Bravo,
203 F.3d at 781. A “reduction under § 3582(c)(2) is not authorized where ‘the
amendment . . . is applicable to the defendant but the amendment does not have
the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range because of the
operation of another guideline . . . .’” United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323,
1327-28 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. (n.1(A))
(emphasis added). In Moore, we held that defendants who originally were
sentenced under § 4B1.1(b)’s career-offender table were not eligible for
§ 3582(c)(2) relief because their guideline ranges were not based on the
drug-quantity offense levels that had been lowered by Amendment 706. Id.
at 1327-30.
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If a defendant designated as a career offender commits an offense that
carries a statutory maximum of 25 years or more of imprisonment and less than
life imprisonment, the applicable offense level is 34. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(B).
Part A of Amendment 750 amended § 2D1.1 by revising the Drug Quantity Table
in § 2D1.1(c), and reducing offense levels associated with various amounts of
crack cocaine. U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 750, Pt. A, cross referencing U.S.S.G.
App. C, amend. 748 (2011). Amendment 750 became effective on November 1,
2011. U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 750.
In Freeman, the Supreme Court considered the question of “whether
defendants who enter into plea agreements that recommend a particular sentence
as a condition of the guilty plea may be eligible for relief under § 3582(c)(2).”
Freeman, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2690. A plurality of the Supreme Court
determined that a district court’s imposition of a sentence may be based upon the
Sentencing Guidelines, even if the defendant pleads guilty under Fed.R.Crim.P.
11(c)(1)(C). Id. Therefore, the plurality opinion concluded, § 3582(c)(2) relief
may be available if the sentence was “based on” a guideline range that was
ultimately lowered by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. Id. In a concurring
opinion, Justice Sotomayor agreed with the plurality that the prisoner was eligible
for a sentencing reduction, but held that a term of imprisonment that was imposed
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pursuant to a Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement is “based on” the plea
agreement itself, and not the Sentencing Guidelines. 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct.
at 2695 (Sotomayor, J., concurring in the judgment). However, Justice
Sotomayor’s concurring opinion also determined that, when a plea agreement
“expressly uses a Guidelines sentencing range applicable to the charged offense to
establish the term of imprisonment,” and the U.S. Sentencing Commission
subsequently lowers that range, the term of imprisonment is “based on” the range
used and the defendant is eligible for a sentencing reduction under § 3582(c)(2).
Id. (Sotomayor, J., concurring in the judgment).
Because the record demonstrates that Clayton was sentenced as a career
offender, we conclude that Amendment 750 to the Sentencing Guidelines does not
change his offense level or his guideline range. In addition, we conclude that the
district court did not plainly err in not applying Freeman to his case because (1)
both the plurality opinion and Justice Sotomayor’s concurring opinion in that case
were limited to the context of a defendant who was sentenced pursuant to a plea
agreement under Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(c)(1)(C), and (2) there is no binding
authority applying the reasoning of Freeman to the context of a career offender
seeking § 3582(c)(2) relief.
For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the district court’s order denying
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Freeman’s motion for a sentence reduction.
AFFIRMED.
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