(dissenting). — I am unable to agree to the conclusion reached in the foregoing opinion or the reasoning on which it is based. I think the indictment sufficient.
The first objection to the indictment is that it charges three men with taking away a female for the purpose of concubinage by having illicit intercourse with them and divers other men to the jurors unknown. The argument is that three men designing to have sexual intercourse with a female might take her aWay for the purpose of prostitution, but not for concubinage. This proposition involves the discussion of the distinction between concubinage and prostitution. In ancient times concubinage was a semi-legal relation between the sexes, and this is the case among many eastern *105people to-day But at common law there are no gradations in sexual relations. Men and women live together in the relation of a legal marriage, or their sexual intercourse is meretricious and illegal. Concubinage is ■defined to be the act or practice of cohabiting in sexual intercourse without the authority of a legal marriage. Bouvier’s Law Dictionary; Webster. This, says Judge Norton in State v. Feasel, 74 Mo. 524, “is the accepted meaning of the word at common law, and was, we think, used by the legislature in that sense.”
The statute under which defendant was prosecuted was, beyond doubt, intended to cover every case where a female under eighteen years of age is taken away from her parent for illicit intercourse, and to accomplish this purpose the words, “prostitution” and “concubinage,” are used. Here as elsewhere it is difficult to say definitely where one ends and the other begins. Prostitution, says Webster, is “the act of prostituting or ■offering the body to an indiscriminate intercourse with men; common lewdness of a woman,” and this •definition is adopted by defendant’s counsel in this case. Now if defendant .had been indicted for taking the girl away for the purpose of prostitution, we would be met by the. argument that sexual intercourse with three men was not indiscriminate intercourse with men, and, therefore, that the taking away was not for the purpose of prostitution, and in my opinion this argument would be sound. A prostitute offers her body to all comers, and usually for gain. Now, if the defendant’s conténtion that concubinage consists in the illicit intercourse of one man and one woman be correct, the words, “prostitution and concubinage,” would not cover ■cases where females are taken for intercourse with more than one man, and yet not for intercourse indiscriminately with the other sex. I can scarcely think that the legislature intended so absurd a result. The indict*106ment, therefore, is not defective because it avers that the purpose of defendant was that the female should have intercourse with three parties named. The averment that the defendant took the female away for the purpose of concubinage controls the subsequent words. The word “prostitution” is not used, nor is it accurately defined in the indictment. The words, “and divers other men to the grand jurors unknown,” may be rejected as surplusage. “As surplusage does not injure an indictment if it charges two offenses in a single count, but one of them insufficiently,, it is not, therefore, double; to be so, it must set out each in adequate terms.” 1 Bishop on Criminal Procedure [3 Ed.] sec. 440.
This indictment follows the form given by Judge Kelley. Kelley on Criminal Law [1 Ed.] sec. 515.
The second objection is that the indictment fails to allege that the purpose of defendant in taking away the female was felonious. This objection is not well taken. The- word “feloniously” as used in the indictment qualifies the purpose as well as the act of taking, and the crime is, therefox’e, charged to have beexx doxxe feloniously.
The third objection is that the indictxnent does xxot allege that the purpose of defendant was to cohabit with the female without the authority of law or a legal marriage. This allegation is xxot necessary. The words, ‘ ‘for the purpose of coxxcubinage, by having illicit sexual intercourse,” imply ex vi termini that such intercourse was to be without authority of law or a legal marriage.
II. The state proved: First. The contents of a letter written by Larkin A. Gibson to the girl asking her to coxne to his house, and he would have her taken away. Second. Sexuaí intercoxxrse of Larkin A. Gibson axxd James Gibson and the girl after she was taken away. *107Third. A conversation between the father of the girl and Larkin A. Gibson, after she had returned to Gibson’s house. The defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting such evidence over his objections, because the conversations and acts of these parties did not occur in his presence, and there was no evidence of a conspiracy between him and them. ■
To dispose of these objections, it becomes necessary to give a synopsis of the evidence: Ada E. Dyche, the girl charged to have been taken away by defendant, was fifteen and a half years old and lived with her father in Harrison county on, a farm adjoining the farm owned by Larkin A. Gibson, who is the father of this defendant and James Gibson, between a quarter and half a mile away. Her mother was dead, and her father had married again. The girl went to defendant’s house on Sunday afternoon, April 7, 1889, taking her clothes tied up in a bundle with her. She found defendant and his brother, John C. Gibson, there, Larkin A. Gibson, his wife, and James Gibson being away from home. She told defendant she had come to go away, and she wanted them to take her away, as they had agreed. Defendant told her that he had not agreed to take her away, but his father had, and she would have to wait till the latter came home. She left her clothes some distance from the house, and, upon her informing defendant where they were, he directed his brother to get them, which he did.
Th'e girl testified on her cross-examination by defendant that she went to Gibson’s in pursuance of a letter Larkin A. Gibson had written her, which she had torn up, telling her to come to his house, and he would have her taken away. She also testified that up to that time she had had no arrangement with this defendant to take her away, and that she wanted to leave home. Larkin A. Gibson and his wife returned home late the *108same afternoon. The. defendant, at the request of his father, took the girl in a buggy and left his .home with her about seven or eight o’clock p. m. that night, and started to Walker Gibson’s, an uncle of his, about seven miles distant. On the way there he had sexual intercourse with her. He and she reached the uncle’s between nine and eleven o’clock. Defendant called his uncle, who had gone to bed, and requested him to take the girl to Joe Gibson’s, another uncle of defendant living at Ridgeway, which he did that night, reaching the latter’s home before day next morning, defendant telling the girl he would meet her there again. Defendant returned home that night, and on Tuesday he went to Ridgeway, and took the girl to DesMoines, takingpassage on a railway, he paying the fare of both. They went to a hotel and put up for the night, defendant paying for the night’s lodging. Next day he went home, and she staid at this hotel two weeks, when Larkin A. Gibson and James Gibson went and took her to Eldora, where they both had intercourse with her the same night at a hotel. She staid at this place two nights. Larkin A. Gibson then took her to Leon, and then sent her to Ridgeway, and then to St. Joseph, Missouri. She went to the home of the friendless at the latter place, where she met a sister of hers. The sister loaned her some money and she went back towards defendant’s home till,she reached Siloam, a few miles away, whence she was taken in Frank Gibson’s wagon to defendant’s home, reaching there about May 7. She staid upstairs while there.
On May 10, her father heard she was at Gibson’s, and next morning, May 11, he took two of his neighbors and went over there. The girl, from an upper window, seeing them coming, ran down, and the defendant told 'her to go to a sheep shed some distance from the house, and stay in it. The defendant got behind an apple tree in the orchard about twenty-five *109yards from this shed. The father of the girl and his two attendants went into the yard, and Larkin A. Gribson met them there. Oh inquiry being made for the girl, Larkin A. Gribson said 'she was not there,- and he did not know where she was. Her father was permitted to search the house, and not finding her there he went to the barn, and finally to the sheep shed where he found her and took her home.
She was gone from April 7 to May 11, and her father could learn nothing of her whereabouts till May 10,. Defendant denied all knowledge of the girl’s intentions, until she came to his father’s, April 7.
The evidence shows that defendant told the girl that he would take her away again that day (May 11),' and when her father found her she had her clothes tied up in a bundle ready to go. Defendant claimed he took the girl away in the first instance at her request to get her a place to 'stay, because she did not want to remain at home.
A careful perusal of the evidence in this record, of which the foregoing is a fair summary, convinces me that there was a common design, a conspiracy, between the father and James Gribson and this defendant, to take the girl from her father, and from under his control, care and protection, for the purpose of concubinage, and what each said and did in regard to her, during the period she was under their control, is evidence against all. The res gestee embrace this whole period. Defendant cannot complain, however, of the admission of evidence of the contents of the letter the old man wrote to the girl, even if no conspiracy was proven, for he brought it out himself on cross-examination.
Evidence of the sexual intercourse of the father and brother with the girl was admissible to show the purpose for which she was taken away. And it seems *110very clear that what the defendant’s father said to the girl’s father on May 11 was admissible against defendant; for he had hid the girl, and was watching from behind an apple tree in the orchard at the time. He was to take the girl away again that day, and what occurred there tended to prove that defendant’s object was to remove and keep her from her father’s control.
III. The defendant assigns for error the refusal of the court to permit him to read in evidence a letter written by the girl to James Gibson dated May 12,1888, and one to Larkin A. Gibson dated February 19,1889. The contents of these letters would have tended to prove two facts: First. That the girl wanted to leave home, and, second, that this desire was known to at least two of the conspirators for months before she was taken away. We do not think this latter fact would have aided the defense, but on the contrary it would have strengthened the theory of the prosecution that there was a conspiracy, and as to the first we have to say that her desire to leave home is immaterial. That is no defense under the statute. She was under the age of consent. Tucker v. State, 8 Lea (Tenn.) 633; People v. Cook, 61 Cal. 478; Reg. v. Biswel, 2 Cox, C. C. 279; Reg. v. Robins, 47 Eng. C. L. R. 456; Bishop on Statutory Crimes [2 Ed.] sec. 634; Kelley on Criminal Law [1 Ed. ] sec. 517.
A girl under eighteen years of age cannot make a valid contract for the disposition of her property, and much less can'she give consent to part with that which makes her poor indeed, and which no earthly tribunal can restore to her. The statute was intended to throw around females under that age and around their homes its protecting care and to shield them from debauchers and seducers.
IV. The court did not err in refusing to permit defendant to show previous acts of unchastity on the *111part of the girl. The statutes of some of the states require the female to be of previous chaste character, but ours contains no such provision. Our statute recognizes the parent’s right to the custody of an erring daughter, and to save her from a continued life of shame, if it be possible, by his care, advice and oversight.
To hold otherwise would outlaw girls who had fallen, and would deprive them of parental protection. Is there no place in our system of laws for reformation? If not, what becomes of the reformatory institutions of this and other lands? Shall we say to men and women, too, — for women can be guilty of the crime under discussion, — that they can invade homes and take girls from their parents for the purpose of concubinage or prostitution, and be guilty, of no crime, if it can be shown they are unchaste at the time of the taking? If ever-a girl needs the care of a father or mother as guardian, it is after she has stepped aside. Though society may ostracize her, a parent does not always desert his child to her fate, and often is willing to retain her in his home, saying to her gently and kindly, “ Sin no more.” He may not succeed in her reformation, yet he has a right, a legal right, to try. Ada Dyche, though unchaste in a legal sense, was not steeped in sin to the extent of the common prostitute. The removal of her from her home and from the control of her father was a crime against the father and that home. It was a crime also against the girl, because she was under the age of consent.
Nor is the position assumed in the foregoing opinion that an unchaste female is not within the protection of this statute supported by authority. Judge Kelley, who is cited, does not assert the proposition in direct terms; his language being in the suggestive form. He says: ■ “ As the object of the law is to *112prevent turning girls into prostitutes, it is quite probable that if tbe girl was of lewd character, or if her parents encouraged her in a lax course of life, the defendant should be acquitted, unless she had reformed, although the statute of Missouri says nothing about previous chastity.” Sec. 519. And he cites Reg. v. Primelt, 1 F. & F. 50; Carpenter v. People, 8 Barb. 603; Kenyon v. People, 26 N. Y. 203; Andre v. State, 5 Iowa, 389, and State v. Carron, 18 Iowa, 372, in support of his suggestion; but with all due deference to the learned author I do not think these cases justified him in throwing doubt on the question.
Primelt’s case arose under the English statute of 9 G-eorge IY., chapter 31, which made it an offense to take a female under sixteen years of age out of the' possession and against the will of the parent, without regard to the purpose of the taking. The issue in the case was whether defendant had taken the girl out of the possession and against the will of the mother, and “the chief justice directed the jury that * * * if they thought that the mother had by her conduct countenanced the daughter in a lax course of life, by permitting her to go out alone at night, and to dance at public houses, this was not a case that came within the intent of' the statute, but was one where what had occurred, though unknown to her, could not be said to-have happened against her will.” Here not a word was said about chastity, nor did the chief justice authorize an acquittal on the ground that the female was unchaste, but on the ground alone that defendant had not taken her out of the possession and against the will of the mother. ”
As to the'cases cited from New York and Iowa, I will simply remark that the statutes in those states, defining the crime of abduction, require the female to be of a previous chaste character, and, of course, those *113cases are not authority for the construction of our statute, which wholly omits the element of chastity.
On the other hand California has a statute similar to ours, and the supreme court of that state in discussing this question, in People v. DeMousset (1887), 71 Cal. 611, said: “It will be observed that the section says nothing about the chastity of the female. The law is intended to protect the chaste and reclaim the erring; to protect parents and guardians in their custody and care of minor females, without regard to the character of such female for chastity, and the family from sorrow and disgrace. We are not disposed, in the 'construction of this section, to interpolate any phrase that will detract from its effectiveness in this regard.” I heartily indorse this language as expressive of the true meaning of our statute.
That Judge Kelley’s statement that the object of the statute was to prevent “turning girls into prostitutes” is too narrow, I repeat what Judge Norton said m the Feasel case that “it was evidently the design of the legislature in the enactment of said statute to protect females under eighteen years of age from debauchery and the seductive arts of vicious, lewd and lascivious persons, and also to protect the domestic circle from invasion by such characters, having in their hearts such a purpose.”
The position I have assumed is sustained also by the case of State v. Strattman, 100 Mo. 548. That was a prosecution for defiling a female standing in a confidential relation to the accused. The statute defining the offense, like the one in question, wholly omits the element of chastity. Judge Sherwood, speaking for the court in that case, said: “The section upon which
the present indictment is grounded levels its denunciations and penalties against every one to whose care and *114protection any female under the- age of eighteen years is confided, who violates the trust reposed in him in the manner that section condemns. Unchaste to all the world beside, she must be pwre to him. This is the evident policy and central idea of the statute.”
V. As an original proposition I would not have concurred in the doctrine of the Feasel case, but it was announced eleven years ago, and since then we have had five biennial sessions and one revising session of the general assembly, and no suggestion of error in the definition of concubinage has been made, and there has been no attempt to change or modify it. The doctrine of the Feasel case was approved by division number 2 in State v. Stone, 106 Mo. 1.
"Words acquire their meaning by usage. This court in 1881 defined concubinage to be the cohabitation of a male and female in sexual intercourse for any length of time, even for a single night, and this definition has been acquiesced in ever since by the people ■and the legislative and judicial departments of the state government. The legislature has the power to make it ■crime to take minor females from their homes for the purpose of illicit intercourse, as is done in many states. This court said eleven years ago that is what the legislature did do in the enactment of the section of the statute under discussion. The nisi prius courts adopted the definition and acted on it.. The general assembly has failed to declare that that was not its meaning, and shall we now reverse that ruling and undertake to define concubinage1? The former definition is in line with good morals, and my judgment is now that we should stand by and reaffirm it.
But conceding that the instruction defining concubinage is subject to criticism, yet I think the instructions taken as a whole were very fair to defendant under the evidence in the case. The court was very explicit *115in telling the jury what elements entered into the crime with which defendant was charged. Here are the other instructions, not quoted in the foregoing opinion, in regard to what it takes to constitute abduction under our statute.
“In order to find defendant guilty under this indictment it is not necessary that the jury should believe from the evidence that the defendant took Ada E. Dyche away from the immediate possession, house or premises of her father, William Dyche, but it is a sufficient taking away if the defendant alone, or acting in connection with- another, took her away from the. control and possession of the said William Dyche, and took her out of the neighborhood, so that her whereabouts were unknown to said William Dyche, without his consent.”
“The court further instructs the jury that the term or phrase, ‘take away for the purpose of concubinage/ as used in the instructions, means that the defendant himself, or others acting in conjunction with him, must have induced, persuaded or decoyed the witness, Ada E. Dyche, away from her father, for the purpose of having illicit sexual intercourse with her. Therefore, unless you believe from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, on the seventh day -of April, 1889, persuaded said Ada E. Dyche to go away from her father, and that such persuasion was for the purpose and with the intention of having sexual intercourse with her, or with others, then you must acquit the defendant.”
“The court instructs the jury that, unless they believe from the evidence that defendant started from the house of L. A. Gibson with Ada E. Dyche, with the intent or for the purpose of having sexual intercourse with her, or for the purpose of others having *116sexual intercourse with, her, then he is not guilty of a taking away under the law, and you should acquit him.”
“The court further instructs the jury that if they believe that the said Ada E. Dyche left her father’s house, and went to the house of L. A. G-ibson, without any inducement of the defendant, and requested defendant to take her away from home, then defendant was not bound to turn her out or take her- home, and that unless the defendant himself, or in conjunction with another, or others, had some prior arrangement with her, that he or they, so acting in conjunction, would take her away, then he is not guilty, and you will acquit the defendant.”
“The court instructs the jury that the law presumes the defendant to be innocent of the crime charged, and this presumption maintains throughout the entire trial, until it is overcome by evidence that establishes his guilt to your satisfaction and beyond a reasonable doubt. By the word or terms, ‘a reasonable doubt,’ is meant, convinced to a moral certainty. A juror is understood to entertain a reasonable doubt when he does not feel an abiding conviction of the truth of the charge to a moral certainty, and, unless you are thus convinced, you must find the defendant not guilty.”
Under these instructions the jury must have found, notwithstanding defendant’s protestations to the contrary, that he took the girl away for the purpose of having sexual intercourse with her, and took her away from the neighborhood, “so that her whereabouts were unknown” to her father. Indeed, what other purpose could he have had? There is nothing whatever in the pretense that she was taken to Iowa to be put to school. The jury negatived such a purpose in finding that she was taken away for the purpose of sexual intercourse. And she was taken .to be kept away for an indefinite time, and having been taken for the purpose of sexual *117intercourse the offense was committed. Henderson v. People (1888), 17 N. E. Rep. (Ill.) 68.
The instruction, that in order to convict defendant it was not necessary that he took the girl from the immediate possession, house or premises of her father, but that it was sufficient that if he alone, or acting in connection with another, took her away from the control and possession of the father, was correct. It cannot be expected that a parent can have immediate and actual possession of his children all the time. The taking away contemplated by the statute is that taking which removes the female from the care, custody and control of the parent, and places her under the control of another. People v. Cook, supra; State v. Gordon, 46 N. J. Law, 432; Reg. v. Mycock, 12 Cox, C. C. 28; Kelley on Criminal Law, sec. 517; State v. Round, 82 Mo. 679.
Nor was it necessary to prove that defendant enticed the girl to go off with him. Our statute uses the words “take away” only, and the girl’s willingness, and even offer to go away, will not excuse the party who takes her away. The authorities cited above show this conclusively.
The court instructed the jury that if they should “believe from the evidence that the witness, Ada E. Dyche, had sexual intercourse with others than the defendant before the seventh of April, 1889, that would not justify or excuse the defendant if he was guilty of misconduct; but evidence in reference to such conduct on her part was admissible only for the purpose of showing her moral character, and thereby affecting her credibility as a witness.” The defendant complains of the use of the word “misconduct” here. This was an unfortunate expression, but taken in connection with all the instructions it could not have misled the jury. In five instructions the court told the jury specifically and correctly what constituted the crime with which *118the defendant was charged, and what essential facts they had to find in order to convict him, and then instructed the jury that the law presumed defendant innocent, which presumption continued with him throughout the entire trial, until it was overcome by evidence that established his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and that “a juror is understood to entertain a reasonable doubt when he does feel an abiding conviction of thé truth of the charge to a moral certainty.”
I think the evidence warranted the verdict. This record discloses a most remarkable state of affairs. The Gibsons and Dyches lived in less than a half a mile of each other. This girl was taken by defendant from his father’s home after night. She and he had sexual intercourse on the road. He took her to an uncle’s, reaching there before morning. The uncle continued the journey with her the same night to another uncle’s, where she staid for a day, when defendant took her to Iowa. The father of defendant, who had a son married, taking his son James, a mere lad, with him, went to where the girl was in Iowa, and the father and the son had sexual intercourse with her the same night. She was gone over five weeks, her father inquiring for her and looking for her, and when she returned to Gibson’s she was kept hid, and arrangements were made for defendant to take her away again. The father with his neighbors went for the girl, whom defendant hid in a shed and watched, while his father denied to the father of the girl that she was there. The father persisted in his search however, and found her and took her home. She was a mere child, and the conduct of her father was commendable in not leaving her to her fate.
It seems to me there was a preconcerted scheme to take this child from home and home influences and from parental care and protection for vile purposes. *119She was treated like a brute. Think of it! The defendant taking her away at night and having intercourse with her, and then the father and a sixteen-year-old son having connection with her the same night. Can depravity go much farther? Shall we say that the intention of these parties was to educate the child? Why go away at night, without the knowledge or consent of the father, who was a neighbor? That will not do. Shall we say that the object of the abduction was to wean her from James Gibson who was infatuated with her and she with him? Then, why did the father take his son to the girl to enable him to have intercourse with her? This theory will not do. The jury reached the only conclusion that the testimony justifies, and that is that she was abducted for the purpose of illicit commerce. The judgment in my opinion ought to be affirmed.