(dissenting). I was unable to concur in the first opinion delivered in this cause, and am equally unable to concur in the present one, which differs in some particulars from the one now delivered. Owing to the importance of the principles involved, I have thought it best to give some expression to my views and to the reasons why I cannot agree to what has been said in. the májority opinion.
And, first, as to the priority of jurisdiction; which court acquired it?
That the petition of Merriam wás prior in point .of time as to its filing, stands admitted; and it has recently been determined by this court that a suit is brought within the meaning of the statute when the *49petition is filed. Lumber Co. v. Wright, 114 Mo. 326. On the same day of the filing of the petition in this case a provision al order was made appointing relator receiver; this was on the third of March, 1893. Touching these questions of priority, a well known text writer says: “These questions have usually been determined upon principles of comity, and it is now the established doctrine of both the state and federal courts that that court, whether state or federal, which first acquires jurisdiction of the subject-matter, or of the res, and which is first put in motion will retain its control to the end of the controversy, and the possession of its receiver will not be disturbed by the subsequent appointment of a receiver by the other court. Nor is it necessary, in the application of the general doctrine here stated,, that the court asserting its exclusive control by reason of having been first to take cognizance of the subject-matter, should be the first to take actual possession of the property by its receiver.” High on Receivers [2 Ed.], sec. 50.
The same view is taken in North Carolina. On February 10, 1880, a bill was filed for the appointment of a receiver, and on the same day a preliminary motion looking to the appointment of a receiver and for an injunction was filed. This motion, postponed from time to time, was finally acted on on the fifteenth day of June next thereafter, and a receiver appointed. Pending this application, and on March 31, 1880, Roberts, an alleged judgment creditor, filed a bill in another court of that state, for the like purpose of securing the assets of the road by the appointment of a receiver for the same property. 'On the ninth day of April the bill last filed was heard and receiver appointed. Thereupon it was claimed that the receiver first appointed had the prior right of possession of the property, *50because of said priority of appointment, but the court said:
“The prior jurisdiction over the subject-matter acquired by the present action and the pending and undecided motion for an injunction and a receiver, exclude the interference of -the court in another, and especially at the instance of one who is competent to become a party in the first, and to obtain adequate redress in that. The authorities are decisive on the point, and the conflicts and perplexities attending the prosecution of several actions having the same object in view, are in ample vindication of the principle.” And the appointment of the receiver first appointed was held invalid. Young v. Rollins, 85 N. C. 485; s. c., 12 American and English Railroad Cases, 455.
Another text writer, in circumstances like the present, states the prevalent rule thus: “The general rule is well understood to be that the court which first takes cognizance of the controversy is entitled to retain jurisdiction until the end of the litigation, and incidentally to take possession of the subject-matter of the controversy to the exclusion of all interference by other courts of concurrent jurisdiction, both in relation to the disposition of the subject-matter of the action, the commencement of suits against the receiver without permission, and the general control and removal of the receiver. All attempts to interfere with the property involved without permission of the court first acquiring jurisdiction, although done under color o’f legal process, may be treated as a contempt, and so punished. ” G-luck & Becker on Receivers, sec. 30, p. 66. To the same effect see Beach on Receivers, sec. 20, p. 21.
In Maynard v. Bond, 67 Mo. 315, this principle is distinctly declared, where it is said: “A receiver is said to be uniformly regarded as an officer of the court, exercising his functions, but for the.common benefit of *51all parties in interest. He is elsewhere spoken of as ‘the hand of the court/ and the property or fund entrusted to his care is regarded as in custodia legis, and that his appointment is in effect an equitable execution. High on Receivers, secs. 1 and 2, and cased cited. In ..Steele v. Sturgis, (5 Ab. Pr. R. 442/, it is said: ‘The counsel for the sheriff only objects that he was prior in right to the receiver, because his levy was made before the receiver had executed and filed the bond to be given by him. When the court in such cases appoints a receiver, it is because the court has first adjudged that the property is no longer to be under the control of the parties to the suit, but is thenceforth to be, and is, in the custody of the court. The receiver then becomes merely an agent through whom the court acts; and whether he be forthwith appointed by the court, as in this case, or a reference be made to a master or a referee to appoint one, in either case the effect is the same; the title of the receiver is of the date at which it is ordered that a receiver shall be appointed./ We incline to the opinion that a receiver’s appointment should date from the time the order is entered, regarding this view as better sustained by reason, as it certainly is by authority, and we the more readily incline to this view because, if upheld, it will greatly tend to prevent any unseemly conflict of jurisdiction, and because, further, the party claiming an adverse interest may appeal to the court appointing the receiver for leave to take the necessary steps to protect their interest.”
A forcible illustration of the same principle is. found in the case of Union Trust Co. v. Railroad, 6 Biss. 197. A suit was brought in the United States circuit court for Illinois by the Union Trust Company against the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railway Company, in which, among other things, .the appointment of a receiver was asked. At the July term, 1874, a *52general demurrer was interposed to the bill, which, being sustained, the bill was dismissed on the twentieth of July. On the twenty-second of July a bill was filed in the state court against the same defendant, Mr. Nickerson, asking for a receiver, and one was accordingly appointed. On the twenty-fourth of July, the complainant, in the federal court, asked to set aside the judgment of dismissal with leave to amend and file a supplemental bill, which was granted, and a receiver was subsequently appointed by the federal court. The court said: “It will hardly be necessary to cite authorities to show that it is, and has long been, the settled rule of law in all eases of conflict of jurisdiction, that the court which first takes cognizance of the controversy is entitled to retain jurisdiction to the end of the litigation, and incidentally to take possession of or control the res, the subject-matter of the dispute, to the exclusion of all interference from other courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction. Bell v. Ohio L. & T. Co., 1 Biss. 260; Riggs v. Johnson County, 6 Wall. 166; Bill v. Railroad, 2 Biss. 390; 1 Abbot’s United States Practice, 223, and cases cited. ' The proper application of this rule does not require that the court which first takes jurisdiction of the case shall also first take, by its officers, possession of the thing in controversy, if tangible and susceptible of seizure; for such a rule would only lead to unseemly haste on the part of officers to get the manual possession of the property; and while the court first appealed to was investigating the rights of the respective parties, another court, acting with more haste, might, by a seizure of the property, make the first suit wholly unavailing. To avoid such a result, the broad rule is laid down that the court first invoked will -not be interfered with by another court while the jusisdiction is retained.” In accordance with this ruling, the receiver appointed by the state court was displaced.
*53In Gaylord v. Railroad, reported fully in a note to section 50 of High on Receivers, Judge Drummond in an elaborate and exhaustive opinion admirably discusses the question in hand and approvingly cites the opinion in 6 Bissell, supra.
Again, in the case of Heidritter v. Elisabeth Oil Cloth Co., 112 U. S. 294, Mr. Justice Matthews, in delivering the opinion of the supreme court of the Hnited States, says: “The rule simply requires, as a matter of necessity, and, therefore, of comity, that when the object of the action requires the control and dominion of the property involved in the litigation, that court which first acquires possession, or that dominion which is equivalent, draws to itself the exclusive right to dispose of it, for the purposes of its jurisdiction. And it is also said in that case that “the mere bringing of a suit in which the claim is sought to be enforced, may, by law, be equivalent to seizure, being the open and public exercise of dominion over it for the purposes of the suit.”
In the case of Boswell's Lessee v. Otis, 9 Howard (U. S.), 336 (cited and approved in 112 U. S. 301), it is distinctly held that the filing of a bill in equity claiming specific property or rights and equities in specific property described in the bill, gives the court jurisdiction over such property and suit, although these is no attachment, and that such a suit is substantially a proceeding in rem, and the property so described is within the dominion and control of the court, and its judgment in relation to such property even upon constructive service process, is valid and binding upon the parties and the property. The court says: “It is immaterial whether the proceeding against the property be by an attachment or bill in chancery. A bill for the specific execution of a contract to convey real estate is not strictly a proceeding in rem, in ordi*54nary cases; but where such a procedure is authorized by statute, on publication, without personal service of process, it is, substantially, of that character.”
In Barton v. Barbour, 104 U. S. 126, it was held that a suit without leave of the court having prior jurisdiction, did not only subject the plaintiff to liability to be attached for contempt, but was a jurisdictional fact, and it was there held that the court which subsequently undertook to exercise control over the res involved in the first suit had no jurisdiction to entertain the second suit.
Other authorities collected by the industry of counsel for relator, are of. the same import; it is unnecessary to cite them. They establish in the clearest possible manner that, in circumstances similar to those in the ease at bar, the court which first takes cognisance of the controversy, ácquires, in consequence thereof, incidental control and right to the possession of the res embraced within that controversy; a control that no other court of co-ordinate jurisdiction can trench upon, or has the power or authority in any way to interfere with or to entertain any proceeding in any manner affecting that controversy or res.
Applying the principles already announced to the present case, no doubt, it would seem, can be entertained but that the Stoddard circuit court having first taken cognizance of the controversy, could retain its jurisdiction over the res to the exclusion of every other other tribunal.
Nor does it matter that notice of the rule to show cause on the thirteenth of March had not been served at the time the provisional order appointing Klotz receiver was made. The authorities show that while, as a general rule, courts will not entertain an ex .parte application until notice be given to parties interested or a rule to show cause, yet it seems that courts have *55jurisdiction to make such appointment without notice, etc., notwithstanding it would be erroneous to do so, unless in very peculiar circumstances. High on Receivers, sections 111, 112 et seq.
In the present instance Judge Wear pursued the precise course pointed out by the authorities when making the provisional order; he made a rule to show cause returnable on the thirteenth of March. But the fact that the notice or rule had not then been served when the provisional order was made or filed, does not abate by a single jot or tittle the previously acquired jurisdiction of the Stoddard circuit court. Were the rule otherwise, the jurisdiction of the court would depend not upon its being the first to take cognizance of the cause, but upon the fleetness of the officers employed to serve adverse or antagonistic jurisdiction-seeking writs.
Besides, in this case process and the notice to show cause were duly served on the defendants on the seventh or eighth of March, and a notice mailed to a nonresident defendant within a reasonably prompt time. More than that, the railway company is the only one as to whom or through whom conflicting interests or adverse rights are asserted, or prior jurisdiction claimed to exist in the common pleas court of Cape Girardeau county, and in reference to this point it appears that, as to Louis Houck, the president of that railway company, he had actual notice of the filing of the bill in the Stoddard circuit court, and the particulars sent him by his brother George, through two telegrams sent by the latter on the fourth of March, and thereupon the bill under which Louis Houck was appointed, was by him immediately filed, and he himself appointed receiver of his own road, in which he owned the large majority of the stock.
Where actual notice in thus found to exist it is as *56effective as though service of process had occurred. Recurring to the case in 6 Bissell, supra, it is there said: “The solicitors of Nickerson had notice of the motion to amend in this court, and, under* the facts in this case, Nickerson is chargeable with notice of the action of this court in the premises, and that this court had resumed jurisdiction of the suit before he took his order appointing a receiver. Nickerson was not a stranger to this suit. He had appeared by his counsel on the argument of the demurrer, and resisted the complainant’s suit, although not technically a party to the record. He was then chargeable with actual, as well as constructive, notice that this court might, at any time during the July term, set aside its judgment on the demurrer and proceed with the case.”
On this point an author already quoted says: “It is also a well established principle, that, to render a defendant or other person liable by attachment for contempt in disturbing or interfering with property of which a receiver is entitled to possession, it is not necessary that he should be officially apprised of the receiver’s appointment, or even that the formal order should have been actually drawn, provided he has actual notice of the receivership, or of the order of court directing the. appointment. Any actual knowledge of the granting of the order is sufficient to fix defendant’s responsibility for its violation, the same principle being applicable in such cases as in case of the violation of an injunction. Thus, where defendants have knowledge of the granting of an injunction against their disposal of certain property, and the appointment of a receiver over the property, they are in contempt of court if they dispose of it, even though the order of the court is not yet served upon them. And where a defendant is present in court during the hearing of a cause, and knows that an order granting *57a receiver of Ms estates has been allowed, although the decree itself has not yet been drawn, he is guilty of a contempt of court if he removes a portion of the property and puts it beyond the receiver’s possession for the purpose of evading the decree, and he cannot justify on the ground that the decree has not yet been entered.” High on Receivers, sec. 166, and notes. The same law prevails as to injunctions. High on Injunctions, sec. 17.
It seems clear from these authorities that Louis Houck was in contempt of the Stoddard circuit court when he filed his bill .in the Cape Girardeau common pleas court. If so,' how is it possible for a person to occupy the anomalous attitude of being in contempt of one court for doing the very same act which confers priority on him in another1
II. But the Cape Girardeau court of common pleas had no jurisdiction to appoint Louis Houck receiver, for the further reason that the petition filed for that purpose states no grounds whatever for such an action. Nor could such a ground be stated in the circumstances set forth. Subjected to analysis, the bill, after setting out the mortgage and floating indebtedness, substantially alleges:
“First. That the company is unable to pay its debts; that it has been so for many years; that claims for unpaid interest amounting to $250,000 are now being pressed against it.
“Second. That certain person's, with small claims to it unknown, are endeavoring to secure control of the property of the. company by expensive and useless litigation.
“Third. That certain creditors, to it unknown, are about to bring suit against the ■ petitioner, and otherwise harm it and the great body of its creditors.
“Fourth. That such suits will impair the value of *58the property and injure the stockholders and creditors as a body.
“Fifth. That the petitioner company is willing to pay its debts, and has sufficient property to do so, and will do so, if given time.
“Sixth. That the purpose of such litigation is to greatly injure and destroy the value of the petitioner’s property.”
Except in a suit pending, a court of equity has no jurisdiction to appoint a receiver; such an appointment is always ancillary to a bill pending between averse parties. It is never made on the esparte application of an insolvent corporation calling upon a court of equity to administer its assets; a court of equity has no such power. This is abundantly shown by the authorities. Thus, in Jones v. Bank, 17 Pac. Rep. 272, the question was whether Trimble, appointed on the petition of the debtor, was a legal receiver, or whether a mere stranger to the suit and having no standing in court, and therefore no right to contest the validity of certain attachment proceedings. • In passing upon the question whether Trimble took any title as receiver under the proceedings of the bank, the court said: “This brings us to the examination of the propriety and. legality of his appointment as receiver; and requires a construction of the provisions of subdivisions one and three, section 141, and of section 142, Code of Civil Procedure. Subdivision one provides that a receiver may be appointed, ‘before judgment, provisionally on application of either party, when he establishes a prima facie right to the property, or to an interest in the property, which is the subject of the action, and which is in possession of an adverse party, and the property, or its rents and profits, are in danger of being lost, or materially injured or impaired.’ Subdivision three, that a receiver may be appointed ‘in *59such other cases as are in accordance with the practice of courts of equity jurisdiction.' Section 142 provides that The application for the appointment of a receiver shall be made by filing a petition, at any time, in the action in which a receiver is desired, setting forth the facts upon which the application is based; which petition shall be verified as complaints are required to be by this act. And the party opposing the appointment of a receiver shall do by filing an answer to the petition, verified as answers to complaints are required to be by this act.' If these provisions are anything more than a codification of the law and practice governing the appointment of receivers before this enactment, it is difficult to perceive where the difference lies; and, to determine to what facts the court will apply this statute, we are compelled to look to the practice and law as it was heretofore. Hitherto it has been the universally accepted opinion that courts have no jurisdiction to appoint a receiver, except in a suit pending in which the receiver is desired, unless in cases of idiots, lunatics or infants, which, as Lord Harwicke says in ex parte Whitfield, 2 Atk. 315, is ‘a particular jurisdiction.' The doctrine is applied in Baker v. Backus, 32 Ill. 95; Davis v. Flagstaff, 2 Utah, 92; Hardy v. McClellan, 53 Miss. 507; Hugh v. McRae Co., Chase, 466; French-Bank case, 53 Cal. 550; Kimball v. Goodburn, 52 Mich. 10; People v. Jones, 33 Mich. 303, and High on Receivers, sec. 17, and cases cited in note. Our statute certainly contemplates the same thing. Its plain intent is that there shall be a controversy between two or more adverse parties in court, involving some conflicting and hostile claims to property, that is, at least, in part, the subject-matter of the litigation. It is evident that, in the mind of the legislature, it was necessary to this jurisdiction that there should be some party in all these proceedings who was adverse to thedefendant, and whose *60rights to certain property were to- be protected and adjudicated. It is impossible, by any process of reasoning, to construe the statute so as to make it apply to any case in which an action, in the ordinary definition of the term, is not pending.
“To hold that courts of equity can entertain jurisdiction to appoint a receiver of property, as the substantive ground and ultimate object and purpose of the suit on the petition of the owner of the property to be controlled and protected, would be to make them the administrators of every estate where the owners thereof were incapable or unwilling to administer them themselves. When Trimble was named by the court as receiver of defendant in error, no suit was pending against the bank; no one claimed to own or to have any interest in the specific property of the bank, except the bank itself; no one was before the court claiming a right to have the assets of the bank protected and preserved, until he could establish a right thereto adverse to that claimed by the bank. So far as is disclosed by the record, everyone admitted the full and complete ownership of all the property claimed by defendant in error to be in it. But, apparently fearing suits and attachments, defendant asked the court to become the custodian of its effects and property — in fact, its assignee for creditors. The court accepted the trust through Trimble as receiver. This it could not do. Such jurisdiction is not found in either the general powers of a court of equity, or in the statute referred to. If j therefore, there is no other warrant for this action of the court, the appointment of Trimble as receiver was void, and he had no authority in the premises, and no right to be heard to object to the attachment proceedings in this cased;
A bill prayed an injunction to restrain an insolvent bank from continuing to dó business and to wind *61up its affairs, and, on this presentation of facts, Chief Justice Chase said: “The court is not aware of any case which will warrant- its assuming the administration of the estate of a debtor simply upon the ground of insolvency. If such a case could be found, the court will be called upon to administer every estate where the debtor found himself unable to administer it himself conveniently. A creditor in a proper case might come into a court of equity for the appointment of a receiver, but a debtor could not; this, therefore, is not such a case as calls for the interposition of the court, and the prayer of the bill cannot be granted. It must be dismissed.” Hugh v. McRae, Chase’s Dec. 466.
In Kimball v. Goodburn, 32 Mich. 12, the supreme court of Michigan said, speaking of an alleged receivership: “But the order appears to have been made in a proceeding wherein the Bushwick company itself appears to be complainant, and we are aware of no case where a corporation in its corporate capacity and name can apply to be put in the custody of a receiver.”
In New York, in the case of Bangs v. McIntosh, 23 Barb. 599, the supreme court held that the statute, (Revised Statutes, volume 2, page 463), authorizing the court, upon the petition of -a judgment creditor of a corporation, to sequestrate the stock, property and effects of such company, and appoint a receiver had conferred new power on a court of chancery, saying: “Jurisdiction over corporations was expressly dis*claimed by Chancellor Saheord in the case of The Attorney General v. The Bank of Niagara., Hopkins Rep. 354, following the case of The Attorney General v. The Utica Ins. Co., 2 John. ch. 371.”
The supreme court of California in Neal v. Hill, 16 Cal. 145, said: “It is well settled that a court of *62equity, as-such, has no jurisdiction over corporate bodies for the purpose of restraining their operations or winding up their concerns. We do not find that any such power has ever been exercised in the absence ■of a statute conferring the jurisdiction.”
In Michigan the statute has provided (Comp. L. 1871, ch. 206, 207) for the winding up of corporations. 'The Michigan court in Railroad v. Judge, 31 Mich. 456, said: “The directors or other board of management of a corporation having general authority to manage its concerns are vested by law with the only discretionary power that can exist in anyone to carry on the ■corporate business; and such management cannot be assumed by a court of chancery or vested in a receiver; neither can it be taken from the board, except under proceedings instituted to wind up the corporation under the statutes. * * * The appointment, ex parte, of a receiver to manage the corporate business, and the .granting of an injunction in like manner on an interlocutory ex parte application whereby the control of the business is taken from the directors are more than irregular, and are absolutely void, as entirely beyond the power of the court; and are such an abuse as may be required to be corrécted by mandarines.”
Other authorities cited by counsel announce with emphasis the same conclusion. It is too plain for discussion that the bill in question.is, in effect, merely one for the appointment of a receiver and calling on a '«court of equity to administer its assets — something entirely beyond the power of a court of equity to do, and, therefore, the act of the Cape Girardeau common pleas court should be held jurisdictionless and void. There are cases where amendments may occur to obviate defects in a petition, and thereby heal and cure radical defects; this is unquestioned; but this is not a case of that sort, for here, however much the allega*63tions of the petition may be turned, twisted or amended, it will still remain but the formulated endeavor of a debtor corporation on an ex parte application, where no adverse rights are bping litigated to have a court of equity appoint a receiver, administer its assets and wind up its affairs.
The authorities already cited show the absolute nullity of the appointment of a receiver made in such circumstances. When this is the, case, the right to attack such an appointment collaterally, whenever and wherever its validity is asserted, is elementary law.
III. If the foregoing conclusions are correct, it is obvious that the receiver appointed by the Cape Girardeau court of common pleas has no standing in court. It now becomes necessary to ascertain the status of Klotz, the receiver provisionally appointed by Judge Wear; that he was lawfully appointed in the first instance has already been shown, and it may be further said on that point that the order in Klotz’s cáse was not an absolute order, but only a provisional one, and, therefore, may be regarded as in the nature of a reference to a master to appoint a receiver, in which case under the authorities his appointment would date from the date of the provisional order; certainly so, if subsequently confirmed; and it will be presumed in any event — and this is in accordance with a very familiar presumption — that the clerk of the Stoddard circuit court did his duty, and filed the petition of Merriam first, and then filed the provisional order. Long v. Joplin, etc., Co., 68 Mo. 422; Lenox v. Harrison, 88 Mo. 491; Mathias v. O’Neill, 94 Mo. 520. And this presumption is especially invocable here, because the order recited the filing of the petition and is founded upon it.
In Houck’s case, however, it is conceded by one of his counsel, and testified to by clerk Engleman that his *64petition', the order of appointment and bond were filed simultaneously. This admission does away, of course, with any such favorable presumption. But it seems to me that the rule is more technical than sound, and should not be allowed to prevail, when both petition and order are filed eo instanti. In support of this view the ruling of this court may properly be invoked that, if a motion for a néw trial and one in arrest be filed at the same time, that the former shall, in its natural order, take precedence of the latter, and thus prevent a waiver which otherwise would occur. McComas v. State, 11 Mo. 117. But at any rate, if the rule is to prevail, it is as fatal to Houck’s claim of receivership as to that of Klotz; with this exception, that the appointment of the latter was only provisional and was not complete until confirmed by the court. Grluck & Becker on Receivers, sec. 45. And in this respect this case differs, essentially, it would seem, from an absolute order of appointment, such as is spoken of in the cases which support the rule mentioned, and therefore the provisional order does not fall under the ban of that rule.
I am thus brought to consider the effect of the action of Special Judge Houck in setting aside on the thirteenth of March the provisonal order of Judge Wear, made on the third of that month appointing Klotz receiver. In discussing this point' it is well enough to remark at the outset that the authorities are in conflict as to whether the acts of a judge disqualified by reason of relationship are void or only voidable. It may be conceded for the present purpose that his acts were of the latter character, so far as concerns disqualification because of relationship. As already stated, the rule or notice to show cause why the provisional order appointing Klotz receiver should not be confirmed, was made returnable March 13. This was merely a rule to *65show cause, and the cause in which it was made had not been docketed, nor was it docketableor returnable until the following September term. The parties defendant clid not appear in response to the rule to show cause; they appeared by independent and special motions for that purpose alone, and moved the vacation of the provisional order-. These motions were docketed at once, and at once taken up and granted. This was done in plain disregard of that section of the statute which declares that “every direction of a court or judge, made or entered in writing, and not included in a judgment, is denominated an order, and an application for an order is a motion.” Revised Statutes, 1889, sec. 2208. And in plain disregard, too, of another statutory provision requiring at least five days notice before the time appointed for the hearing of the motion. Ib. sec. 2035; Henze v. Railroad, 71 Mo. 643.
Even if the statute did not in terms require notice, the law would imply that notice was intended. Wickham v. Page, 49 Mo. 526; Brown v. Weatherly, 71 Mo. 152; Laughlin v. Fairbanks, 8 Mo. 370. And what the law will imply is as much part thereof as though set forth in the legislative enactment. State ex rel. v. Board, 108 Mo. 235.
These motions were original independent proceedings, and as relator was not in court in response to such motion, and as there was no notice given of them to the parties to be affected thereby, it follows that, if fundamental principles are not to be ignored, the action of the special judge in vacating the provisional order must be held a nullity, and therefore open to collateral attack. Newton v. Newton, 32 Mo. App. 162. “A sentence of a court pronounced against a party without hearing him, or giving him an opportunity to be heard, is not a judicial determination of his rights, and is not entitled *66to respect in any other tribunal.” Windsor v. McVeigh, 93 U. S. 277.
IY. The order of the special judge is otherwise assailable. There can be no doubt entertained, after one has read the evidence preserved in this cause, that the action of the special judge in vacating the provisional order made by Judge Wear, was the result of a predetermined conclusion on the part of the special judge to do that very thing; no other rational construction can be placed upon it. He tells Judge Wilson on Friday, next before Monday, the thirteenth of March, that he intended to adjourn the court on Monday morning to help out his brother Louis. This conversation is not denied by George Houck, and therefore stands admitted. State v. Musick, 101 Mo. loc. cit. 271.
George Houck had previously expressed himself to Judge Wear “that his brother’s private fortune was in . it (the litigation) and all he had was at stake,” and he evidently felt, as it was natural he should, a great interest in the outcome of that litigation. He makes an arrangement with Judge Wear on Friday morning, that the latter go back home and then return to Bloomfield on Monday morning and take up the regular business of the term; he admits this after much evasion, and it is abundantly otherwise established that he did so. He announces to several lawyers in attendance that this would be the case, and on Friday he so informed the jury and excused them until Tuesday morning, and instructed them to return at that time. The evidence also shows that Judge Wear told him that on Monday he would take up the receivership matter; and he promises Judge Wear that the jury should be adjourned over to Tuesday morning. Now, of course, these agreements, made, by and between the regular and special judge, could have no binding legal force or effect as all will concede; but whether they *67were made or not is all important on the question whether deception was practiced and fraud was intended in making them. And the facts aforesaid are overwhelmingly established, and that George Houck communicated these facts and this agreement to several members of the bar, who were interested in causes to be tried by the regular judge during the nest week.
On Sunday, in response to a telegram which he received from his brother Louis, George Houck proceeds to Delia. He says he disliked to go there, but •under the urgency of the telegram he felt forced to go. Arrived there, he meets his brother and his brother’s ■-counsel. He says when he met his brother Louis at Delta that the only conversation which passed between •them in reference to the receivership was in response to these questions: “When were the papers filed in the Merriam case? How did they come there? Was the petition filed before the appointment was made?” But this information, he admits, he had previously, in substance, communicated to his brother, and it seems singular, indeed, that such an urgent telegram should have been sent for the purpose of obtaining such unimportant information.
While at Delta, George Houck was in consultation with his brother’s counsel “as to the condition of the •court over there, and, possibly, what course was to be pursued.” During that consultation or while at Delta, George Houck ‘ ‘volunteered the information’ ’ to defendants’ counsel that court at Bloomfield had been adjourned to meet at eight o’clock Monday morning. The parties then separated, Louis Houck returning to Oape Girardeau, and his counsel and his brother George returning to Bloomfield, arriving there Sunday evening, which they spend in George Houck’s office, consisting •of two rooms, into both of which the parties freely passed in and out, and during the course of the evening *68George Houck came into the room where counsel were,, and told them that he had made up his mind to adjourn court early on the following morning, and that if they had any motions to file, etc., they would have to be prompt in attending to it. Motions were prepared on that evening to vacate the provisional order appointing Klotz receiver, and this was done with the view to have-them passed upon by George Plouck The train from Poplar Bluff to Dexter arrives there at 8:15 a. m., and it takes the hack from Dexter to Bloomfield something' like an hour and a quarter to come from Dexter to Bloomfield. These things were well known to George Houck, who had lived at Bloomfield some twelve or fourteen years.
Court was opened by George Houck a few minutes after eight o’clock on Monday morning. After sentencing two prisoners to the penitentiary, the special judge turned to the counsel who had been in his office the evening before and asked them if they had any motions to file. They then presented motions to vacate the provisional order appointing Klotz receiver, and for application for a change of venue. The special judge thereupon ordered the clerk to docket the cause of Merriam and to file the motions, and after stating that he would adjourn court at nine o'clock, took up the motions, waived the reading of the petition on the ground that he had previously read it, heard the motions read, immediately granted them, and then adjourned court till court in course, the whole time consumed not exceeding twenty to thirty minutes, and then immediately left town, as also did counsel for respondents. That two of those counsel expected Merriam’s counsel would be present on the thirteenth is shown by the evidence and by the fact that it was their duty to be present, as the notices to show cause had been,served and were returnable on that day. They *69were present a few moments after the court adjourned, as well as the regular judge. Greorge Houck says "In ■view of the fact that Mr. Merriam and his attorneys were ■not there, I took it% for granted they had no fight to ■make, and disposed of the motion on the law as well as on the facts.” He testifies this in the face of his knowledge that counsel for relator could not possibly reach Poplar Bluff that morning before about half past nine o’clock, and in spite of his knowledge that Judge Wear and the attorneys for Klotz and Merriam would •soon be there to take up the matter of the receivership, but without waiting to give them an opportunity to arrive, he adjourns court. . That he did so with premeditated design to prevent them from appearing, is too plain for comment.
I can but regard his action as of the most highhanded and arbitrary character ever witnessed in a court of justice. Whatever his professions may be, this is a case where actions speak louder than words, and ■as every man is presumed to- intend the natural consequences of his acts, it must be presumed that he ■intended to vacate the provisional order and then .adjourn the court before the adverse counsel arrived. Babcock v. Eckler, 24 N. Y. 632. No other reasonable inference can be drawn from his acts. Nor can it be •doubted either that a tacit understanding of some sort existed between counsel for defendants and himself, nor that they were en rapport with him. These acts spell f-r-a-u-d, or they spell nothing. Fraud is rarely susceptible of direct proof; its symptoms and manifestations are chiefly traceable by covered tracks and -,studious concealments; whatever satisfies the mind and •conscience that fraud exists is sufficient. Massey v. Young, 73 Mo. 260, and cases cited.
Counsel for defendants who took part in these proceedings justify their action on the score that no *70notice was given of Klotz’s appointment and that,, therefore, such undue advantage can be offset by another; but, whatever may be the rule in foro consciences, the plea of lex talionis is obviously no answer to the charge contained in relator’s reply, that the-vacating order was the offspring of fraud.
Y. The next question for consideration is whether it is competent to break the force and effect of that order by a collateral attack on it. The reports show two examples of parties to a judgment being permitted, to impeach it for fraud. Hall v. Hamlin, 2 Watts, 354; State v. Little, 1 N. H. 257. But under the code-practice, a combination of.both law and equity, the circuitous method of resorting to a court of chancery to vacate or annul a judgment because obtained by fraud is no longer in vogue or necessary. Mandeville v. Reynolds, 68 N. Y. 528; Rogers v. Gwinn, 21 Iowa, 58; Davis v. Headley, 22 N. J. Eq. 115; Dobson v. Pearce, 12 N. Y. 165; Ward v. Quinlivin, 57 Mo. loc cit. 427; 2 Freeman on Judgments [4 Ed.], sec. 576, p. 996; 2 Black on Judgments, sec. 973; Spencer v. Vigneaux, 20 Cal. 442.
In a work of great research and accuracy, the learned author, treating of the present topic, says: “The line which separates the remedy by setting aside a, judgment from that of impeaching it collaterally, i. e., impeaching it without setting it aside, appears tó be-fading out. It is clear that there is no distinction, between two remedies, and there never was any, where-the judgment in question is void upon its face, as for want of jurisdiction; and the same rule should prevail in principle, though evidence is required to show that the judgment is void. But it seems that either proceeding may sometimes be proper, though the judgment be not deemed absolutely void, as, where it was rendered in a case. of ‘meditated and intentional contri*71vanee to keep the parties and court in ignorance of the real facts,’ the fraud being in this way effectively concealed from notice at the trial. This appears to be an innovation upon what was formerly understood to be the law, to-wit, that, in cases in which the judgment was not void, the remedy, if any remained, was by a direct proceeding to vacate it.” Bigelow on Law of Fraud, p. 94.
In Mandeville v. Reynolds, supra, Folgee, J., says: “The court acts upon the matters involved in' the action, now, in a double capacity — as a court of law and one .of equity. As a court of equity it meets the question of the validity of the judgment, not as one of law, but as of equity, and takes hold of the facts offered to it, not as a collateral attack upon the judgment, but as a direct assault, which, by the changing nature of the issues in the progress of the suit and trial, has become the main question in the case and legitimately before it for trial. It would b¿ quite an abnegation of the conjoint power and jurisdiction 'of the court, to proceed in the case as long as the issues were of legal cognizance, and as soon as they became of equitable cognizance, to turn the party over to another action in, perchance, the same court,- before the same judge, to have, in another trial, that matter proved and decided against the validity of the judgment, which, as the powers of the court are now in constant reciprocal activity, may as well be determined in one trial by the same tribunal. It is not merely that the same judges possess, in equal degrees, powers at law and powers in equity. It is, that the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and the forms of such actions, are abolished; and that there is in this state but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights, and the redress of private wrongs (Code, sec. 669). Nor does *72it differ that the matter of record brought into question is not a judgment, but an entry upon the docket thereof, or an order in a book in the-clerk’s office confirmatory of that entry. If, in .the changes of the issues in a trial began as one at law, it become necessary for the just disposition of the rights of the litigants to inquire whether that entry or that order is valid, the court is as ready then, and as fully has the jurisdiction then, to investigate and determine as if the trial was laid aside, a new action brought and another trial had, burdened also with the issue of validity. The intent of the code is clear, that all controversies respecting the matter involved in litigation, shall be determined in one action. Whether fraud or imposition in the entry of a judicial matter 'of record could, before that enactment, have been set up against it collaterally at law or not, it may now be alleged against it as an equitable defense to defeat a recovery upon it.”
Under these authorities there can be no doubt that it was admissible to maintain the reply of relator, nor but that the evidence adduced was ample for that purpose.
VI. Should the relator have been permitted to amend his pleading so as to show that the order of Judge Wear was made in vacation? The order in question was signed “John Gr. Wear, judge,” who •also filed the order thus signed by him with the clerk. This was evidently done out of abundant caution, in order that the confirming order might be valid whether regarded as made during term or made in vacation. There is no doubt, under our statute and under our rulings, of the power of a judge of the circuit court to appoint a receiver as well in vacation as in term. Cox v. Volkert, 86 Mo. 511; Greeley v. Bank, 103 Mo. 212; Revised Statutes, 1889, sec. 2193.
*73Nor is there any doubt under our adjudications and statutory provisions but what the power of amendment is given as largely in mandamus cases as in any other •civil action whatsoever. State ex rel. v. Baggott, 96 Mo. 63; Revised Statutes, 1889, sec. 2116. Hence no difficulty is encoúntered in permitting the amendment desired, thus showing that the order was made in vacation. Most certainly the evidence affords ample basis for making the amendment; for, whoever heard of a judge •of a circuit court in term time writing out such an order, .signing it and then filing it with the clerk¶
And if Judge Wear possessed the power to perform the act, to make the order, either-on the bench or at chambers, it is wholly immaterial what recitals were made in the order concerning that power. This is ■exemplified by a number of cases, and denied by none. Thus in McClure v. McClurg, 53 Mo. 173, it was held that the false recital that, the certificate of acknowledgment of a sheriff’s deed was taken before the judge instead of in open court, would not vitiate the acknowledgment, and among other reasons given therefor was the fact that the certificate ivas not signed by the judge, as would have been the case had the acknowledgment been privately taken, but was signed by the clerk, etc.
In Chouteau v. Allen, 70 Mo. 290, there were two statutes, on either one of which certain patents might have been issued, but the order of the county court ■recited the wrong statute; but inasmuch as the order would have been good had the order recited the right •statute, and as the county court had the power to make the order under the unrecited statute, it was ruled that the order was, nevertheless, valid.
In Com’rs v. January, 94 U. S. 202,- a similar ruling was made, where it was ruled that the commissioners having the power to issue the bonds it mattered not that they referred to the wrong statute for their authority, *74Swayne, J., saying: "Falsa demonstratio non nocet. The bad here does not hurt the good." Other authorities are cited by counsel for relator, which more or less-strongly tend toward the same conclusion.
Whenever instruments of officers or private persons are brought into question, it has •hitherto been the endeavor of courts in construing them, if it can be reasonably done, so to construe them ut res magis valeat quam pereat, and their aim has been to preserve and not to destroy. They should be astute, .as Sir Matthew Hale says, to find means to make acts effectual according to the honest intent of the parties. Roe v. Tranmarr, Willes, 682; Kelly v. Calhoun, 95 U. S. 710.
Guided by these authorities, and for the reasons-already stated, it should be ruled that the amendment prayed for could be made; that the order made by Judge Wear on the thirteenth of March, was a valid order, whether regarded as an original or confirmatory order; that the vacating order made by the special judge was void by reason of its fraudulent character and by reason of being granted without notice or opportunty of being heard; that the court of common pleas never acquired any jurisdiction in the premises, and, consequently, thatKlotz is the lawful receiver and, as such, entitled to the possession of the litigated property.
VII. The remaining point for determination is-whether relator can invoke the remedy of mandamus. The authorities show that the remedy by a writ of that name is no longer regarded as extraordinary, but owing to its frequent use in modern practice is deemed quite an ordinary writ and remedy. Thus in Com. v. Dennison, 24 How. 66, Chief Justice Taney said: “It is equally well settled, that a mandamus in modern practice is nothing more than an action at law between the parties, and is-*75not now regarded as a prerogative writ. It undoubtedly came into use by virtue of tbe prerogative power of the English crown, and was subject to regulations and rules which have long since been disused. But the right to the writ, and the power to issue it, has ceased, to depend upon any prerogative power, and it is now-regarded as an ordinary process in cases to which it is-applicable.”
In La Grange v. State Treasurer, 24 Mich. 468,. Campbell, J., said: “It was urged on the argument that this writ [mandamus'] will only lie where there is a positive statutory duty and an entire absence of any other remedy. And it is claimed that the decisions-heretofore made sustain this view. "We do not know of any such doctrine, and have never understood it to-have been established in this state, or elsewhere. In the frequent instances of application for this writ, the occasion has quite as often been to enforce duties not imposed by statute, as obligations which were statutory. There may very possibly be found isolated expressions, which, apart from their context and the-occasion of their utter aneé, might favor one of the-grounds claimed. Thus, in People v. Judges of the Branch Circuit Court, 1 Doug. (Mich.) 319, ifc was said: ‘There must be no other remedy.’ In that case, there was a better remedy in the ordinary course of law which reached all that could be desired. But in People v. Judge of the Wayne Circuit Court, 19 Mich. 296, the doctrine was laid down more guardedly, that a relator must show ‘a clear legal right, and that there is no other adequate remedy.’ And in People v. Ins. Co., 19 Mich. 392, it was expressed more fully that the writ might issue for a specific duty where there is no other ‘specific and adequate remedy.’ * * * In cases where the right is clear and specific and public officers or tribunals refuse to comply with their duty, a writ of *76mandamus issues for the very purpose, as declared .by Lord Mansfield, of enforcing specific relief. It is the inadequacy, and not the mere absence, of all other legal remedies, and the danger of a failure of justice • without it, that must usually determine the propriety of this writ. Where none but specific relief will do justice, •specific relief should be granted if practicable. And where a right is single and specific it usually is practicable.”
Subsequently the same court, in discussing the functions of a writ of mandamus and referring to the case just cited, said: “As pointed out by the eminent •authorities there cited it is, from its very nature, a remedy that cannot be hampered b'y any narrow or technical bounds. The right, coupled with the necessity of such a vindication of it, supports the jurisdiction and the court in using its discretion, while careful not to use this writ when it is not essential will apply it where it is.” Railroad v. Judge, 44 Mich. 479.
Touching this writ, Blackstone says: “That it issues' to the judges of any inferior court, commanding them to do justice according to the powers of their •office, whenever the saméis delayed; for it is the peculiar business of the court of king’s bench to superintend all other inferior tribunals and therein to enforce the due exercise of those judicial or ministerial powers, with which the crown or legislature has invested them; and this, not only by restraining their excesses, but also by quickening their negligence and obviating their denial of justice.” 3 Book, 110.
Under the provisions of our constitution, article 6, section 3, giving this court a general superintending control over all inferior courts we have the same power ■over such courts as was possessed by the court of king’s bench at common law. This view was taken in State ex rel. v. Philips, 97 Mo. 331, when "we held that if the *77court of appeals, erring upon a plain point of practice, abused its judicial discretion, and in consequence dismissed an appeal, that this, court would issue its mandamus to compel the reinstatement of the cause. Similar views are taken of the enlarged functions of the writ of mandamus in the states of Michigan, Arkansas, Alabama and Louisiana, which now possess constitutional provisions like our own.
In Virginia v. Rives, 100 U. S. 313, where the federal circuit court issued its writ of habeas corptis and took from the custody of the state circuit court two prisoners condemned to death, thereupon a writ of mandamus was issued by the supreme court of the United States; and upon the ground that the federal vcourt had abused its judicial discretion and exceeded its jurisdiction in issuing the writ of habeas corpus, a peremptory mandamus issued to that court commanding it to return the prisoners to the state court. Judge Strong, in disposing of that case and speaking of the remedial functions of the writ of mandamus, remarked: “Its use has been very much extended in modern times, and now it may be said to be an established remedy to oblige inferior courts and magistrates to do that justice which they are in duty, and by virtue of their office, bound to do. It does not lie to control judicial discretion, except when that discretion has been abused; but it is a remedy when the case is outside of the exercise of this discretion, and outside the jurisdiction of the court' or officer to which or to whom the writ is addressed. One of its peculiar and more common uses is to restrain inferior courts and to keep them within their lawful bounds. Bacon’s Abridgment, Mandamus, Letter D; Tapping on Mandamus, 105; 3 Bl. Com. 110. * * * in our judgment, it vindicates the use of a writ of mandamus in such a case as the present.”
Under these authorities, I make no doubt that *78this court possesses full power and authority to compel the Cape Girardeau common pleas court to set aside its order appointing Louis Houck, receiver, on the ground that such order was outside the ■ jurisdiction of that court, besides being an abuse of its judicial discretion for reasons already stated, and for the additional reason that Louis Houck being the chief stockholder in the road was incompetent to be .appointed receiver, for that reason alone; and should not have been appointed, unless the urgency of the case demanded it, and only then upon the consent of those whose interests were to be entrusted to his charge. Atkins v. Railroad, 29 Fed. Rep. 161; Gluck & Becker on Receivers, sec. 29. And it is said that a court ■ought not to be expected to appoint a person under whose charge and control the resources of the corporation have been exhausted, and the necessity created for a receiver. Ibid. And, if necessary, the prayer of the petition could be amended to that effect. State ex rel. v. Baggott, 96 Mo. supra.
But it would seem that it is not necessary for :such a course to be pursued here, for the controversy has been narrowed down to the question as to the prior right of possession of the property as between Klotz and Houck. And at any rate, if I am correct in the position heretofore taken, it is competent for this court in the exercise of its superintending control .so to order matters that the property in controversy shall be turned over to the arm of the court which first acquired jurisdiction, and without which turning over, that jurisdiction will be but barren and futile; and this I believe this court can do by that, writ of constitutionally comprehensive functions and force known as ■mandamus; for it must be obvious that no appeal lies from an interlocutory order appointing a receiver -(High on Receivers, sec. 26); and even if it did, it *79would lack a great deal of being .“plain, speedy, adequate and specific,” and, lacking this, affords grounds for invoking mandamus. Merrill on Mandamus, secs. 51, 52, 53, and cases cited.
Eor these reasons I am of the opinion that the , peremptory writ should be awarded.