This is an election contest over the office of clerk of the county court of Buchanan *351county. The parties were opposing candidates for said office at the election held on the sixth day of November, 1894. According to the official canvass of the vote by the election officers, completed on the tenth of said month, Craig received five thousand, six hundred and sixty and Nash five thousand, six hundred and fifty-nine votes. Craig received a certificate of election. On the twenty-seventh of November, 1894, Nash served Craig with a notice of contest specifying the grounds upon which he would rely.
On the twenty-eighth day of December, 1894, Nash applied to the clerk of the circuit court of said county for an order upon the county clerk to open, count, compare with list of voters and examine the ballots. The order was made and the fifth day of December was fixed as the time for. beginning such examination and count.
It appears that there was a contest also over the election of most of the other county officers. An order for a recount was made in each case and the same day fixed for the hearing. All the contestants and their attorneys appeared and one examination was made to answer the purpose of all. A stenographer of the county clerk was also present and a special deputy was brought in by the clerk to assist in the examination and recount.
According to the examination and count of the clerk, which was concluded on the twenty-fourth of December, 1894, Nash received five thousand, eight hundred and twenty-seven and Craig five thousand, seven hundred and fifty-two votes.
On the thirty-first day of December, 1894, Craig served upon Nash a counter notice of contest giving the grounds upon which he would rely.
At the January term of the circuit court, 1895, contestee, Craig, filed a motion to quash the return or *352report of the county clerk. The chief grounds of this motion were, that the examination and count were made principally by a deputy clerk and by a clerk employed especially to assist in the work; and that other persons than contestant, contestee, and their attorneys were permitted to be present during the examination. The motion was overruled and contestant excepted.
At said term of court, and on the seventh day of January, 1895, there was served upon contestee an amended notice of contest. This amended notice was in substance the same as the original, but gave more explicitly the grounds of contest.
A motion of contestee to strike out this amended notice, on the ground that it was not authorized, was overruled by the court and contestee excepted.
The case was called for trial on the twenty-first day of January, 1895, and on that day contestee filed a motion for a continuance, which was overruled and he saved no exception.
On the same day contestee filed a motion for a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the judge. Upon hearing this motion the court made an order transferring the cause, to another division of the same court, which was then in session, presided over by a different judge.
The records were at once transferred to the court room of division one and the witnesses were ordered to report to that court. The judge of that division immediately called the case for trial.
Contestee thereupon filed an application to have the • cause transferred back to division two on the ground that the order transferring it to division one was void. The motion was overruled and contestee excepted.
Contestee then filed a written objection to having the case then heard for the reasons -that the court had *353no jurisdiction oyer the cause and that the cause should be placed at the foot of the docket. This motion was also overruled.
An application for a continuance was made on the twenty-second of said month, which was overruled.
Oontestee then asked for time to prepare an application to continue on the ground of the absence of witnesses which was denied him.
The trial thereupon proceeded and at its conclusion the court found that Nash received three thousand, five hundred and fifty-eight and Craig three thousand, one hundred and eighty-three votes, giving a majority of three hundred and seventy-five in favor of contestant.
Judgment was rendered in accordance with the finding, and contestee appealed.
The rulings of the court on some of the matters excepted to are not made grounds of error here and only such matters as are insisted upon will be considered.
I. Objection is first made to the right of the contestant to amend his notice so as thereby to include grounds of contest not specifically stated in the original.
The statute provides that no election of any county officer “shall be contested unless notice of such contest be given to the opposite party within twenty days after the votes shall have been officially counted,” and that “the notice shall specify the grounds upon which the contestant intends to rely, and if any objection be made to the qualifications of any voters, the names of such voters and the objections shall be stated therein.” E. S. 1889, sec. 4706.
While the statutes expressly provide that no formal pleading shall be required in cases of contested elections, yet it has been held that “this notice is the initi*354atory step in the contest and operates in the nature of a petition and writ in an ordinary civil action.” State ex rel. v. Smith, 104 Mo. 667. Again it is said: “The notices, on the one side and the other, constitute the only pleadings.” Gumm v. Hubbard, 97 Mo. 318.
While the proceedings in such cases are statutory and special, and jurisdiction of the subject-matter can only be acquired in the manner prescribed, yet the jurisdiction having been obtained by giving proper notice in the time and manner pointed out by the statute, no particular mode of subsequent procedure being provided, the rules applicable to practice in civil cases should govern.
The right to amend pleadings in furtherance of justice, was, at common law, discretionary with the court, and our code of practice is even more liberal. It provides that the court may, at any time before final judgment, in furtherance of justice, on such terms as may be proper, amend any pleading or proceeding “by inserting other allegations material to the case.” R. S. 1889, sec. 2098.
No reason can be seen why, after the court has acquired jurisdiction over the subject-matter, that is, the election contest, the parties should not be allowed all the rights that are accorded to other parties in any other proceeding. Indeed, the reason for allowing amendments in those eases is more imperative than in most others because the rights of the public are also involved. It has been uniformly ruled that statutes governing elections should be given a liberal construction, whenever they will admit of it, and the same rule should be applied to the pleadings in order that substantial justice may be done, not only to the contesting parties, but to the public.
We find no case in this state in which the identical question has been directly passed upon. r
*355In the case of Shields v. McGregor, 91 Mo. 546, 547, contestant filed what is termed by the court a “supplemental petition,” in which grounds of contest are alleged other than those charged in the original notice. This amendment was, apparently, treated by the court as proper, though it was not necessary to pass upon the question.
Oontestee cites us to no authority holding that the pleadings in such cases are not .amendable, while contestant refers us to a number upholding the right. McCrary on Elections, secs. 406 and 396; Election Cases, 65 Pa. St. 20-31; Heyfron v. Mahony, 24 Pac. Rep. (Mon.) 96; Ralston v. Meyer, 12 S. E. Rep. (W. Va.) 783; Halstead v. Rader, 27 W. Va. 806; Kneass’ Case, 2 Pars. Eq. Cas. 553; Paine on Elections, sec. 840.
McCrary says: “In the absence of any statute” (authorizing amendments) “the court trying a case of contested election may, under its general common law power, permit such a petition to be amended, and an amendment ought to be allowed whenever the court in the,exercise of a sound discretion shall be of opinion that the ends of justice will be thereby promoted.” McCrary on Elections, sec. 406.
The supreme court of Pennsylvania says: “It would be an intolerable technicality if the petitioners were required to set forth in their complaint, within ten days after the election, every illegal vote, every illegal act of the election boards, and every instance of fraud. Such a nicety would prevent investigation and defeat the remedy itself.” Election Cases, 65 Pa. St., 36, supra.
The fifteenth ground of contest stated in the original notice is general in its allegations. In that ground contestant states: “That I have good reason to believe and I do believe that there were many other good and legal ballots cast for me from various pre-*356cinets in said Buchanan county at said election which were not counted for me and that there were many illegal ballots in addition to those hereinbefore set out counted for you which were fraudulent and illegal, and further 'that I have good reason to believe, and do' believe, that there are many disqualified persons other than those herein before mentioned who voted at said election and whose ballots were cast and counted for you, and that the names of such persons so disqualified and illegally voting and the precincts' at which they voted are now unknown to me.”
These grounds are not as specific as the statute requires. By motion contestee could doubtless have required them to be made more specific. The general charge was, however, certainly a basis which would support the amendment. The grounds of contest were not thereby changed. Minor v. Kidder, 43 Cal. 229; Dobyns v. Weadon, 50 Ind. 298.
We are of the opinion that the amendment was properly allowed.
II. Exception was taken to the action of the court in overruling contestee’s motion to quash the return of the county clerk to the order requiring him to open, examine, and recount the ballots.
The most serious objection made to the return is that the clerk appointed an assistant, other than a regular deputy, to assist in the work, and that much of the duty required of the clerk was performed by such person.
The statute requires that the writ issued by the court, or clerk in vacation, shall command the county clerk “to open, count, compare with the list of voters and examine the ballots in his office, which were cast at the election in contest” and certify the result to the court from which the writ issued. R. S. 1889, sec. 4721.
*357After providing for fixing the day for making the ■examination and giving notice, the duties of the clerk are thus enjoined.
Sec. 4723. “On the day so fixed the clerk shall proceed, in his office, to open such ballots, in the presence of the contestor and contestee and their attorneys, or such of them as demand to be present, and after swearing them not to disclose any fact discovered from such ballots, except such as may be contained in the clerk’s certificate. While such ballots are open and being examined, the clerk shall exclude all other persons from his office.”
Sec. 4724. “The clerk shall permit the contestor and contestee- and their attorneys to fully examine the ballots, and shall make return to the writ, under his hand and official seal, of all the facts which either of said parties may desire, which may appear from the ballots, affecting or relating to the election for the office in contest.”
Sec. 4726. “The certificate of the clerk, made under the provisions of this article, shall b & prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein; but the persons present at the examination of the ballots may be heard as witnesses to contradict the certificates.”
It is evident that the duties thus imposed upon the clerk are purely ministerial. He is given no authority to determine the validity of a single ballot. He is merely authorized to open the ballots in the presence of the contesting parties and their attorneys. The parties themselves are then permitted to examine the ballots and make objection to any of them. If requested by the parties the clerk is required to note the objections. The contested ballots with the objections are referred to the court. The judicial power rests in the court alone. The power to count, with which the clerk is invested, gives authority merely to foot up *358the number of ballots in favor of the candidate for whom they were respectively cast.
The count, examination, and comparison is really made by the parties to the contest and their attorneys; the clerk merely keeps a minute of the objections of the parties and reports them to the court. His authority in determining the validity of the ballots, and the action of the election officers, is no greater than that given him and his assistants in examining and casting up the returns of the election officers of the various election precincts. Sec. 4684. It has been held that the duty performed by those canvassing officers is simply ministerial. State ex rel. v. Williams, 95 Mo. 162, and authorities cited.
Such ministerial duties, if performed under the supervision of the clerk, may be done by any assistant the clerk may select. “It is impossible in the very nature of things,” says Judge Sherwood, “that an officer should be able to give his personal supervision to all the various business details of his office. If not allowed to employ assistants and subordinates, and to largely rely upon both their faithfulness and capacity, the public interests would often suffer detriment. It is sufficient, if the officer who makes the certificate has official knowledge of the facts to which he certifies; and such knowledge may well be derived from the above indicated sources.” Kefferstein v. Knox, 56 Mo. 186.
That was an action on a special tax bill and it was admitted on the trial that the engineer, in whom was vested the power and duty, never made any personal examination of the work specified therein, but made the certificate upon the measurements made by a clerk employed in his office. See, also, St. Louis to use v. Oeters, 36 Mo. 463; Nevada to use v. Morris, 43 Mo. App. 586.
*359There is no proof that the duties of the assistant employed were not done as well and as faithfully as if every duty had been performed by the clerk himself.
This objection is not well taken.
III. No valid objection can be urged to the employment of a stenographer to preserve the objections made by the parties. The work of a stenographer has become a necessary part of court proceedings, the taking of depositions, and taking testimony before referees and commissioners. The work is by this means greatly facilitated and absolute correctness is secured. In requiring the clerks to note objections of parties the legislature is presumed to have intended that they might make use of all modern methods and instrumentalities in common use. These include the use of stenographers.
IV. Again, it is insisted that the return of the clerk should have been quashed for the reason that persons were allowed to be present at the examination of the ballots other than the contesting parties and their attorneys.
The court finds, and its finding is well supported by the evidence, that there were contests over the election of a number of other county officers, and that there was an agreement, or consent, of all the parties engaged in contests, that one examination and count should answer for all. Under this agreement each contesting party was allowed to be present. Appellant in this case, if not a party to this agreement, certainly made, no objection, and should not be allowed to make objection for the first time after the result has been ascertained.
But we do not think the objection well taken for another reason. The chief object of the restriction contained in the statute in respect to the persons whom the clerk is authorized to admit, during the examination of *360the ballots, is intended to preserve the secrecy of the ballots and the rights -of the public. The presence of third persons could in no manner interfere with the rights of the parties to the contest or prevent a fair, honest, and impartial examination and count of the ballots. The statute was intended to subserve a public and not a private purpose. There is no claim that the presence of unauthorized persons in any manner interfered with the duties of the clerk or the rights of the parties.
Y. It is urged that the condition in which the ballots were returned and the manner in which they were preserved were such as to destroy the presumption- that the ballots counted by the clerk were identical with those voted and counted by the election officers.
The evidence shows that the ballots were returned in envelopes furnished for that purpose by the county clerk. In some instances the envelopes were too small to hold the ballots voted at the precinct, from which they were returned. For that reason some of the envelopes were not sealed. Others were not sealed from the negligence of officers whose duty it was to do so. The court further found that all the envelopes were either sealed, or secured by cords, wire, or rubber bands, and the ballots were deposited in the vault of the county clerk’s office.
The conclusion of fact found by the court was “that said vault doors were always securely fastened at night, and under the immediate charge and control of the county clerk or his_ deputies when opened in the daytime; and there was no evidence that any of the ballots had been tampered with in any manner or at any time or at any place, nor is there any evidence of any intentional fraud in this case anywhere.”
The conclusion of fact reached by the court is justified by the evidence and is conclusive on us. The *361fact that some of the envelopes were not sealed or were somewhat torn and mutilated is not at all conclusive that the ballots had been tampered with, but is merely evidence to be weighed with the other facts and circumstances. As was recently said, “the ultimate fact must be found by the trier of the fact, by the weight of the evidence.” Sone v. Williams, 130 Mo. 530.
VI. It is insisted in the next place that the count or canvass of the clerk should not be taken as prima facie correct. The statute says that the certificate of the clerk shall b<z prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. It is true the statute does not in express terms require the clerk to state in his certificate the result of his examination. He is, however, required to state the facts and the result would necessarily be a mere matter of mathematical calculation. It. would, therefore, be fairly within his duty and authority to determine and certify the number of ballots cast for each candidate. That fact is made prima facie evidence of the result.
We understand from the' certificate of the clerk that he counted every vote cast for the respective parties, both where its validity was undisputed and where one or other of the parties mad'e objection to it. This we think was the manner in which the statute intended he should perform his duty. The result thus found constituted the basis upon which the court was to act. The number of the ballots cast for each party and the footings are certified to the court and the result is taken as prima facie correct, and the court, passes upon the validity of the contested ballots. The recount by the clerk takes the place of the canvass by the election officers. This rule has been generally recognized. The count by the clerk is called a recount. Gumm v. Hubhard, 97 Mo. 311; Hall v. Schoenecke, 128 Mo. 661.
*362The judges of the election are required to judge of the qualification of the voters and the legality of the ballots, while the clerk in recounting exercises no such power. The certificate of the clerk is therefore the more reliable for the court to adopt.
VII. On the trial the court rejected two thousand, three hundred and fifty-eight votes cast for Craig and two thousand and seventeen cast for Nash for the reason that the judges of election had’neglected to put on the ballots the registration number, as is provided shall be done by section 4672. But as we calculate the vote, the result will be the same whether these votes are counted or rejected.
The count of the clerk gives to Nash, five thousand, eight hundred and twenty-seven votes. Upon the trial the court excluded of these the following, as given by appellant in his statements:
Ballots taken from contestor Nash and held to he illegal.
Mrst. Ballots in preeinot B, sixth ward, containing no voting number . m
Second. Ballots in New Ulm precinct cast after polls were closed... 3
Third. Ballots voted in two or more groups and those not properly preparéd. 20
Fowth. Ballots in precinct A, sixth ward, not numbered as voted... 15
Fifth. Ballots cast by persons not citizens of the United States. 7
Sixth. Ballots east by ¡persons not twenty-one years of age. 2
Seventh. Ballots cast by persons not having resided in state one year. 1
Eighth. Ballots east by persons not living in precinct where vote was east. 1
Ninth. Ballots changed by voters after opening ballot boxes. 5
Tenth. Ballots having Nash written under Craig and Craig not erased. 6
Eleventh. Ballots having Nash written under Forgraves and For-graves not erased . 1
Twelfth. Ballots having number on back greater than the total number of votes cast.;. 12
Thirteenth. Ballots in Willow Brook precinct not numbered as voted. 15
Fourteenth. Ballots where two correspond to same number. 26
Total. 288
*363Of the twelve ballots mentioned in the twelfth head ing above, eleven were cast in said precinct B, sixth ward, and are covered by the first heading above, so that they should be deducted from the above total, leaving two hundred and seventy-seven.
The count by the clerk gives contestee Oraig five thousand, seven hundred and fifty-two votes.
Ballots taken from Craig and held to he illegal:
Mrst. Ballots in preeinct B, sixth ward, containing no voting number . 143
Second. Ballots in New Ulm precinct, east after polls closed. 2
Third. Ballots voted in two or more groups, and these not properly-prepared. 11
Fourth. Ballots in precinct A, sixth ward, not numbered as voted.. 30
Fifth. Ballots cast by persons of foreign birth, first papers less than one year. 8
Sixth. Ballots cast by persons of foreign birth, first papers more than •five years, no final papers. 9
Seventh. Ballots'east by persons of foreign birth, no papers. 3
Fighth. Ballots east by persons who had not resided in state one year. 4
Ninth. Ballots cast by persons not living in preeinct where vote was cast. 3
Tenth. Ballots having Craig written under Nash and Nash not erased. 3
Eleventh. Ballots having number on back greater than total number of votes oast. 2
Twelfth. Ballots in Willow Brook preeinct, not numbered as voted.. 6
Thirteenth. Ballots where two correspond to same number. 45
Total...-. 270
The vote would then stand: Nash, 5550,' Craig, 4482; majority for Nash, 68.
Now appellant only excepts to the ballots in which two contained the same number, 45; votes in which the court improperly found the voters not qualified, 12; total 57; leaving still a total majority for Nash of 11.
So we are not called upon to determine the correctness of the ruling of the court in counting or rejecting *364votes as the result will not be changed, though every objection be sustained. The judgment is affirmed.
All concur.