This is an action of ejectment for the following land in the city of St. Louis. Beginning at a point in the southern line of Buchanan street at the northeast corner of city block No. 2544, of said city; thence southwardly along the eastern line of said block to the southeast corner thereof; thence westwardly along the southern line of said block 150 feet to the southeast corner of city block No. 660 east of said city; thence southwardly to the northeast corner of city block No. 661 east of said city; thence southwardly along the eastern line of said last named block to the southeast corner of the same in the northern line of Branch street; thence eastwardly along the northern line of Branch street extended to the Mississippi river, to said river; thence northwardly along said river to the southern line of said Buchanan street to said river, and thence westwardly along the southern line of said Bnchanan street extended to said river, to the point of beginning.
Ouster was laid as of April 9th, 1891.
As a matter of fact, the land which plaintiff seeks to recover is a part of the North Wharf of the city of St. Louis, beginning sixty feet north of Dock street and extending ninety feet wide between parallel lines from the western line of the said wharf eastwardly to the Mississippi river. The plaintiff claims title to the above tract as an accretion to land patented by the United States to Louis Labeaume and his heirs in confirmation of a Spanish concession to William M. Christy and under partition proceedings of the estate of said Christy.
There are various defenses interposed by the city. The first is predicated upon the fact that inasmuch as the plaintiff has absolutely no sort of paper title to the specific land sued for but must recover, if at all, upon a showing that this land *355is an accretion formed by tbe Mississippi river to her title acquired by mesne conveyance from Louis Labeaume, it is an indispensable prerequisite that she show that Labeaume himself was a riparian owner.
*353
*355The patent to Louis Labeaume from the United States is dated March 25, 1852, and recites a confirmation of Survey No. 3333 containing thirty-three and sixty-eight one-hundredths acres, and contains a plat which accompanies this opinion, on which the Labeaume survey is indicated within certain pink lines.
So much of the description of the property included in said survey, as indicates the eastern lines of said survey nearest the Mississippi river is as follows: “Beginning at a stake set on the right bank of the Mississippi river between high and low water mark, and on the extension line produced eastwardly from Labeaume’s southern ditch, the lower and most eastern comer of this survey, and the upper and most northern corner of the survey of Joseph Brazeau, numbered three thousand three hundred and thirty-two.” . . . (The description then goes inland to the west and north, along the line marked in pink on the plat, until it reaches, a point in the old bed of Eocky Branch) . . . “thence north 87 degrees and thirty minutes east, at five chains and forty-six links, a point at the mouth of thg Eocky Branch, the northeastern corner of this survey, and a corner to the city of St. Louis, it being the northern termination of the northwestern boundary line thereof.” Erom this corner, which is marked E on the plat, the northwest corner of Second or Main street, and Dock street bears south thirty-seven degrees fifteen minutes west, distant seven chains and seventy-one links, and the point of intersection of the aforesaid city line with the southern edge of Dock street, bears south twenty-two degrees west, distant six chains and sixty-one links, which point of intersection is two • chains and eight links north, sixty-nine degrees east from the southwest corner of Dock street, and Second street, or Main *356street. Erom the corner E down the right bank of the Mississippi river, with the meanders thereof, between high and low water mark, south nine degrees east, at eight chains and sixty-six links a stake, thence south twenty-one degrees east, at five chains and fifty links a point from which offset north, seventy degrees east, one chain and eighty-three links to the center of the water of the Rocky Branch, as running through the sand beach, six chains and sixty-three links to the bluff of the sand beach, seven chains and forty-seven links to the water’s edge of the Mississippi river, return to the meandering line, at ten chains a post, from which the southeast corner of a stable bears south, forty-two degrees west, distant forty-six links and the upper point of the entrance of the water of the Rocky Branch into the Mississippi river, bears south sixty-two ■degrees and thirty minutes east, distant sixteen chains, thence south thirty-four degrees east, at seven, chains five links, the ■eastern extension of Labeaume’s northern ditch from which the corner mark of D on the plat bears north seventy-four •degrees and thirty minutes east, distant nineteen chains and seventy-five links, at twenty-five chains a stake, thence south, twenty-three degrees east, at thirteen chains and sixty seven links, the northeast corner of Robertson and Patterson’s saw mill, at fourteen chains and eight, links the southeast corner -of said Mill, at twenty chains and fifty-seven links, the southeast corner of Hendrick’s flour mill, nineteen links to the right, at twenty-three chains and thirty-five links, the northeast corner of Cochran’s saw mill, thirty chains and 95 links, to the beginning corner.”
To the introduction of this patent defendant objected because on its face and by the plat attached to it and made a part of it, the property thereby conveyed did not extend to the Mississippi river, but only to a well defined and permanent boundary which began at a fixed stake “between high and low water mark” and continued with the meanders of the river “between high and low water mark” from the mouth of Rocky *357Branch, on the north to the point of beginning on the Brazeau survey. This objection was overruled and defendant duly excepted.
It is fundamental in the law "of accretions that the lands to which they attach must be bounded by the river or stream to entitle its owner to such increase.
The doctrine is one of compensation. The reason of the law is that every owner of land bounded by a stream of water is subject by reason of the gradual changing of the course thereof to lose a portion of his land, or have the same increased, in quantity by the accumulation thereto, and inasmuch as he is wholly without remedy if a loss occurs by the river eating away his banks, he is entitled to whatever increase also that is caused by the gradual accretion or reliction. In the very nature of things then accretions depend upon actual contiguity. Any separation of the claimant’s land from the accumulated alluvion by the lands of another, however narrow the intervening strip may be or whatever the size of the claimant’s tract behind it, precludes his right to the alluvion. [1 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), 413, note 2 and cases cited; Gould on Waters (2 Ed.), sec. 155, note 1 ; Ellinger v. Railroad, 112 Mo. 525 ; Smith v. St. Louis, 21 Mo. 36.]
Now, in the patent to Labeaume the river is not mentioned as a boundary. On the contrary the eastern boundary is a permanent line fixed by courses and distances, metes and monuments “between high and low water mark,” and the accompanying survey exhibits a tract of fourteen acres or more between the eastern boundary of the survey and the river-itself. To the east of the pink line which borders the survey of 1852 lies a larger “sand beach,” which separates the river-from the Labeaume survey.
Yre are unable to agree with counsel for plaintiff that the-plat to the patent carries the north line of the survey by a dotted line across the said beach. On the contrary we think it is plain that this dotted line from the point “F” marks the *358then northern limits of the city and not of this survey. The plats and the language of the survey alike bring us to this conclusion. It follows that the effort to bring this case within the doctrine of Shelton v. Maupin, 16 Mo. 126, must fail because there is no evidence that the lines of this survey ever ran to the river.
"Whatever may have been the original Spanish concesr sion the survey and patent made under the confirmation in 1852 must control as to the extent of Labeaume’s right. [Smith v. St. Louis, 21 Mo. 36.]
A great number of cases decided by this court are cited by the plaintiff to sustain her claim that the call for the eastern boundary constitutes the grantees in the Labeaume patent riparian owners. [LeBeau v. Gaven, 37 Mo. 556 ; Perkins v. Adams, 132 Mo. 131 ; Tatum v. St. Louis, 125 Mo. 647 ; Crandall v. Allen, 118 Mo. 403 ; Naylor v. Cox, 114 Mo. 232 ; and others.] A very cursory reading will demonstrate that in each of these cases the river itself was a boundary line and no other lands intervened between the river and the riparian claim.
A case strikingly in point is Dunlap v. Stetson, 4 Mason 349, decided by Judge Story. The contest in the case grew ■out of the description of the deed of Budge to McGlathry. The description was as follows: “A certain lot of land lying •and being in Bangor on Condeskeig point, so called, bounded and described as follows, to wit, beginning at a stake on the west bank of Penobscot river, near a thornbush marked on four sides, running north eleven rods to a stake and stones; thence southerly to a stake and stones, a corner, thence south nine rods to a stake and stones on the same bank of the same river; thence running on the western bank to high water mark sixteen rods to the first mentioned bounds with all the privi^ leges of water and landing to the same belonging.” The colonial act of Maine, 1641, gave the proprietor of lands in all coves, creeks, about and upon salt water, propriety to the *359low water mark “where the sea doth not ebb above one hundred yards and not more where it ebbs further.” The question was whether McGlathry by the foregoing description took as riparian owner the flats in front of the land described in the deed or whether he was limited to high water mark on the western bank of the Penobscot. The court held he did not take as a riparian owner the lands in his front, saying: “It is to be observed that it is not a deed bounding the grantee ■on the river or the stream of the river, generally where the flats might pass by implication, but the boundaries are specific and definite.”
There, as in this case, the front line was restricted to the ■definite, surveyed line, not to the river itself. Here it is the specific line between high and low water mark, and can not be extended to the large area then and now existing between that line and the river itself.
So in Cook v. McClure, 58 N. Y. 437, the court of appeals conceded for argument’s sake that where a boundary line was the bank of a pond the doctrine of accretions would ■apply, yet where the line instead of being the pond itself was a line “commencing at a stake near the high water mark of the pond and running thence along the high water mark to the upper end of the pond,” it was held such a line was a fixed and permanent one and did not change as the water rose ■or receded and consequently was not entitled to accretions. But we need not go further than our own decisions.
In the case of Smith v. St. Louis Public Schools, 30 Mo. 290, this whole question was thoroughly examined and discussed in the light of Spanish and Erench law, and it was held that the doctrine of accretion was inapplicable to what are termed limited fields, that is, such as have a definite, fixed boundary line other than the river, and in that case it was held that where a street was dedicated to the public between the lot and the river the right of accretion did not attach to the lot and the street fixed the boundary of the lot. That case has *360since-been uniformly followed by this court. [Ellinger v. Railroad, 112 Mo. 525.]
The tract in this case was confirmed not only by fixed boundaries other than the river, but the exact number of acres was specified within that survey and that survey as to its quantity excludes all idea that the United States was granting the fourteen or more acres lying outside of that survey at the time it was made.
The survey moreover says that Soulard’s survey did not describe the meanders of the Mississippi or of Rocky branch,, and it was impossible to determine whether the difference in area was the result of miscalculation by Soulard or by the accretions, but whatever the cause of the discrepancy, the United States confirmed the last survey which nowhere calls for the river as a boundary. And by that patent all these questions must be held to be forever settled.
Our conclusion is that as Labeaume was.not a riparian owner, his heirs or grantees can not recover the tract in suit as an accretion. The court therefore erred in admitting the patent as any evidence of title to the land in suit as it did not purport to convey it to Labeaume.
Plaintiff then having no paper title to the land in suit is remitted to an actual, continuous adverse possession of the tract as her basis for recovery. She has no color of title by which her possession of a part can extend to the whole.
What evidence then is there in the record of such possession as would ripen into a title ? By the form of her action she admits the possession of defendant and the defendant in possession may rest upon that possession until plaintiff exhibits a better title. Plaintiff must recover upon the strength of her own title and not upon the insufficiency of the defendants.
Plaintiff has shown no continuous, if any possession, of the property in suit. There is not a pretense that the same was ever inclosed by a fence or that plaintiff had any buildings *361•or permanent structure of any kind or character on this particular land.
There is no proof of any actual ownership or claim thereof in the record.
On the contrary the proof appears quite conclusive that ■she recognized the city’s right to a wharf. The plat which she introduced to show the mutual agreement between Mrs. Tyler by Silas Bent on one side and Sallie McPheeters, Mary B. Scott and Julia Crosby by W. M. McPheeters, shows among other things that in 1873 the 90 feet herein sued for was designated on the plat as an extension of lots 3334 and 35, and the prolongation brought it to another tract marked “Wharf,” .and there it terminated. This tract was marked Mrs. Martha T. Sweringen.-
On the trial plaintiff’s counsel distinctly announced they would be bound by this map or plat. In a word twenty-two .years before the commencement of this action it appears this land was a part of a public wharf and none of the persons who had that property surveyed were making any claim to the land in dispute in this action. Another significant fact is this: Kennett, now Hall, street was opened by condemnation proceedings in 1870. This street is east of plaintiff’s original lots. The property east and west of Kennett street which is within the extended side lines of plaintiff’s original lots was platted and treated as the property of the Tyler and Buchanan Heirs and Liebke and Schrage were made parties to the proceeding as lessees of the Buchanan heirs. Damages were ■assessed in favor of the Tylers and Buchanans. Plaintiff, Mrs. Sweringen, was made a party to that suit and benefits were assessed against her lots in Block 308 E to pay the assessment to the Tylers and Buchanans, and they were sold to and afterwards in 1879 plaintiff bought her lots from the •city.
Notwithstanding all this property was platted as belonging to others, and that she was served with process she per*362mitted those proceedings to go without objection. Neither plaintiff nor her agents made the slightest claim of ownership of this tract at that time.
The tax receipts disclose that since 1874 the plaintiff did not pay on the land sued for. She did return her property west of the wharf line in Block 2544 but the receipts do not corroborate the oral testimony that she paid on the tract in suit, but most clearly disprove it. Her receipts show the land on which she paid was bounded on the east by the wharf and neither the plaintiff or her agents objected to such a description. So much for the negative aspect of her adverse possession.
The affirmative proof was as follows:
J. V. S. Barrett, a grandson of plaintiff, testified in connection with a plat prepared by Joyce that in 1868 or 1869 when about eight years old he went, with his grandfather Sweringen • and Captain Silas Bent, to the tract in suit to have it surveyed. He testified that Mrs. Sweringen had a house on her lot west of this tract. Squatters had shanties on it up to December, 1890, plaintiff had absolutely no improvement of any kind on this particular property. It is true he says Mrs. Sweringen paid taxes to the river, but as her tax receipts produced on the demand of defendant shows that from 1874 to 1895, inclusive, she paid on no property east of City Block 2544, he is obviously mistaken. .
Mr. Chas. T. Farrar testified that he had charge of plaintiff’s property from Second street to the river from 1875 to the trial and paid her taxes. On several occasions he put some squatters off of the land east of City Block 2544, since the railroad was built and Mr. Joyce had taken possession, Joyce testified he had surveyed the ground marked on plat No. 2 at the request of plaintiff’s attorneys and this property was then designated on the plat as bounded by the wharf on the east. He had extended the green lines down to the river three or *365four days before tbe trial at tbe request of plaintiff’s attorneys.
*363
*365Yarious tax receipts from 1857 to 1870, were introduced.
Taking the various descriptions, tbe width and tbe depth, it would seem that prior to 1870 plaintiff did not pay taxes east of Main street. But conceding tbe full force of this evidence as to tbe payment of taxes on this vacant land and tbe sporadic expulsions of squatters on tbe sand beach, it is settled law in this State that the payment of taxes of itself does not show possession of land or create title. [Chapman v. Templeton, 53 Mo. 463 ; Cashman v. Cashman’s Heirs, 123 Mo. 647.]
Equally unavailng was tbe occasional disturbance of tbe squatters by Mr. Earrar. It was ruled in Pbaris v. Jones, 122 Mo. 125, that payment of taxes, cutting timber thereon and keeping off trespassers did not constitute possession.
It follows that plaintiff introduced no evidence to show possession or seizin of the tract sued for within ten years before tbe commencement of her action, and tbe circuit court erred in not so bolding as plaintiff bad no paper title drawing to her tbe possession.
In view of this conclusion we do not deem it necessary to enter upon a discussion of various other incidental questions which arose in tbe case.
In our opinion there was no evidence to sustain the judgment of tbe court and it is accordingly reversed.
Sherwood and Burgess, JJ., concur.