— This litigation presents these feattures:
Eirst, a temporary injunction, granted by the defendant *58judge, on the application of James M. Carpenter et al. against Edmund Berseh et al., all members of the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis, including the presiding officers of both houses of said assembly, restraining such members in their official capacity from considering, passing or adopting, or taking any further action upon or in relation to, Council Bill No. 44 for an ordinance to be entitled as follows: “To authorize the St. Louis & Suburban Railway Company to extend its lines and to construct, maintain and operate its railway on, along and across certain streets, alleys, city blocks and public places in the city of St. Louis,” etc., etc.
Second, a rule to show cause, granted by the chief justice of this court directed to Daniel D. Eisher, judge, etc., et ah, commanding them to appear before this court and to show cause, if any they have, why a writ of prohibition should not issue against them, as prayed in the petition of plaintiffs herein.
Third, a return to the rule made by the respondent judge, asserting his jurisdiction to grant the injunction complained of, under and by virtue of the authority and discretion vested in him by the Constitution and laws of this State, and more particularly by section 3647, Revised Statutes 1899.
Eourth, a like return to such rule by Carpenter and other defendants, in which they assert among other things, that the rule nisi should be discharged, for the reason that, “under and by authority of an act of the General Assembly of this State entitled 'An Act prohibiting the city council or board of trustees of any incorporated city from granting the right to lay down railroad tracks in any street of the city, except upon the petition of owners representing more than one-half of so much of the frontage of the street as is sought to be used for such purposes,’ approved April 29, 1899, and under and by virtue of an act of the General Assembly of this State, entitled 'An Act to revise and amend chapter 155 of the Revised Statutes *59of Missouri, 1889, and amendatory acts thereof, entitled “Street Eailroads,” ’ approved June 19, 1899, the municipal authorities of the city of St. Louis, and the municipal assembly of the city, which these defendants say is composed of the persons who are named in the petition in said cause of Carpenter and others against Bersch and others as defendants, have no power or authority to grant to any street railroad company the right or franchise to construct, maintain or operate any street railroad over, along or across any street within the city of St. Louis, except upon the petition of the owners of the land representing more than one-half of the frontage of that part of such street sought to be used for street railroad purposes; and when the street or parts thereof, that is sought to be so used, shall be more than one mile in extent, the petition of landowners shall not be valid unless the same is signed by more than one-half of the persons owning property fronting on such street, for each mile or fractional part of a mile of each street so intended to be used, in the total length of such proposed street railroad, and that such petition of such owners is thus made a condition precedent to the exercise of such power.
“And these defendants say that they are the owners of the property described in their petition fronting on Lawton avenue, and that said property is used by them in the manner described in their said petition, a copy of which is embodied in the petition of the plaintiffs in this proceeding, as well as in the preliminary writ of prohibition herein.
“And these defendants further say that in and by the Council Bill No. 44, mentioned in their said petition and in the petition of the plaintiffs in this proceeding, it is proposed to give and grant unto said company the right, license and franchise for the period of fifty years to construct, maintain and operate a street railway on Lawton avenue, along and in front of the properties of these defendants situated on said street, and thereby to *60enter into a contract with said company, giving and granting to it such right, franchise and privilege for said period. That the said St. Louis and Suburban Railway Company is a street railway company in the city of St. Louis organized long before the' passage and approval of the acts of the General Assembly above mentioned, and that said company has not now any right, license or franchise to construct, operate or maintain a street railway on said Lawton avenue. That said Lawton avenue is a public street and highway in the city of St. Louis, and was formerly known as Chestnut street in said city.
“And these defendants say that neither they, nor any of the other owners of property abutting upon and fronting on said Lawton avenue, have ever signed any petition to the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis, or either branch thereof, for such street railway on said street,” etc., etc.
To each of these returns, respectively, there were general demurrers filed, to the effect that neither of said returns stated facts sufficient to constitute any legal reason why the preliminary rule should not be made absolute.
These returns and the demurrers thereto, write down this question upon the record: Did the circuit court have jurisdiction to enjoin the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis from enacting the proposed ordinance ? The question thus propounded must have its answer in either a direct affirmance or direct denial of the existence of such judicial power; a power pure, simple and abstract, having no connection whatever with the incidents and consequences attendant on, or flowing from, the exercise, or non-exercise, of such power.
In order to determine whether such judicial power, to-wit, jurisdiction, exists in any particular instance, the initial step in the pathway of inquiry must be directed toward the fountain head of all authority, the fundamental law of this State, article 3 of which declares: “The powers of government shall be di*61vided into three distinct departments — the legislative, executive and judicial — each of which shall be confided to a separate magistracy, and no person [or collection of persons], charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to, one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except in the instances [in this Constitution] expressly directed or permitted.”
The changes which have occurred in this article since the Constitution of 1820 was adopted, have been bracketed on the article just quoted, and as will be readily seen, serve to give emphasis to its former provisions and prescriptions.
This charter of authority, as is apparent at a glance, carefully divides the powers of government into three distinct and named departments; sedulously segregates each from the other; confides each to a separate magistracy, and then not satisfied with such strict demarcation of the boundaries of their respective jurisdictions, peremptorily forbids either of such departments from passing the prohibitory precincts thus ordained, by the exercise of powers properly belonging to either of the others, and then concludes by giving the sole exception to the unbending rule by saying: "except in the instances in this Constitution expressly directed or permittedSo that, in determining in any given case whatsoever, whether one of those departments has broken the close of its neighbor by trespassing over the appointed governmental lines or corners, the only method of procedure, the only test, to ascertain the truth of the matter thus in controversy, is to industriously examine the other portions of the organic law to see whether or not such seeming trespass is in reality not a trespass, by reason of the pregnant and predominant fact that it is by the Constitution '“expressly directed or permitted." Lacking such express direction or express permission, the act done must incontinently be condemned as unwarranted by the Constitution; in short, a clear case of clausum *62fregit; and of a trespasser ab initio. And it is obviously tbe bounden duty of bim who justifies the seeming trespass to point out, to place bis finger on, tbe very identical provision of tbe Constitution on wbieb be relies to support bis plea of justification ; and unless tbis can be done, be stands defenseless before tbe bar of tbe court.
In State ex rel. v. Stone, 120 Mo. 428, tbe issuance of an alternative writ of mandamus was waived by tbe then Governor of tbis State, in a proceeding instituted in tbis court to compel that official to pay a certain attorney’s fee for services rendered tbis State, under a contract duly made with tbis State and duly performed by sucb attorney; and for which an appropriation bad been duly made by.tbe General Assembly. To tbe petition alleging tbe facts aforesaid, treating it as an alternative writ, tbe Governor demurred generally, which brought up, of course, tbe sufficiency of tbe petition, which we held stated a cause of action, and that its allegations stood confessed by tbe demurrer, but notwithstanding tbis, we said that “tbe only question for determination is, whether tbe respondent is amenable to tbe process of tbis sort; in other words, whether tbis court has jurisdiction to entertain tbis application made by relator.” And thereupon we adverted to and quoted article 3, above set forth, and commenting on its provisions, remarked: “Conceding tbe validity of any given law, tbe fact that tbe duties which it prescribes are merely ministerial can not take them out of the domain of executive duties nor make them any tbe less those which 'properly belong’ to tbe executive department of tbe government. And should we by our process be able to compel tbe performance by tbe Governor of sucb duties, we would in effect and to all intents and purposes be performing those duties ourselves; for there can be no substantial distinction drawn between our assumption of duties pertaining to another department of tbe government, and our intervention resulting in tbe compulsory *63performance of such duties; qui facit per alium, etc.....
“Abundant authority establishes the position here taken that mandamus will not issue to the Governor to compel the performance of any duty pertaining to his office, whether political or merely ministerial; whether commanded by the Constitution or by some law passed on the subject.” Citing authorities, among them High on Extr. Leg. Rem. (2 Ed.), sec. 118, where after stating that there were some authorities to the contrary, that author observes: “Hpon the other hand, it is held that under our structure of government, with its three distinct departments, executive, legislative and judicial, each department being wholly independent of the other, neither branch can properly interfere with the duties of the other, and that as to the nature of the duties required of the executive department hy law, and as to its obligation to perform those duties, it is entirely independent of any control by the judiciary.”
And also Wood, where on the same subject he says: “If the courts may interfere with the discharge of any ministerial duties of the executive department of the government they may with all, and we should have the singular spectacle of a government run by the courts, instead of the officers provided by the Constitution. Each department of the government is essentially and necessarily distinct from the others, and neither can lawfully trench upon or interfere with the powers of the other; and our safety, both as to National and State governments, is largely dependent upon the preservation of the distribution of power and authority made by the Constitution, and the laws made in pursuance thereof. If the Governor refuses or neglects to discharge his duties, exceeds his powers in flagrant cases, there is ample remedy by impeachment and removal from office. It is not believed that the courts have the power to discharge his duties for him, or to say what he shall or what he shall not do.” [Wood on Mand., pp. 123, 124; See, also, Mer*64rill on Mandamus, sec. 91.]
That the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis when engaged in the passage of an ordinance is engaged in the performance of a legislative function, and in doing so, is exercising a part of the lawmaking powers of this State, and, in so doing, constitutes part and parcel of the legislative department of this State, has been frequently announced by this court.
Thus, in Taylor v. Carondelet, 22 Mo. 105, Judge Scott said: “The Legislature delegated its legislative power over to the corporation, and the corporation, within the sphere of its delegated power, could act as authoritatively in relation to it as the Legislature. The lawmaking power, in fact, made the board of trustees a miniature general assembly, and gave their ordinances on this subject the force of laws passed by the Legislature of the State.”
Thus, in St. Louis v. Foster, 52 Mo. loc. cit. 515, Wagner, J., when speaking of the acts of municipal assemblies when convened in their official capacity, said: “Their charters are their constitutions, which authorize councils to act, and a city council is a 'miniature general assembly, and their authorized ordinances have the force of laws passed by the Legislature of the State.’ ”
In State v. DeBar, 58 Mo, loc. cit. 397, Judge Lewis said: “The municipal ordinances and the State statutes are from a common source of authority. One class presents it in a delegated, and the other in a direct form, but it is the power of the State which speaks in both.”
Like utterances respecting the legal status of these legislatures in miniature, are to be found in Railroad v. Railroad, 105 Mo. loc. cit. 575; Jackson v. Railroad, 118 Mo. loc. cit. 218, 219; Moore v. Cape Girardeau, 103 Mo. loc. cit. 476, and other cases.
Taking this established doctrine of this court as a basis and a premise, it must needs follow that when the municipal assem*65bly of the city of St. Louis is engaged in.tiie performance of its legislative functions, it is quite beyond the power of the courts to interfere with the exercise of those functions in any way or manner whatsoever whether by enjoining the passage of an ordinance or by mandatorily compelling the presiding officer of either house to make that an ordinance which was not an ordinance theretofore, by appending his unwilling signature thereto. This conclusion is inevitably true while the decisions quoted from stand; and they will continue to stand until and unless you overthrow them by establishing that the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis, indeed all other similar bodies, do not constitute part, and parcel of the legislative department of this State. Inasmuch, therefore, as they do this, they and their presiding officers, for the latter’s functions are also legislative (State ex rel. v. Mead, 71 Mo. loc. cit. 275), occupy the same plane, the same impregnable exemption from judicial attack as does the General Assembly of this State and its officers, when enacting laws for the whole State. You can not make fish of the one and fowl of the other. Nor can you in this instance, decry the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis and thus place it outside the pale of .constitutional protection from judicial interference, or rather judicial usurpation, by saying of it as was said of it in effect in State ex rel. v. Meier, 143 Mo. 439, that the office of the president of the council of the city of St. Louis, “is the creature of delegated statutory power; his power is measured by the terms of the charter, and nothing can be found in the nature of the office thus created that brings it within the principle announced in this case,” referring to State v. Stone, supra. Inasmuch, however, as the charter óf the city of St. Louis was authorized by section 20 of article 9 of the Constitution, and inasmuch as the city charter was the outgrowth of that constitutional authorization, and inasmuch as *66section 8 of article 3 of that charter creates the office of-president of the council, it is nobvividly apparent where and how "delegated statutory power” comes in. Rut if the office of the president of the council did in fact have a statutory origin, it is not immediately seen how such origin could alter the nature of the office he holds or subject him to compulsory processes, processes from which those “above the salt" on the public board, are altogether exempted. Article 3, aforesaid, neither makes nor intends any such distinction; and when the courts do it, it is done in the very teeth of the plainest of constitutional provisions. Article 3 does not say that the judicial department shall not interfere with the legislative department in its higher graded assemblies, or the officers of such grades, but may interfere with those of subordinate or inferior capacity and their officers, nor does it say that if the officer of such inferior subordinate legislative assemblies declines to perform some supposed ministerial duty, that there the judicial department may compel such performance; on the contrary thereof, its prohibitions are as 'broad, extensive and comprehensive as the outlying boundaries of the legislative department, the only exception being where the specific line of carefully drawn demarcation yields at the single point of express direction or express permission.
The opinion of Judge Valliant in Meier’s case, supra, delivered on circuit in which he denied the peremptory writ, is singularly clear in its statement and cogent in its reasoning, and in which he points out with force and aptness the strongly resemblant features existing between Stone’s ease and that of Meier, and especially between the latter and that of Ex parte Echols, 39 Ala. 698. The learned judge, also, in the course of his opinion holds that the signing of a bill is a legislative act, and not a mere ministerial act remarking: “The duty of signing the bill affects an essential act in the progress of legislation. If its purpose were simply to identify the bill the law would *67probably have devolved it on the secretary or cl'erk, whose signature usually attests documents, and then it would be merely a ministerial act.
“But the law has prescribed when and under what circumstances the bill should be signed, and by imposing that duty on the president of the council necessarily calls for the exercise of his judgment as to whether or not all the requirements of the law in its passage have been complied with. This raises the signing of the bill above a mere ministerial act and makes it an act of legislation.”
It will be observed in Stone’s ease thát the main p^int on which that case was made chiefly to turn (as shown in the above quotation,.not noticed, however, in Meier’s case), was that this court could not, by mandamus, enforce against the Governor even the performance of a mére ministerial duty because it "properly belonged to the executive department of the government.”
In State ex rel. v. Bolte, 151 Mo. 362, a mandamus was asked to compel the Lieutenant-Governor, as presiding officer of the Senate, to sign a bill which he had ruled had not passed the Senate, and it was held that the signing of a bill was not a mere perfunctory act, but one requiring the exercise of judgment and discretion and with which this court would not interfere, Burgess, J., observing: “While it is the duty of the Supreme Court to construe laws enacted by the General Assembly, and, while it has the power to declare them valid or invalid as the case may be, it would be a gross usurpation of power for it to assume functions which belong exclusively to that body.”
State ex rel. v. Meier has been necessarily adverted to, because it is the theory of this opinion as already developed, that no interference whatever of one department with another is tolerable under article 3 of our Constitution. The case just referred to, places restrictions and qualifications on this consti*68tutional prohibition, which we regard as wholly unwarranted, and we therefore hold that case should no longer be followed.
Of course, any language herein employed is not intended to convey the idea that courts can not interfere to prevent the execution or enforcement of ordinances already passed. [Dennison v. City, 95 Mo. 416; State v. Paterson, 34 N. J. 163; State v. Jersey City, Ib. 429; Baltimore v. Radecke, 49 Md. 217.]
Or to declare it invalid because unreasonable. [Corrigan v. Gage, 68 Mo. 541.]
Or to pronounce an ordinance invalid because of its being unconstitutional. [Ex parte Smith, 135 Mo. 223, and cas. cit]
Or to hold a statute unconstitutional for a like reason. [Ex parte Lucas, 160 Mo. 218, and cas. cit.]
And courts, in the case of ordinances, have sometimes taken action to declare invalid ordinances passed through fraud and corruption, though they will not do so in regard to statutes. Courts when engaged in doing the acts mentioned, are not in the exercise of any powers only such as properly belong to the judicial department.
Under the views hereinbefore expressed, it has been deemed unnecessary to discuss authorities pro and con of the question whether a court on general principles, will intervene in cases of ordinances then on their passage or about to be passed and on the calendar for that purpose, since we regard our constitutional provisions conclusive against the exercise of any such supposed jurisdiction. And for this reason also it is that we must refrain from discussing the force and effect, if any, of the statute of 1899, pleaded in one of the returns of defendants; for this would be to enter on a discussion of the merits of this controversy, something we regard as wholly dehors the present record.
*69In reference to the provisions of section 3467, pleaded in the return of the learned defendant judge, it only needs to say that such provisions are inapplicable to matters forbidden by the fundamental law as previously quoted.
The premises considered, the rule nisi for a writ of prohibition will be made absolute. Burgess, G. J., and Robinson, Marshall and Yalliant JJ,, concur; Brace, J., concurs in the result only; Gantt, J., concurs in all except in overruling the case of State ex rel. v. Meier, and thinks this case can be distinguished from Meier’s case.
separate opinion.
BEACE, J. — While I agree that the rule should be made absolute in this case, I do not agree to the opinion of the majority of the court criticising and overruling the case of the State ex rel. v. Meier, 143 Mo. 439, which I think was correctly decided, and is easily distinguishable from this case, as well as from the case of State ex rel. v. Stone, 120 Mo. 428.