— This is an action for libel in which at the close of plaintiff’s evidence, the court instructed the jury that upon the evidence the plaintiff is not entitled to recover. Thereupon, the plaintiff took a nonsuit with leave, and his motion to set the same aside having been overruled,.he appeals.
Early in the spring of 1897, an ordinance was passed by the city of St. Louis, requiring the electric lighting, heating and power companies in St. Louis to place their wires underground, and said ordinance outlined the mode of procedure which should be followed by these companies in the construction of the underground conduit.
The Missouri Electric and Power Company, the Electric Light, Power and. Conduit Company, the Edison Illuminating Company, of St. Louis, being associated and considered as one interest with the St. Louis Electric Light and Power Company, the Phoenix Heat and Power Company, and the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Carondelet, each representing an individual interest, engaged in the joint construction of this system of conduits. ■ These companies appointed representatives to a committee which was called the “Conduit Construction Committee,” whose duty it was to let the contracts for the conduit work and supervise the work and to carry out all the necessary details.
The first three of the above-named companies had one *293representative on this committee, tbe plaintiff, Herbert A. Wagner. Tbe Phoenix Company was represented by Alexander Ross; the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Carondelet, was represented by E. V. Matlack, its superintendent, and tbe St. Louis Electric Light and Power Company was represented by D. W. Guernsey.
At this time tbe plaintiff, Mr. Wagner, was superintendent of tbe Missouri Electric Light and Power Company. Mr. S. M. Dodd was tbe president of this company, which company practically owned and controlled the Electric Light, Power and Conduit Company and tbe Edison Illuminating Company, of St. Louis. Mr. Henry C. Scott, tbe defendant, was tbe president of tbe Edison Electric Illuminating Company, of Carondelet.
In furtherance of tbe work of construction, tbe plaintiff ■was appointed by these representatives as the engineer of tbe joint construction of tbe conduit, and it was provided that be should obtain the necessary permits from tbe board of public improvements, should make requisitions upon tbe different companies for their proportion of the cost, should have general supervision of the work, should consult freely with tbe engineers of tbe companies, and tbe number of inspectors to be furnished by each company was agreed upon. He was also to certify all contractors’ bills, so that tbe committee could audit tbe same prior to payment.
Disputes arose between Mr. Pay, an authorized inspector appointed by tbe Edison Electric Illuminating Company, of Carondelet, and Mr. Wagner, tbe plaintiff, as to the proper method of conducting the work of building tbe conduit, and Mr. Eay was removed by Mr. Wagner. Correspondence resulted between Mr. Scott, tbe defendant, -and Mr. Dodd, representing their respective companies, who were thus engaged in tbe joint work of construction. This correspondence offered in evidence is as follows:
*294“June 26, 1897.
“Mr. S. M. Dodd, St. Louis.
“My Dear Mr. Dodd: I want to bring to your attention, in a personal way, a matter wbicb I think, from the point of view of the companies owning and interested in the conduit work, is one of importance. Tou perhaps know that last week our inspector, Mr. Fay, was attackéd on the trench, by Mr. Freese, one of Mr. Wagner’s subordinates, and that, as the result of this controversy, the work was stopped for a time, Mr. Wagner maintaining that the discipline of the force was affected through Mr. Fay’s alleged insubordination. Regarding this charge against Mr. Fay, I will state that I have personally looked into this matter with the utmost care, and have spent two or three days giving the matter close attention, and I assure you on my personal word, that I can find nothing whatsoever, to justify any such charge. The man is, on the contrary, unusually intelligent, and the records of the work will show that in the matter of (1) defective pipe found, (2) improper mixing of the concrete cement, (3) the imperfect manner of putting the cement in the trench, (4) reporting inadequate amount of cement in the trench, as called for in the contract, all of which reports are a matter of record in the work, Mr. Fay was of very material aid to us and to your people, in seeing that the contractors properly carried out their undertaking.
“Because we do not, while we are in the midst of this work, wish to take the time of the officers of our company to post a new man in the duties of inspecting the work, we are loath to take Mr. Fay from the work. Now, I want to enlist your personal offices in seeing either that Mr. Fay be allowed to take a place as one of our, appointees under the engineer, or else that the extraordinary objection that we shall not even be given the right to send Mr. Fay out on this work to make *295inspections of it and report to us, direct, be removed.
“I write you this letter after' having thought the matter over with a great deal of care, and because (1) I am entirely unwilling that so large an amount of our stockholders’ money be expended by us without a careful inspection of the work, which inspection has been found most necessary by the reports turned in by Mr. Eay and the other inspectors, and (2) I believe that you will conclude, on thinking over the matter, that it is unwise for us to let the contractor see that one who has been most vigilant in watching this work and keeping up its standard be taken off the work altogether. As far as the character of Mr. Fay’s work is concerned, we make no point as to whether he shall be employed under Mr. Wagner or not. .In either event we are, of course, to pay his wages, but I submit to you that it is most extraordinary that Mr. Wagner or anybody in charge of this work, should question the right of this company to give whatever inspection it pleases and in any amount which it thinks necessary, at its own expense, and, feeling that the interests of your company and ours are equally involved in this matter, I have written you asking that you will use your influence in preventing any further useless controversy through our determination to give the work that inspection and supervision which in our judgment is required.
“Very truly yours,
“Henry C. Scott.'”
To which Mr. Dodd replied as follows:
“Edison Illuminating Company of St. Louis.
“June 28, 1897.
“Mr. Henry O. Scott:
“My Dear Sir: Yours of the twenty-sixth I received this morning, and carefully note its contents. I also have a *296report of the committee composed of Mr. Eoss and Mr. Guernsey, which is very definite. I see that it will be very easy for you to place some one in Mr. Fay’s place that will be entirely competent and satisfactory to all parties concerned, and I suggest to you to use your authority and good offices as executive officer of the Edison Company of Carondelet, and make such appointment.
“If the report had been made against any of our men I should certainly put some one in his place without delay.
“Yours very truly,” etc.
On the next day the defendant wrote and caused to be delivered to Mr. Dodd a letter as follows:
“St. Louis, Mo., June 29, 189-.
“Mr. S. M. Dodd:
“My Dear Mr. Dodd: I have been trying all day to see you to answer your letter of yesterday in person, and also to report to you some very serious complications which have come up and which I hope very sincerely have not received your sanction or approval.
“It seems most remarkable that in all instances Mr. Wagner and the contractor work in unison to resist inspection of the work by this company. You can use your own judgment in determining whether this will tend to improve the character of the work done or not. I rest the matter entirely with you as to whether it is dangerous to the interests of your own company that such a condition exists, but in the case of the property that I have charge of, I am compelled to state to you, as Mr. Wagner’s superior officer, that I will not submit to the outrages which he has perpetrated against this company and which I believe he intends to continue to perpetrate, and that we shall hold him directly accountable for any loss or damage *297■which is incurred by us because of these outrages.
“I do not want to worry you with too elaborate a bill of particulars, but I will state that it came definitely to my knowledge that an understanding had been reached by Mr. Wagner and the contractor that not only would Mr. Eay be driven off the work this morning, but that other of our employees of our company would be served in the same way if sent to take care of the important duty of inspecting this work and reporting to this office. Mr. Wagner, over the telephone, stated to Mr. Matlaek that not only Mr. Eay would be driven off the work, but that if Mr. Matlaek appeared there he would be driven off, and that if he chose to risk being bodily injured, he could appear on the work. I call your attention to the fact just here that Mr. Matlaek is one of the corporate officers of our company, and I can not, therefore, too strongly condemn the threat cast out by Mr. Wagner as above stated. I will further add that Mr. Wagner stated that he spoke for his company in issuing this threat, after consultation with its officers. I wish to state, further, that on the work to-day an attempt was made by Mr. Wagner to arrest one of our men who was in no way interfering with the work, but was simply making an examination of it to report to the company, as directed by me. The officer, of course, refused to make the arrest. I will state, further, that Mr. Wagner, his representatives, and the contractor, adopting precisely the same methods, have continually insulted every representative we have sent on this work, until I believe not one man in our employ feels other than he risks a personal encounter with Mr. Wagner or some of his underlings when he appears on the trench. As a further indication of the high-handed outrages which we have had to suffer at Mr. Wagner’s hands, I will state to you that he went up to the city hall yesterday and changed the plans of this company, signing the name of our company, as one of its representatives. *298It is perfectly plain to you, as one having charge for .many years of large corporations, that this action on the part of Mr. Wagner is closely akin to forgery. I .will state that we have written the board of public improvements and the supervisor of city lighting in future not to recognize any directions of any kind given on behalf of our company, except on written orders of the officers of the company. Mr. Wagner not only had no excuse for forging the name of our company, but he had distinct evidence before him that we objected to the proposed change in plans, and our letter of June 26, of which I herewith enclose a copy, clearly sets forth this fact.
“I am exceedingly loath to do anything disagreeable either to you or to any of our friends interested in this company. I must beg to remind you, however, that this is a very serious matter to me, as one in a place of responsibility, and unless your reply to this letter, or an interview — which I have repeatedly sought for .the last two days without being able to secure same — results in an adjustment of these difficulties, so that I can feel that the interests of our company will not be further jeopardized through a clear alliance which has been entered into by the chief engineer of this construction work and the contractor, I shall call our board of directors together and rest the matter in their hands, being entirely content that if they think we should permit this treatment of a most important matter, to have them relieve me of all responsibility and assume it themselves. I will state further that I have brought this matter to the attention of our people, and, as far as I am able to see, they unqualifiedly support me in my position, as I believe you will do, after you have carefully reviewed the whole question or obtained from me the facts which I have in my possession, and upon which I stand ready to convince you (1) that the attack upon Mr. Eay by Mr. Wagner’s assistants was a premeditated arrangement between Mr. Wagner and *299the contractor; (2) that Mr. Wagner has, since he has been in charge of this work, steadily endeavored to support the contractor in slighting the work by resisting all of the criticisms made by us on the poor work (in every case, however, our criticisms were sustained and the work was properly done because of our protests) ; (3) that Mr. Wagner and the contractor are under distinct arrangement to prevent, by force, if necessary, any further inspection on our part, no matter whom we may employ, of the conduit work yet to be done.
“Inasmuch as I have not been able to see you, and inasmuch as it seems very necessary that I put myself clearly on record in this matter, I have written you this letter, trying to do so with the utmost deliberation, and in the belief that you will see that we are not forced to resort to other means for the proper protection of our interests, which not only I, but every one of our directors to whose attention I have brought this matter, believe to be seriously assailed.
“Illustrative of the importance of honest and careful inspection of /this work, and of the contractor’s interest that no inspection be made, I quote from the reports of the work in the hands of our engineer, that as much as sixty per cent of a single delivery of pipe on the trench was rejected, and the rejection sustained on account of its manifestly bad quality.
“Tours truly,
“Henry C. Scott."
This last letter of June 29, 1897, the plaintiff in his petition charges, was false and libelous, and was maliciously written and published in manner aforesaid. “That defendant thereby meant and intended to charge and did charge and thereby meant to impress and did impress the said S. M. Dodd and all other persons to whom said letter and written words aforesaid were published, that plaintiff and the contractors *300aforesaid, were working in unison to resist and prevent the proper and legitimate inspection of the work by said companies, and that plaintiff, conniving and conspiring with said contractors in refusing a proper inspection of said work, was aiding and abetting and assisting said contractors in slighting said work, and that said alleged action of plaintiff was the result of a premeditated and distinct arrangement and understanding between said plaintiff and said contractors; that the defendant thereby meant and intended to charge and did charge, and thereby meant to impress and did impress the said S. M. Dodd and all other persons to whom said letter and written words aforesaid were published, that plaintiff was wholly unworthy of confidence and trust in his said capacity and profession of engineer and superintendent; that said letter and written words were so read and understood by said S. M. Dodd and all other persons to whom said letter and written words were published.
“That defendant thereby meant and intended to further eharge and did further charge this plaintiff with the crime and felony of forgery; that said letter and written words were so read and understood by S. M. Dodd and all other persons to whom said letter and written words were published.
“That said letter and written words aforesaid were written, or caused to be written, and published by defendant with malice toward plaintiff and was calculated to, and did deprive him of public confidence and expose him to public hatred; that by reason of the same he, the plaintiff has been damaged in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, and plaintiff says that the further sum of five thousand dollars should be assessed against defendant as punitive damages.”
The answer of the defendant, after reciting the circumstances under which the letter was written, avers that all the facts therein set out, he, at the time, believed to be true. That *301said letter was written without any malice whatever towards the defendant and solely for the purpose of protecting the interests entrusted to him, and of advising said Dodd, his associate in business, of said matters. Wherefore, he says that said letter was privileged in law, and that he is not answerable therefor.
Issue was joined on the answer by reply.
(1) That the letter complained of was defamatory, that it was published, and that the evidence introduced by the plaintiff tended to prove that the charges therein contained, prejudicial to the plaintiff, were not true, is conceded. But it is contended for the defendant that the question of privilege was one of law to be determined by the court and therefore the court did not err in taking the case from the jury.
It must also be conceded that the publication can only be one of conditional and not of absolute privilege.
“A privileged communication is an exception to the rule that every defamatory publication implies malice. A qualified privilege is extended to a communication made in good faith upon any subject-matter in which the party communicating has an interest, or in reference to which he has a duty either legal, moral or social, if made to a person having a corresponding interest or duty and the burden of proving the existence of malice is cast upon the person claiming to have been defamed.” [Newell on Slander and Libel (2 Ed.), p. 391, sec. 6; Finley v. Steele, 60 S. W. Rep. 108; Sullivan v. Com. Co., 152 Mo. 268.]
In the text-book cited which is the latest publication on this subject, the author says, “The theory of privilege in connection with the law of defamation involves a variety of conditions of some nicety, and also a. doctrine not always of easy application to a set of facts, and such being the case in any trial, whether civil or criminal, while the questions of libel *302or no libel, malice or no malice, are matters of fact for tbe jury, the question of privilege or no privilege is entirely one of law for tbe judge. That is to say, it is exclusively for tbe judge to determine whether tbe occasion on which tbe alleged defamatory statement was made was such as to render tbe communication a privileged one. Tbe jury, however, will be tbe proper tribunal to determine tbe question of express malice where evidence of ill-will is forthcoming; but if, taken in connection with admitted facts, tbe words complained of are such as must have been used honestly and in good faith by tbe defendant, tbe judge may withdraw tbe case from a jury and direct a verdict for tbe defendant.” [Newell on Slander and Libel (2 Ed.), pp. 391-2, sec. 9.] But as was said by Kelley, C. B., in Cox v. Lee, 4 L. R. Exchequer, loc. cit. 288: “It is only when tbe judge is satisfied that tbe publication can not be a libel, and that, if it is found by tbe jury to be such, their verdict will be set aside, that be is justified in withdrawing tbe question from their cognizance.”
Tbe general doctrine upon this subject is well stated by Bigelow, L, in Gassett v. Gilbert, 6 Gray loc. cit. pp. 91, 98 and 99: “Tbe question, whether in a particular case a publication is to be deemed privileged, that is, whether tbe situation of tbe party making it and tbe circumstances attending it were such as to rebut tbe legal inference of malice, is a question of law to be determined by tbe court in tbe first instance (Coxhead v. Richards, 2 C. B. 569; Taylor v. Hawkins, 16 Ad. & El. N. R. 308). But, in deciding this question, tbe conditions on which it is to be held to be privileged must necessarily be assumed; that is, it must be taken for granted that tbe publication was believed, by tbe party who made it, to be true, and that it was made bona fide; because, if these elements are found to be wanting, then tbe jury would be authorized to infer malice. Tbe sole duty of tbe court, *303therefore, in such cases, is to determine whether the occasion, in the absence of actual malice, would justify the publication. If so, then it is incumbent on the plaintiff to prove the existence of malice in order to sustain his action; and this must be shown to the satisfaction of the jury, whose exclusive province it is to pass upon the question. But it is not necessary to prove it by extrinsic evidence. It may be inferred from the relation of the parties, the circumstances attending the publication, and even from the terms of the publication itself. [Wright v. Woodgate, 2 Cr. M. & R. 513, and Tyrwh. & Gr. 12.] * * * The defendants can not be justified if they have included in their notice any statements or language of a defamatory nature, not warranted by the occasion which called forth the publication. The privilege must be limited by the exigency; and if the defendants, by the terms of the notice published by them, exceeded the just limits which were necessary and proper to accomplish the legitimate purpose of protecting the corporation and the public from the unauthorized acts of the plaintiff, it will be evidence of malice proper to be weighed by the jury. So, too, the question of good faith on the part of the defendants, and their honest belief in the truth of the statements put forth by them, are matters of fact which are to be determined exclusively by the jury. Although it is not necessary for the defendants to prove the truth of the statements contained in the notice, in order to justify the publication, yet proof of their falsity is admissible on the part of the plaintiff to show that the defendants did not act on an honest belief in their truth.” These views are in harmony with the general current of authority and with our own rulings on the subject, so far as they have gone. [Heller v. Pulitzer Pub. Co., 153 Mo. 205; Sullivan v. Com. Co., 152 Mo. 268; Arnold v. Jewett, 125 Mo. 241; McGinnis v. Knapp, 109 Mo. 131; State v. Armstrong, 106 Mo. 395.] Of course at this stage of the *304case, it would, not be proper for us to comment, much less to express our opinion, upon the evidence in the case. But applying the principles stated to the plaintiff’s evidence as it appears in the record before us, we have no hesitation in saying that it made a prima facie ease for the jury. The publication contained very grave charges against the plaintiff affecting his personal, professional and official standing, and character, made in a quarter calculated to do him serious injury. His evidence tended to prove that the charges were false, that the defendant either knew or had the means of knowing that they were untrue. That the exigencies of the situation did not call for such charge for the protection of the interests the defendant had in charge, or warrant the language in which they were made, and that while the occasion was privileged, the publication was an abuse of the privilege. Hence, the ease ought to have gone to the, jury, and the court erred in refusing to set aside the nonsuit. The judgment of the circuit court will therefore be reversed and the cause remanded to that court for trial.
All concur.