10-3801-pr
Christopher Tatum v. John Lempke
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or
after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a
party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary
order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by
counsel.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, at 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
on the 1st day of June, two thousand twelve.
Present: DENNIS JACOBS,
Chief Judge,
ROBERT A. KATZMANN
Circuit Judge,
JOHN F. KEENAN
District Judge.*
____________________________________________________________
CHRISTOPHER TATUM,
Petitioner-Appellant,
-v- No. 10-3801-pr
JOHN B. LEMPKE, Superintendent,
Respondent-Appellee.
____________________________________________________________
For Petitioner-Appellant: JOSEPH M. LATINO, Croton on Hudson, N.Y.
For Respondent-Appellee: RHEA A. GROB (Victor Barall, Leonard Joblove, on the brief),
Assistant District Attorneys, for Charles J. Hynes, District
Attorney Kings County, Brooklyn, N.Y.
*
The Honorable John F. Keenan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
New York, sitting by designation.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
(Gleeson, J.).
ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Petitioner-Appellant Christopher Tatum (“Tatum”) appeals from an August 31, 2010
judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Gleeson, J.),
entered in accordance with a Memorandum and Order dated August 30, 2010, denying Tatum’s
petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. On June 12, 2003, following a
jury trial, Tatum was convicted of murder in the second degree pursuant to N.Y. Penal Law
§ 125.25[1], and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of twenty-five years to life. By order
dated April 19, 2011, we granted Tatum a certificate of appealability as to his Sixth Amendment
confrontation clause and ineffective assistance of counsel claims. This Court reviews the district
court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de novo. See Chalmers v. Mitchell, 73 F.3d 1262, 1266 (2d
Cir. 1996). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history
of this case.
We first consider Tatum’s challenge to the state courts’ factual determination that he
caused or acquiesced in the efforts of his brother – Samuel Tatum – to prevent an eyewitness –
Barrington Foote (“Foote”) – from testifying at his trial. The Sixth Amendment’s confrontation
clause provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. But the right to
confrontation is not absolute. The Supreme Court has held that a defendant’s intentional
misconduct may result in the waiver of his rights under the Confrontation Clause. Illinois v.
Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 342-43 (1970); see also Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 (2004)
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(“[T]he rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing (which we accept) extinguishes confrontation claims on
essentially equitable grounds . . . .”). Under New York law, before a witness’s out-of-court
testimony may be admitted into evidence during the government’s case-in-chief, there must be
clear and convincing evidence that the defendant caused or acquiesced in the unavailability of
the witness. See Cotto v. Herbert, 331 F.3d 217, 235 (2d Cir. 2003). This Court, however, has
held that the confrontation clause merely requires the prosecution to establish by a
preponderance of the evidence that a defendant procured a witness’s unavailability. Id.
Therefore, a court’s finding of admissibility under New York’s higher standard, if correct, also
satisfies the constitutional standard. Id. (noting that the federal standard “is actually less
stringent than the New York standard.”).
Because the state court adjudicated Tatum’s confrontation clause claim on the merits1 and
its conclusion that Tatum caused Foote’s unavailability is a finding of fact, we can only grant
Tatum’s habeas petition if we find that: (1) the state court’s factual determination was
unreasonable in light of the evidence presented during the state court proceeding, 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(2); or (2) Tatum presented clear and convincing evidence that the state court erred in
its factual determination, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).2 Neither of these standards are met.
1
An “adjudication on the merits” is one that “(1) disposes of the claim ‘on the merits,’
and (2) reduces its disposition to judgment.” Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 311-12 (2d Cir.
2001) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)).
2
The Supreme Court has yet to speak on the precise relationship between the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty of 1996’s (“AEDPA”) two provisions requiring
deference to state-court findings of fact, i.e. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(2) and (e)(1). See Wood v.
Allen, 130 S. Ct. 841, 849 (2010) (“[W]e have explicitly left open the question whether [the
arguably more deferential standard set out in] § 2254(e)(1) applies in every case presenting a
challenge under § 2254(d)(2)”) (citation omitted). It is unnecessary for us to reach this legal
issue because we find that Tatum’s petition must be denied under either standard.
3
Tatum is correct that there was no direct evidence demonstrating that he caused his
brother to threaten Foote, but the absence of such evidence does not render the state court’s
determination unreasonable. See People v. Geraci, 85 N.Y.2d 359, 369 (1995) (“Circumstantial
evidence is not a disfavored form of proof and, in fact, may be stronger than direct evidence
when it depends upon ‘undisputed evidentiary facts about which human observers are less likely
to err . . . or to distort.’”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The trial court properly relied on
circumstantial evidence implicating Tatum in his brother’s conduct. Id. (noting that “given the
inherently surreptitious nature of witness tampering, the proponent of Grand Jury testimony or
other hearsay evidence will often have nothing more to reply upon than circumstantial proof”).
Additionally, the state court reasonably noted that since Tatum was the sole person charged with
the crime, he was the only person who stood to lose by Foote’s testimony, and the person with
the most to gain by his silence. See id. at 369-70 (finding circumstantial evidence – such as
motive and opportunity – sufficient to establish that defendant procured witness’s
unavailability).3
Tatum has also failed to present “clear and convincing evidence” that the state court’s
factual determination was erroneous. When conducting a habeas review, we must consider a
3
Relying on Perkins v. Herbert, 596 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2010), Tatum argues that the state
court “confused motive with causation; that Samuel Tatum had the motive to ‘help’ his brother
by threatening witnesses, that petitioner would purportedly benefit from such threats, in no way
demonstrates that petitioner was behind the threats.” Pet’r’s Br. 22. In Perkins, however, this
Court held that there was insufficient evidence of a defendant’s involvement in threats made to a
prospective witness where a codefendant had the same motive and the prosecution had not
presented any evidence that the defendant had an opportunity to threaten the witness. Id. at 173.
By contrast, in this case, there was only one defendant. Thus, the district court did not err by
relying on its observation that no one other than the petitioner stood to benefit from Samuel
Tatum’s efforts to prevent Foote from testifying.
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state court’s factual determinations to be presumptively correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
Tatum’s repeated assertion that Samuel Tatum could have acted alone is an inadequate basis on
which to overcome this presumption.
We turn next to Tatum’s claim that his right to effective assistance of trial counsel was
violated when his lawyer failed to file a timely notice of alibi with respect to the testimony of
Kimberly Dowling (“Dowling”), Tatum’s common-law wife, who would have testified that she
and Tatum were at home at the time of the murder. Although Tatum’s trial counsel stated on the
record his reasons for choosing not to file a notice of alibi earlier in the proceedings, Tatum did
not bring an ineffective assistance claim as part of his direct appeal from his conviction. Instead,
after his direct appeal was denied, Tatum filed a pro se motion in New York trial court pursuant
to New York Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10, seeking to vacate his judgment of conviction
based on the ineffective assistance of his trial counsel. The trial court denied this motion,
concluding that Tatum was barred from bringing an ineffective assistance claim because he
could have done so on direct appeal. Additionally, the trial court rejected Tatum’s motion on the
merits, finding that petitioner had not identified any reason to doubt the validity of trial counsel’s
assertion that he had investigated the possible alibi witness and had chosen not to file the notice.
We hold that the state courts’ determination that the claim lacked merit was not contrary to, or an
unreasonable application of, federal law.4 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Accordingly, it is
unnecessary for us to decide whether Tatum’s claim was procedurally barred.
4
Tatum argues that his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim should be reviewed de
novo because “[t]he trial court did not address the merits of the claim.” Pet’r’s Br. 42. This
argument misstates the state court’s decision, which found Tatum’s claim to be procedurally
barred but also addressed its merits. Accordingly, we must afford AEDPA deference to the state
courts’ decision. See Zarvela v. Artuz, 364 F.3d 415, 417 (2d Cir. 2005) (granting AEDPA
deference to state court’s alternative holding on the merits).
5
Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), counsel is ineffective only if his
assistance is deficient and that deficiency results in prejudice. Id. at 687. In applying this
standard, counsel’s performance must be reviewed objectively and measured for “reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688. Moreover, a reviewing court must make
“every effort . . . to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight,” and “indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance” and “might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Finally, even if counsel was deficient, the Sixth Amendment is violated only if “there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
The New York Supreme Court did not misapply the Strickland standard when it denied
Tatum’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim. The record reflects that trial counsel was
aware that Dowling might have been able to provide the defendant with an alibi defense. The
record also shows, however, that once trial counsel interviewed Dowling, he made the strategic
choice to forgo such a defense because, in his opinion, the witness was not credible. That
counsel later reconsidered this decision does not mean his earlier determination was outside the
“range of reasonable professional assistance,” id. at 689.
Finally, Tatum contends that the state courts unreasonably applied the Strickland
standard to his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. Specifically, Tatum avers that
appellate counsel was deficient because it failed to raise his ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claim on direct appeal. This argument lacks merit. Under established federal law, to prevail on
a claim that appellate counsel’s performance was deficient based on a failure to raise an issue on
direct appeal, a petitioner must demonstrate more than the omission by appellate counsel of a
6
non-frivolous argument. Clark v. Stinson, 214 F.3d 315, 322 (2d Cir. 2000). Instead, “a
petitioner may establish constitutionally inadequate performance if he shows that counsel
omitted significant and obvious issues while pursuing issues that were clearly and significantly
weaker.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this standard, the state courts
reasonably concluded that Tatum’s appellate attorney did not err by choosing to forgo an
ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim where the record showed that the trial counsel had
made a strategic decision not to file a notice of alibi.
We have considered Tatum’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
7