— The controversy in this case is between the city of Doniphan and the plaintiff, who claims a strip of land which the city insists is a part of one of its public streets.
The questions which must be answered are three:
Eirst, was the strip in question ever a portion of a public state'road?
*606Second, was that road ever lawfully reduced, from a width of sixty feet to one of forty feet?
Third, notwithstanding it shall appear that this strip was at one time included in the Pilot Knob and Doniphan state' road, and notwithstanding said road has never been reduced in width by any act of the Legislature, or judgment of the county court, or city'council, is the city not estopped from claiming it as against plaintiff, who bought it of Daniel Lee and built a hotel thereon, with the knowledge of the city and county officials, without official interference?
The strip is-alleged to be 131| feet long and about 25 feet wide at the south end, and 16 feet wide at the north end.
Ouster -was laid as of January 29t, 1898. The answer admits the city’s possession and justifies on the ground that the strip is a portion of what was once the Pilot Knob and Doniphan State road, and that by. the incorporation of it into the city of Doniphan this strip became and continued to be a part of one of its highways or streets, to the control and possession of which it had a right. The reply asserts that if it should appear that this was a part of a state road or street, the defendant is estopped for the reason that it suffered plaintiff to take charge and possession of it and build a large hotel on it, and defendant has taxed it since 1886 as plaintiff’s property, and plaintiff has paid taxes so assessed to defendant city.
I. The plaintiff deraigns title through Daniel Lee. The southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 26, township 23, range 2 east, in Ripley'county, was patented in 1831 to George Lee. By warranty deed in' 1853, George Lee conveyed to William Russell that portion of said forty acre's “lying east of lots 15, 16, II and 18, in the town of Doniphan.” The patent and these deeds were duly recorded.
On March 15, 1859, Russell and wife by warranty deed conveyed this last-mentioned tract to Lemuel Kittrell, by the *607description, “That part to the east of the town of Doniphan joining lots 15, 16, 17 and 18, and south of Nicolas Byars’s spring branch, and west of the main state road,” containing one acre more or less.
Kittrell died testate, having devised this same tract to his wife, Lorena' Kittrell. By her deed of October 5, 1866, Mrs. Kittrell conveyed, by the same description, this one acre to Eairchild, and Fairchild by the same description conveyed this acre, more or less, to Daniel A. Lee. In 1883, Daniel Lee platted and laid off án addition to the town of Doniphan on this acre tract and included in it the strip of land now in controversy and designated it as part of lots 1 and 2 of block 1 of Lee’s addition. His action at that time is the origin of this litigation. When Lee took the surveyor, Captain Naylor, on the ground to make the survey for his addition, Mr. Thomas Mabrey, who owned the lands on one side of what was then generally known and recognized as the state road from Doniphan to Pilot Knob, was present.
Captain Naylor testified as follows:
“Q. Now, what did Lee do about that twenty feet, do you recollect A. After we measured across and had driven the corner, Mabrey’s corner, Mabrey was standing there and I started back and Dan Lee came up and come between me and Mr. Mabrey. We were not over six or seven feet apart and he proposed to Mr. Mabrey to take one of the ten feet of the forty, one-half of it, and he would take the other. Mabi’ey says to him, ‘No, we want the full sixty-foot street here, and I will not take it.’ Mr. L.ee says, ‘Then if you do not take it I will take it myselfMr. Lee says to me, ‘Well, measure out to where the forty-foot- street — leave .a forty-foot street.’
“Q. Then when you made that plat you included these lots in his (Lee’s) addition? A. Yes,'sir.
*608“Q. You included that twenty feet, in it? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And staked it out as such, including that twenty feet'? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And Lee knew at that time that twenty feet did not belong to him ? A. I don’t know about that.
“Q. It wasn’t covered by those two deeds, was it ? A. I didn’t see any other deeds’at all. I was working for an individual then, and I was to survey any part that he should show me to survey and measure. I took the course of the west side of the street, then to Byar’s bar, and it went north fifteen east.
“Q. Was Mr. Wright living in town at that time? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Did he know about that survey being made ? A. Yes, sir; he knew it.”
He testified further that after that this road never ran on this twenty feet until after plaintiff’s hotel burned down, and the city took possession and graded it down.
Thomas Mabrey testified that the state road at this point was sixty feet wide as he understood from Kittrell, who was one of the commissioners who marked and viewed it. It was recognized as a state road. Kittrell owned the land, on both sides of it. He (Kittrell) recognized it as sixty feet wide. Kittrell had a hotel on lot 16 in the original town in 1859. “I boarded with him.” He testified further as follows:
“Q. What, if any, conversation did you have with Mr. Lee relative to the reduction of this road to forty feet, or attempted reduction of this road to forty feet, or attempted reduction ? A. We had a good deal of conversation about it. He was going to see the county court and reduce it as it run through town. He said he didn’t care how it was out of town. He wanted to reduce the street so as to take possession of the land; I opposed it.
*609“Q. It never was reduced before- the county court, was it? A. I don’t know about-that; the records would show. He told me afterwards that the county court had reduced it, and he was kind enough to say that I might have ten feet of the twenty, and he take the other ten. I still opposed it and told him we ought not to cut it down. I told him I didn’t believe the county had the right to do it, and if they had the right we ought not to do it; we ought to have the road sixty feet wide and I wouldn’t take any part of it. He then employed Captain Naylo-r to- do the surveying of the lots and called me to give me ten feet on my side and he take ten feet on his. It was recognized by everybody around here as being the state road from Doniphan to Pilot Knob. The road had just been cut out from Pilot Knob to this place.
“Q. Mr. Wright at that time was a resident of this place, wasn’t he ? A. I don’t know just when Mr. Wright came here. I think at the time of laying off this lot he was.
fiQ. You know that Mr. Wright was a resident then ? A. I think that he was a resident at that time.”
Lee platted the twenty feet in his addition and they drove the stakes on the sides of the forty-foot road and since then the road never run there. No official action was ever taken to prevent Lee or his vendees from occupying the twenty-foot strip.
The plat made and filed at that time is as follows:
“d. A lee’s ADDITION TO THE TOWN OE DONIPHAN, MO.
■ “Commencing 40 feet west of Thomas Mabrey’s southwest corner, and 35 feet and 7 inehés east of E. W. Wright’s southeast corner, and being 2 feet east of the southeast corner of lot number 16, Old Town of Doniphan, Mo., and drove in the ground an iron rod ten inches long by three-quarters *610inch thick, being the southeast corner of D. A. Lee’s addition; then run 20 feet east; then run a line where Byer’s drawbars were; the bars being gone, but definitely located by N. O. Cockran and Linzie Dudley; then. commencing 2 feet east, southeast corner of town lot 16, Old Town of Doniphan, and run north 15 degrees and 45 minutes east, 94 feet for lot 1; then run north same variation 374 feet f°r lot 2; then 374 feet for lot 3;. then 374 feet f°r lot 4; then 374 feet for lot 5; then 374 feet for lot 6; then 374 feet for lot 7; then west 7 degrees south 153 feet and 4 inches; thence south to E. W. Wright’s building; then east 2 feet; thence south to Washington street; thence east 7 degrees north to iron rod, the place of beginning, and being on the east side of the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter, section 26 in township 23, range 2 east.
“This 22nd day of February, 1883.
“D. A. Lee.”
Plaintiff offered in evidence the general warranty deed of D. A. Lee and Mary E. Lee, his wife, to Edward W. Wright, filed for record March 6, 1883, conveying lot No. 1, D. A. Lee’s addition to Doniphan, Missouri, and a warranty deed from Dan’l A. Lee and Mary E. Lee to Edward W. Wright, dated January 15, 1884, filed for record same day, conveying lot No. 2, block No. 1, D. A. Lee’s addition to town of Doniphan.
It was shown that, in 1883, the plaintiff Wright built a hotel on a part of these lots at a cost of about $4,000; that this hotel occupied the strip now in suit. The hotel burned down in 1897, and thereupon the city graded down the street to the width of sixty feet, cutting down and removing a large amount of dirt, and thereupon plaintiff brought this suit.
The' defendant offered in.evidence an act of the Legislature, approved February 17, 1857, entitled “An Act to es*611tablish a state road from Doniphan, in Ripley county, to Pilot Knob, in Madison County.” [Laws of Missouri 1856-57, page 843.] This Act designates commissioners “to view and mark out a state road from Doniphan to Pilot Knob.” The width of the road is not fixed by the act, but the general statutes then in force (Revised Statutes of 1855, chapter 137, section 28) provided that “all state roads shall be marked out sixty feet wide.” Defendant next read in evidence the report of the commissioners of their survey and view, which was ordered approved and filed, by the county court of Ripley county.
Defendant next read in evidence an act of the General Assembly, approved January 5, 1860 (Laws of Missouri 1859-60, p. 587). By this act the action of the commissioners was ratified and confirmed and the several county courts along the route-were directed “to cause said road to be opened according to the location and survey thereof.”
Upon this state of the evidence, no sort of doubt could exist that a public state road had been laid out and established from Pilot Knob to- Doniphan and that it was sixty feet wide and that Daniel Lee knew not only of the existence of the road, but that it had been sixty feet wide and that by his survey and plat he assumed to appropriate twenty feet off the east side of said road and platted it in his addition. The offer of Lee to Mabrey to permit the latter to take ten feet and his statement that he would take ten feet and thus leave forty feet for the road, demonstrates that the road was sixty feet wide where it ran between his land and Mabrey’s. As far as Lee was concerned, no stronger proof of the actual location of the road could be required. Mabrey’s evidence corroborates Captain Naylor in every respect, and this evidence was entirely competent to show the location of the road, since the evidence of the county clerk disclosed that the reports of the commissioners named by the act of the Legislature had been burnt and destroyed.
*612Answering the 'first question, then, we think the learned circuit court could have had no hesitancy in finding that a public state road had been marked out and located from Pilot Knob to Doniphan, pursuant to an act. of the Legislature, and that the work of the commissioners had been ratified by the Legislature and the county court. These facts all appear in the most authentic and solemn form. As the original report had been destroyed 'by fire, the next best evidence was the proof that this road had been opened, and the statement of Lemuel Kittrell, one of the commissioners who owned the land on both sides of said road, while in possession, that the road was sixty feet wide through his premises, and the record showing that the strip in controversy was a part of Kittrell’s said tract, together with the uncontradicted evidence of Captain Naylor and Mr. Mábrey that the road was not only established and traveled, -but was recognized by the public for many years as sixty feet wide at the very point where this strip was situated, would seem to leave nothing" more to satisfy the court of the establishment of this road.. It was not a road merely by user or prescription, but a public state road by act of and under the authority of the Legislature.
Nor do we think the court, from its declarations of law, hesitated to so find, but we must look elsewhere in the record to find the basis of the court’s judgment for plaintiff.
The second question is even more easily answered. There was no evidence that the Legislature reduced the road to forty feet by any subsequent act. The general ■ law of 1865 (General Statutes 1865, page 290, section 5) clearly had no such effect. By its terms it only refers to roads thereafter to be established by the county courts. Neither was there any competent evidence that the county court vacated this twenty feet of this state road. No record was produced to show such action by the county court.
*613The third query was answered by the court by its declaration of law as follows:
“2. The court further declares the law to be, that notwithstanding it may believe and find from the evidence in this ease, that the land in controversy was, at the time plaintiff took possession and made the improvements of the same, a part of the land within the limits of what had formerly been the state road, yet if it finds and believes from the evidence that at the time plaintiff took possession and made the improvements, - and that he did make the improvements by building a hotel, on said lands, he believed that he had title fo said lands, and did not know that said lands were a part of any road or street, and that the defendant city has ever since it has' been incorporated, assessed said lands to the plaintiff, and collected and received taxes from plaintiff on the same, and has not claimed said lands as being any part of the street) then it is estopped from now setting up or claiming title to said lands, and' the finding should be for the plaintiff.”
In other words, the learned circuit court applied the doctrine of equitable estoppel. That the action of the city authorities in assessing this strip for city taxes did not estop the public for whom the city was a trustee in its governmental capacity, we regard as too well settled in this State and elsewhere to require extended discussion.
In St. Louis v. Gorman, 29 Mo. 593, Judge Scott, with the concurrence of the whole court, ruled that the city was not estopped by the action of its officers in assessing the city’s property to third persons, and such has been the general course of judicial opinion elsewhere.
Judge EnmoTT, in his work on Roads and Streets (2 Ed.), section. 884, says: “It is difficult to conceive upon what principle an equitable estoppel can be securely placed in such cases, for the person who encroaches upon, a public-way must hnow, as a matter of law, that the way belongs to *614the public, that the local authorities can neither directly nor indirectly alien the way, and that they can not divert it to a private use. As the person who uses the highway must possess this knowledge, and in legal contemplation does possess it, one of the chief elements of an estoppel is absent.”
That Daniel Lee knew' this was a highway sixty feet wide when he assumed to appropriate twenty feet of it to his own private use, is beyond all speculation. His- offer to let Mabrey, the adjoining proprietor, take ten feet of this road, removes every doubt on this point. The plaintiff Wright was at that time a resident of Doniphan and owned one of the lots (16) immediately abutting’ on Lee’s acre. He knew of Lee’s appropriation, and of the existence of the highway, as the recitals in his chain of title disclosed, and, as Judge Elliott says, he was bound as a matter of law to know that the highway was there and to know of its width.
As said by the Supreme Court of Alabama in Webb v. Demopolis, 95 Ala. loc. cit. 134, “Neither the statute of limitations, nor the rule which carries title to adverse possession, nor the doctrines of staleness, equitable estoppel or prescription, can be invoked or applied'against the right of the city and of the public to have this street opened from end to end and from side to side.” “The city never had any alienable title to or right in the street.” Neither did the failure of the city authorities to prosecute plaintiff for nuisance for obstructing the highway constitute any estoppel.
Judge Dillon in his work on Municipal Corporations section 669, quotes with approval from an opinion of Mr. Justice Sergeant, in Com. v. Alburger, 1 Wharton (Pa.) 487, as follows: “These principles, indeed, pervade the laws of the most enlightened nations as well as our own code, and are essential to the protection of public rights, which would be gradually frittered away, if the want of complaint or prosecution gave the party a right. Individuals may rea,sonably be held to a limited period to enforce their right *615against adverse occupants, because they have sufficient interest to make them vigilant. Bnt in public rights of property, each individual feels hut a slight interest, and rather tolerates even a manifest encroachment, than seeks a dispute to set it right.”
In view of these almost universal principles of law, the declaration of law given by tbe court as above set out must be held reversible error.
It is conceded by plaintiff’s counsel that inasmuch as the illegal misappropriation by Lee of the strip in controversy began in 1883, long after the statutes of this State settled the law that the statute of limitations did not run against the State, that the city of Doniphan, which as to this highway represents the sovereignty of the State, is not barred by time or occupation of this strip by Lee or the plaintiff. [St. Louis v. Railroad, 114 Mo. 13; Williams v. St. Louis, 120 Mo. 403.]
It results that the judgment of the circuit court must he and it is hereby reversed.
All concur.