Prom a judgment and decree of the circuit court of Buchanan county, in favor of defendants, plaintiffs appeal.
This is a proceeding to contest the validity of the will of George S. Karnes, who died in Buchanan county, Missouri, on the — day of March, 1904, at the age of eighty-two. Mrs. Jennie Winn and Mrs. Elizabeth Jeffries are daughters of George S. Karnes, deceased, and Leroy Jeffries, the husband of Mrs. Jeffries. The defendants, or proponents of the will, are children of the deceased; Edward Gilpin, husband of Carrie Gilpin, and John N. Karnes, being executors of the will. On January 8, 1901, deceased made, executed and published what purported to be his last will and testament and said will was duly admitted to probate by the probate court of Buchanan county, Missouri, on March 18, 1904, and the defendants, Edward Gilpin and John N. Karnes, appointed therein as executors, duly qualified as such and took charge of the estate.
The petition alleges that for many years prior to the time of his death and prior to the time of the execution of the alleged last will and testament of said George S. Karnes, said George S. Karnes was decrepit and infirm both in mind and body; that prior to the date of the execution of the alleged will and for some years before said date, said George S«. Karnes had languished both in mind and body, and had been entirely unable to manage his own affairs and transact his own business, and that at the time of the execution of the alleged last will and testament deceased did not have sufficient mental capacity to make a will, and did not have sufficient mental ca*429pacity to know or understand the nature of said in-' struxnent or the effect thereof, and that said alleged last will was not the free and voluntary act of said George S. Karnes; that at the time of the execution of the will, Margaret Tull, one of the children of said George S. Karnes, and the principal beneficiary under the terms of said will, was residing with and was caring for said George S. Karnes, was nursing and ministering unto him during his sickness at said time, and exercised complete control and dominion oyer the mind of said George S. Karnes; that John N. Karnes, one of the defendants herein, for many years prior to the death of said George S. Karnes, managed the affairs of said George S. Karnes and transacted almost all of his business, and that in the management and transaction of his business said George S. Karnes relied for guidance and assistance entirely upon the said John N. Karnes; that said John N. Karnes resided within a short distance of George S. Karnes and almost daily and frequently often during the same day was at the place of said George S. Karnes, exercising complete dominion, control and authority, not only over the affairs of said George S. Karnes, but also over said George S. Karnes himself. The petition further alleges that the defendants conspired together for the purpose of prejudicing the mind of said George S. Karnes against the plaintiffs, and for the purpose of procuring the disinheriting of the plaintiffs by said George S. Karnes; that said defendants conspiring together and using their influence upon said George S. Karnes, caused him to acquire a dislike for plaintiffs, which said dislike was without cause or excuse, and was the result of the conduct of defendants and by their influence over said George S. Karnes; that until George S. Karnes became old, decrepit and infirm and until his mind became impaired, he had great affection for plaintiffs, and that the aforesaid dislike of said George S. Karnes for the plaintiffs *430was the result of long and persistent deceit and fraud on the part of defendants, especially of Maggie Tull and John Karnes; that said Maggie Tull and John Karnes, well knowing that George S. Karnes had become infirm both in mind and body and well knowing that he was unable to withstand their influence, both jointly and singly set about to procure the execution of the alleged last will and testament, and to that end continually misrepresented the conduct and actions of the plaintiffs toward their father, and falsely represented to said George S. Karnes and made him believe that these plaintiffs were devoid of affection toward him, and said Maggie Tull and John Karnes so completely dominated the failing mind of said George S. Karnes as to make him falsely believe that the plaintiffs were in collusion against him for the purpose both of securing his property and destroying his happiness during his declining years, and made him falsely believe that he had already given to the plaintiffs more than their just share of his estate, which was well known to said Maggie Tull and John Karnes to be false. The petition further alleges that defendants Maggie Tull and John Karnes, particularly during the last few years of the life of said George S. Karnes, and especially at the time of the execution of the alleged will by said George S. Karnes, were his confidential advisers, and in the execution of the alleged will Maggie Tull and John Karnes substituted their will and wish for the wish of George S. Karnes, and that the alleged will was the direct result of undue influence, fraud and deceit practiced upon said George S. Karnes by each of the defendants, especially by Maggie Tull and John Karnes.
The answer of the defendants admits the death of George S. Karnes, and that at the time of his death he was a resident of Buchanan county, Missouri; admits that plaintiffs are daughters of the said George S. Karnes, deceased, and that the defendants are also *431children of George S. Karnes, deceased; admits that George S. Karnes did not leave surviving him a widow and that he left no children except the parties to this suit, and that there are and were no children of deceased children, and after admitting the execution of the will and affirming its validity, denies all other allegations of the petition.
The cause was tried at the regular January term, 1905, of the circuit court of Buchanan county. The testimony introduced upon the trial tended to show that George S. Karnes, commonly called Sampson Karnes, resided in Buchanan county, Missouri, for more than sixty years prior to the execution of the will introduced in evidence, and during the greater part of that time was a man of large means, carried on an extensive business in farming and stock raising, transacted business with the banks of the city of St. Joseph, and at the time of his death had on time deposit with the Tootle-Lemon National Bank, $4,500. He left a will dated January 8, 1901. The will was drawn by Mr. Henry M. Ramey, who was at that time practicing law in the city of St. Joseph, and was attested by John S. Lemon, president of the Tootle-Lemon National Bank, J. C. Wyatt, merchant, and John F. Imel, attorney at law. At the trial of the cause Mr. John S. Lemon was unable to be present in court on account of the condition of his health.
On the part of the proponents of the will the evidence was substantially as follows:
J. C. Wyatt, one of the subscribing witnesses, testified that he was engaged in the mercantile busi-. ness in the city of St’. Joseph, and that he had known Mr. Karnes for about thirty-five years. In substance this witness testified as follows:. When I first knew Mr. Karnes he was very strong mentally and physically; in my opinion he was a man of rather more than average intelligence; a man with a good mind, strong memory, I think; that condition existed as far *432as I know np to three or four years ago; I saw him •frequently; customer of onrs, and I talked a great deal with him personally in a business way; I think I saw him on an average of once a week up to the last four or five years previous to his death. Mr. Karnes was a very positive man — a man of positive opinions, and a man that understood his business thoroughly. About four years ago Mr. Karnes asked me to witness his will. I was sent for at the store; I found him in Judge Ramey’s office; I don’t remember all the little details that occurred there; however, he asked me to witness his will; asked some other gentlemen — two others also. The will was read; it struck me as being an unusual occurrence; I had witnessed a number of wills and I never knew of one previous to that being read; after the will was read and before he signed it, he said it was just as he had requested it to be made. Mr. Karnes signed the will in the presence of Mr. Imel, Mr. Lemon, Judge Ramey and myself. At the time of the execution of his will he was changed a little in his physical condition, probably on account of his age, but with reference to his mental condition I saw nothing that caused me to question it. In the transaction of his business his family bought the goods — Mr. Karnes sometimes would buy them, and often would not — whatever his family might purchase, probably within a month or less or more, he would come in and pay the bill; I have no recollection of any one else having paid the bills up to three or four years ago. As a rule when people come into the store to pay their bills they pay them to the cashier, but Mr. Karnes either wanted Mr. Townsend or myself to attend to that for him; he seemed to be that peculiar about it.
John F. Imel, another one of the subscribing witnesses, testified that he was engaged in the practice of law, and at the request of Judge Ramey he called at his office to witness the execution of this will. This *433witness testified that he was not acquainted with George S. Karnes prior to the meeting on January 8, 1901. He further stated: Some statement was made in the presence of Mr. Karnes that he was close to eighty years of age. Judging from his actions, his talk and his conduct, and just from looking at him and talking to him I would judge him to have been about sixty years of age. Judge Ramey read the will over to him and we moved around a little in signing it; Mr. Karnes got up as I remember it and went up to the desk and signed it; he said that was his will, and he asked us parties that were there to act as witnesses for him, and declared it to be his will, and then we signed it as witnesses. After the will was reád over, just before I signed it, I says, “Mr. Karnes, do you think of any change that you want in that ‘since hearing it read over ? ’’ and he said, ‘‘None at all. That .is exactly right; that is the way I want it. ’ ’ He seemed to understand fully the subject he was discussing. He was apparently a well man. In answer to a question as to whether or not in his opinion George S. Karnes was at that time mentally capable of making, executing and publishing .this paper as his last will and testament, the witness answered: “I think he was capable of doing it; as much so as any other man.” Witness identified his signature as a witness to the paper, also the signature of George S. Karnes and testified that the will was signed in his presence.
Over the objection of the plaintiffs, proponents then offered the will itself in evidence, which is in words and figures as follows:
“Know All Men By These Presents, That I, George S. Karnes, of the county of Buchanan, in the State of Missouri, being of sound mind and disposing memory, do make and publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made:
*434“First. Upon my death, and the probate of this my last will I desire and direct my executors to take out letters of administration and take charge of all my estate, both real, personal and mixed, except the real estate hereinafter given to my daughter, Sarah J. Winn, which they are not to take into their possession except to turn over to her, unless the same is necessary to pay my debts or the legacies hereinafter bequeathed.
‘ ‘ Second. • I have now eight children living. First: Mary E. Grier, wife of William Grier; Elizabeth Anna Jeffries, wife of Leroy Jeffries; Sarah J. Winn, intermarried with Furman S. Winn; Pascal W. Karnes, Abigail Gilpin, wife of William Gilpin; John N. Karnes, Carrie Gilpin, wife of Edward Gilpin, and Margaret E. Tull, wife of Charles Tull. My beloved wife is dead and the above named are all of my living children and heirs at law.
“I have from time to time given to each of my said children, property and money in such amounts as to me seemed proper and just.
“The land I have given to my daughters was deeded to their husbands.
“To my daughter Mary Grier I have given land and personal property.
“To my daughter, Elizabeth Anna Jeffries, I gave land and personal property.
“To my daughter, Sarah J. Winn, I gave money and other personal property, and paid out large sums for her and her husband which I estimate at six thousand five hundred (6,500) dollars.
“To my son, Pascal W. Karnes, I gave some land and money and other personal property.
‘ ‘ To my daughter, Abigail Gilpin, I gave land and personal property.
“To my son, John N. Karnes, I gave land.
“To my daughter, Carrie Gilpin, I gave money *435and other personal property, and to my daughter, Margaret E. Tull, I gave money and other personal property.
“The money, personal property and land that I have heretofore given to my children were not in equal amounts. To some I have given more than to others.
“I gave more to my son-, John N. Karnes, than I have given to any other child, but he worked for me many years after he became twenty-one years of age, without pay, and I desired in some measure to compensate him for his services.
“The gifts above referred to were made by me to my children from time to time, after fully considering all the facts and surrounding circumstances, and it ,is my desire and will that none of the land, money or personal property be brought into hotch-pot or accounted for by any one of my said children, but that each and every one of them retain as his or her respective property, all that I have heretofore given to them and each of them.
“Third. I give and bequeath to each of my daughters, Elizabeth Anna Jeffries and Sarah J. "Winn, five dollars, to be paid to each of them by my executors within the time and in the manner hereinafter provided.
“Fourth. I give and bequeath to my daughter Margaret E. Tull, her heirs and assigns forever two thousand five hundred dollars to be paid to her by my executors, in the manner and within the time hereinafter specified.
“Fifth. I give and devise to my daughter, Sarah J. Winn, the north sixty feet of lots one, two, three, four, and five, in block two in Rogers’ Second Addition, an addition to the city of St. Joseph, Buchanan county, Missouri, together with all the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging, or in any wise appertaining to have and to hold unto her, her heirs and assigns forever.
*436“Sixth. After the payment of the legacies given to my daughters by paragraph three and four of this will, I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my property, real, personal and mixed, of every nature and kind, and wherever situate, to my sons and daughters, Mary E. Grier, Pascal W. Karnes, Abigail Gilpin, John N. Karnes, Carrie Gilpin and Margaret Tull, share and share alike, to have and to hold unto them, their heirs and assigns forever.
‘1 Seventh. Should either of my sons or daughters named in paragraph six of this will, die without issue of his or her body or direct descendents in blood, then the share of said deceased shall go to the brothers and sisters named in said paragraph six, share and share alike.
“Eighth. Should my daughters, Elizabeth Anna Jeffries and Sarah J. Winn, or either of them decease before I do, then I direct that the legacies directed by paragraph three of this will to be paid them respectively shall not be paid to the heirs of said deceased daughter, but shall go to my children named in paragraph six of this my will, share and share alike.
“Ninth. Having the most implicit confidence in the honesty and fidelity of my son-in-law, Edward Gilpin, and my son, John N. Karnes, I hereby name and appoint them executors of this my last will and testament.
“Tenth. My executors are hereby directed to take charge of all my estate and to first pay all my debts and next to pay the legacies provided for in this will, the legacies to be paid to the respective parties within the shortest time possible, under the administration laws of the State.
‘ ‘ Eleventh. If in the opinion of my said executors it becomes necessary to sell any of my real estate *437to pay my debts or to pay the legacies herein provided for, then in that event they are hereby directed and empowered to sell said real estate or so much thereof as in their judgment is necessary for said purposes, provided that the real estate given to my daughter, Sarah J. Winn, shall not be sold to pay debts or legacies until after all my other real estate has been sold and the proceeds applied to the payment of said debts and legacies.
“Twelfth. Upon taking charge of my estate my said executors shall immediately turn over to my said, daughter, Sarah J. Winn, the real estate devised to her by paragraph five of this will unless in their judgment such real estate is necessary to' pay my said debts or the legacies herein provided for.
“Thirteenth. On the first day of April, 1897, I conveyed by deed duly executed to John N. and Pascal W„ Karnes, about one-fourth of an acre of ground in the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of section five in township fifty-six of range thirty-four, being the family cemetery, in trust, as in said deed provided, and I hereby direct and empower my said executors to turn over to said trustees from time to time sufficient money to enable them to keep said cemetery in order and proper repair.
“Fourteenth. After fully administering my estate the payment of all just debts and the legacies herein provided for, all the rest and residue of my property, real, personal and mixed, shall be turned over to my sons and daughters named in paragraph six of this will.
“In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this 8th day of January, 1901.
“G-eorgb S. Karnes.
“We, the undersigned, attest the above and foregoing will by subscribing our names hereto as wit*438nesses in the presence and at the request of George S. Karnes, the testator, this 8th day of January, 1901.
“John C. Wyatt,
“John S. Lemon,
“John I. Imel.”
On behalf of the plaintiffs eighteen or nineteen witnesses were introduced, and the record is quite voluminous. We do not deem it essential to a correct determination of the legal propositions involved to burden this opinion with a reproduction in detail of their testimony. It is sufficient to say that we have carefully read in detail the entire disclosures of this record. The witnesses testifying on behalf of the plaintiff were the plaintiffs, their two children, a nephew of testator and neighbors and acquaintances of George S. Karnes.
Witness Evans testified that Mr. Karnes failed to recognize him on two occasions, and that when he, witness, told him his name was “Evans” testator inquired, “What Evans?” to which witness replied, “Louis;” that testator then remarked that he was growing old pretty fast; he didn’t know everybody. That was in 1900'; that later on meeting him in- the cemetery he had to again tell him who he was; on other occasions Mr. Karnes always recognized him. This witness further testified that he noticed a change in Mr. Karnes four years ago last November; that he was physically running down. On the two occasions referred to, witness testified that testator looked wild out of his eyes — excited. •
Other witnesses testified that at times testator failed to recognize acquaintances, and when told who they were would express surprise, and say, “Oh, yes, that is so,” or that he was absent-minded, or words to that effect. Witnesses testified that at times Mr. Karnes talked incoherently and disconnectedly, and that in the discussion of politics he would become very *439much excited, and say that certain men ought not to he • allowed to run for office.
The testator was a strong Republican; he condemned William J. Bryan; said he wasn’t honest, and that he ought not to be allowed to run; that he was as able a man as McKinley; that McKinley was not a good Republican, and expressed the opinion that he (testator) could have been President had he devoted his time and energy in that direction, and that he would have made a better President than McKinley.
The testimony further tends to show that Mr. Karnes would get up at all hours of the night, take the house dogs with him and go off into the woods by himself, and would come back and say that he had been hunting, but that he was never known to bring in game; that in his earlier life he had never been disposed to be a hunter; that he would sing hynms and psalms and make political speeches in the night, either in his room or in the yard. One of the witnesses testified that on one occasion in discussing the subject of wills, Mr. Karnes stated that he was opposed to wills; and that the law .could make a better will than he could.
The evidence further tended to show that for many years he had been affected with kidney trouble and that he had taken large quantities of Warner’s Safe Cure; that he recommended Warner’s Safe Cure to his sick neighbors, irrespective of their ailments. The evidence further tended to show that he had a large wen upon his head; that he said he had reduced the wen in size by the use of alum; that this was a discovery unknown to the medical world, and that he thought he would make a name for himself and family on account of such discovery. The testimony further tended to prove that the testator complained of a rumbling in his ears, and that he undertook to cure his deafness by putting coal oil in his ears; that at another time he applied coal oil to a number of *440trees; the trees died, and when talked to about the matter, he said that he did not have any sense anyway. On one occasion a short- time before making his will, he took his stallion and some colts to the.neighborhood-church meeting- for the purpose of exhibiting them. At another time when he attended church meeting he became dissatisfied because the preacher whom he expected to hear did not preach; he talked out loud to himself and said, “I wanted this other gentleman to speak because I wanted to hear him.” One afternoon at a neighbor’s house, where a number of neighbors were assembled, the testator insisted on making political speeches off and on during the meeting, and those present at the time testified that they thought him of unsound mind; that during election years he would make political speeches. One of the witnesses testified that at the age of seventy-nine he rode a young wild horse to his place of business, and when the witness tried to induce him to trade with him for a gentle horse, testator replied that he had as much right to own a good horse as witness. Some of the witnesses testified that the testator was childish, physically weak, and wabbled when he walked.
On cross-examination, one. of the witnesses, Mr. Howard, a nephew of testator, testified that in November or December, 1900, while on a visit at the home of his uncle, testator talked with witness about his children and the advancements he had made to them; about his horses, cattle and farm, and in 1900, while showing witness a fine horse, called his attention to the fact that when witness visited him in 1899 he had a different horse; this witness further admitted that he borrowed money from the testator in 1899 or 1900, and that Mr. Karnes exerted himself to secure for witness a place to work. This witness further stated that in 1899, on a visit to his uncle, testator remembered his (witness’s) mother, although it had been thirty-five years or more since *441he had seen her. On cross-examination Mrs. Winn testified that hands were employed on the farm of her father from time to time, and while she thought John Karnes paid them most of the time, she would not state that her father had not paid them. This witness further stated that her father took stock to market very often accompanied by his son. Witness Greenard testified on cross-examination that he had been transacting business with Mr. Karnes for a number of years, and that Mr. Karnes continued to buy merchandise from him up to a short time prior to his death in reasonably large quantities, and that he carried on these transactions personally. Another witness, Mr. Saxton, upon cross-examination, testified that on two occasions in the fall of 1900, Mr. Karnes visited him to have apples ground into cider and that he transacted the business as any other man would. Another witness for plaintiffs, Mr. Modrell, testified that he saw Mr. Karnes in the fall of 1900, and that he was greatly troubled and worried, and had had a serious trouble, and at that particular time, in his opinion, Mr. Karnes did not have sufficient mind and memory to execute a will, but that after that time he met Mr. Karnes frequently, prior to the execution of the will, and up to the time of his death, and that after the one time spoken of by the witness Mr. Karnes was the same Sampson Karnes that he had known from infancy, both in mind and body, except a slight physical weakness from age. Leroy Jeffries, husband of Mrs. Jeffries, testified that he transacted business with George S. Karnes up to the time of the general “bust up” in 1990, and that after that time he did not visit the home place or rent land from Mr. Karnes as had been his habit in years past. Although this witness testified that in his opinion the testator did not have sufficient mental capacity to dispose of his property intelligently at the time of the making of his will, on cross-examination he stated that *442after the trouble referred to he had no social or business relations with Mr. Karnes.
Dr. Johnson Densmore testified on behalf of plaintiffs that in his practice he confined himself to mental diseases and diseases of the nervous system generally; that he was familiar with the ingredients used in the preparation of Warner’s Safe Cure and knew its effects, and that the taking of this medicine in large quantities had an injurious effect upon the mind and nervous system. In answer to a hypothetical question asked him he said: “Without seeing the man and judging'from the man himself, I would say, from your question, that he was mentally inefficient — mentally deficient to perform those acts in a reasonable way.”
It was also shown in evidence that there was trouble in the Karnes family, and that the testator had instituted suit against Clarence Winn, son of Mrs. Winn, and Sam Jeffries, son of Mr. and Mrs. Jeffries, plaintiffs in this cause, for the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars.
The evidence further disclosed that the testator had accumulated sufficient property to give his son John N. Karnes, 320 acres of land, worth $90 per acre; his son Pascal Karnes, 240 acres of land, worth approximately the same amount per acre; that he had given each of his daughters land and money in large amounts, none of whom had received less than $2,000; that he had on hand at the time of his death $6,261.70 personal property, and was the owner in fee of about five hundred acres of land worth $100 per acre, and the city property devised to Mrs. Winn.
Plaintiffs offered in evidence a warranty deed dated July 9, 1885, from Thomas W. Rogers to Jennie Winn, conveying certain real estate which the testator had sought by his will to devise to Mrs. Winn. This evidence doubtless was introduced for the purpose of indicating that the testator was not fully aware of *443the property that he owned. The record further discloses that the testator furnished the money to Mrs. Winn to purchase the land embraced in the Eogers deed. It is further disclosed by the record that the witnesses, Joseph H. Stock and G. Robert Heger, appointed to accompany and aid the executors in opening and examining the papers, moneys and other property of George S'. Karnes, deceased, and make an inventory of them, embraced the land conveyed by Eogers to Mrs. Winn in the inventory and certified that they performed the duty assigned to them and that the inventory was full and complete.
While the foregoing does not give all the testimoney in detail developed upon the trial, we repeat that we have read in detail all of the testimony as disclosed by the record and this statement sufficiently indicates the nature and character of the evidence which confronted the 'court when the demurrer to such evidence was interposed.
At the close of the evidence the defendants requested the court to instruct the jury that under the law and evidence in this case their verdict must be for the defendants. To this instruction the plaintiffs interposed objections, which objections were overruled, and the instruction as requested given to the jury. Whereupon the plaintiffs properly preserved their exceptions to the action and ruling of the court in giving such instruction. In obedience to this instruction the jury returned a verdict finding that the paper read in evidence was the last will and testament of George S. Karnes.
A timely motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial in this cause was filed and by the court taken up and overruled. Judgment was entered in acordance with the verdict returned by the jury and from this judgment the plaintiffs prosecuted this appeal and the record is now before us for consideration.
*444OPINION.
The record before us in this case presents to our consideration but one legal proposition, that is, did the court commit error in giving the instruction to the jury at the close of the evidence in the nature of a demurrer to such evidence, directing the jury to return a verdict for the defendants?
While our attention is directed to numerous complaints of error in the exhaustive briefs of learned counsel for appellants, yet such complaints in their last analysis are embraced in the main and overshadowing complaint that the court committed error in giving the instruction to which we have made reference. The grounds upon which the correctness of the instruction indicated is challenged may thus be briefly stated:
First. That the testimony developed upon the trial of this cause respecting the capacity and competency of the testator to make a will fully authorized the submission of that issue to the jury.
Second. That the testimony disclosed by the record sufficiently indicated that the will involved in this controversy was procured by the undue influence of certain beneficiaries in said will to warrant the trial court in submitting that question to the jury.
Finally, the complaint is made, though not directed to the propriety of the instruction referred to, that the court committed error in ignoring the ground alleged in the motion for new trial of newly-discovered evidence.
We will give to these complaints, in the order designated, such attention as their importance demands.
I.
At the very threshold of the consideration of the proposition involved in this contest predicated upon the charge in the petition that the testator was not *445possessed of sufficient testamentary capacity to validly execute the will indicated in the statement, it is well that we keep in view the usual tests of capacity to make a will disposing of property possessed by the testator at the date of his death. Judge Macfarlane, in Maddox v. Maddox, 114 Mo. 35, in a very practical way treated of this proposition, and directed attention to what had been held by this court in other cases. He said: “A witness was asked whether in his judgment, from his knowledge and observation of the testator, he was in November preceding his death ‘competent to engage in or understand any complicated business matter or transaction.’ An objection to the question was urged on the ground that such competency was not a proper test of mental capacity requisite to make a will. The objection being overruled the witness answered: ‘If I had any complicated matter at that time I would not have been willing to entrust it to him to settle or manage for me.’ It is clear that the test here made of testamentary capacity goes beyond what has ever been required under the decisions of this court. It is said in Brinkman v. Rueggesick, 71 Mo. 556, by Napton, J., that ‘it is conceded in most of the cases that a man may be-capable of making a will, and yet incapable, of making a contract or managing his estate, ’ and in the case of Couch v. Gentry (113 Mo. 248), it is said: ‘If the testator understood the business about which he was engaged when he prepared and executed his will, the persons who were the natural objects of his bounty, and -the manner in which he desired the disposition to take effect, he was capable of making a will.’ Competency ‘to engage or understand any complicated business matter or transaction’ requires too high a grade of capacity when compared with what is required under these decisions. Under that test a majority of men would be incapable of making a will. ’ ’
*446Again we find the rule as to the test of capacity sufficient to make a will announced in Sehr v. Lindemann, 153 Mo. l. c. 288. It was ruled in that case that upon making out a prima-facie case by the proponents of the will, it then devolved upon the contestants to establish incompetency'or undue influence. The court, in announcing the rule in that ease, used this language: “By competency is meant intelligence sufficient to understand the act he is performing, the property he possesses, the disposition he is making of it and the persons or objects he makes the beneficiaries of his bounty. Imperfect memory caused by sickness or old age, forgetfulness of the names of persons he has known, idle questions or requiring a repetition of information will not be sufficient to establish incompetency, if he has sufficient intelligence remaining to fulfill the above definition. . . . Mere opinions of witnesses that the testator was ‘childish/ or acted ‘funny/ or was ‘worse than a child/ or that there were ‘inequalities in the will/ unaccompanied by any testimony showing any particular act or fact evidencing incompetency, do not make out a case of incompetency when the testimony shows that the testator ‘knew what he was doing and to whom he was giving his property.’ ”
This court in .a long and unbroken line of decisions has unqualifiedly approved the test of capacity as indicated- in the foregoing cases. [Riley v. Sherwood, 144 Mo. 354; Berberet v. Berberet, 131 Mo. 399; Defoe v. Defoe, 144 Mo. 458; McFadin v. Catron, 138 Mo. 197; Fulbright v. Perry County, 145 Mo. 432; Aylward v. Briggs, 145 Mo. 604; Hughes v. Rader, 183 Mo. 630; Sayre v. Trustees of Princeton University, 192 Mo. 95.]
The cases above cited have firmly settled the question as to the requisite test of mental capacity sufficient to execute -a valid will. As was said by Gantt, J., in speaking for this court in Sayre v. Trustees of *447Princeton University, supra, “the standard of mental capacity required to sustain a will has been fixed so far as judicial utterances can settle a principle, and it is that the testator must have ‘had sufficient understanding to comprehend the nature of the transaction that he was engaged in, the nature and extent of his property, and to whom he desired to give it, and was giving it, without the aid of any other person,’ ” citing, in support of such rule, Crossan v. Crossan, 169 Mo. l. c. 641; Brinkman v. Rueggesick, 71 Mo. 553; Couch v. Gentry, 113 Mo. 248.
We have indicated the well-settled rule applicable to the test of testamentary capacity to validly execute a will, and the solution of the first proposition concerning the sufficiency of the mental capacity of the testator in the case now in hand to execute the will involved in this contest must be sought by a fair and impartial application of the testimony developed upon the trial to that question.
In treating of thé complaint of appellants embraced in the first proposition, that the court committed error in its mandatory instruction directing the jury to return a verdict for the defendants, we are not unmindful of the well-settled rule in this. State that a suit to contest a will is an action at law under our system, and that it is not within the province of this court to weigh conflicting evidence to determine whether the jury found against the weight of evidence. But on the other hand, we must not be unmindful that it has been uniformly held by this court that it is its province to examine the record to see if there any substantial testimony to authorize the submission of the cause to the jury. [Young v. Ridenbaugh, 67 Mo. 574; Appleby v. Brock, 76 Mo. 314; McFadin v. Catron, 138 Mo. 197; State ex rel. v. Guinotte, 156 Mo. 520-21; Crossan v. Crossan, 169 Mo. 631; Hamon v. Hamon, 180 Mo. 685.]
Directing our attention to the testimony applicable *448to the first contention of the appellants, that is, that the testimony sufficiently indicated the mental incapacity of the testator, Mr. Karnes, to execute this will, to authorize the submission of that question to the jury, it is well to keep in mind the issue tendered by the pleadings to which the testimony was applicable. The issue tendered concerning the proposition now under consideration upon the allegations in the petition of the contestants, was that at the time of the execution of the alleged last will and testament deceased did not have sufficient mental capacity to make a will and did not have sufficient mental capacity to know or understand the nature of said instrument, or the effect thereof.
It is earnestly insisted by learned counsel for appellants that the evidence as disclosed by the record now before us made a case for the jury and that the trial court committed' error in giving the instruction heretofore mentioned, directing the jury to find the issues for the defendants.
We shall not undertake to again repeat the testimony developed upon the trial of this cause. It is sufficient to say that we have carefully read in detail the testimony of all the witnesses embraced in the record before us and have briefly indicated the nature and character of that testimony, and after a most careful consideration of it we are unable to give our assent to the insistence of counsel for appellants. It is true that some eighteen or nineteen witnesses testified in behalf of the plaintiffs, and recited numerous instances where the testator some time prior to the execution of this will exhibited numerous eccentricities. It seems that Mr. Karnes had unbounded faith in the medical virtues of Warner’s Safe Cure, used it to an excessive degree and recommended it to others with whom he came in contact, regardless of what their complaints consisted of.
*449It is not uncommon with men or women as they advance in years that their habits and mannerisms frequently change, and it is but common knowledge that eccentricities often develop at an advanced age, but this falls far short of a showing of mental unsoundness sufficient to invalidate the execution of a will. While the excessive use of Warner’s Safe Cure might have been injurious both to the mind and body of Mr. Karnes, yet there is nothing strange or remarkable that he should have implicit confidence in its medicinal values and make the recommendations of its curative properties as has been suggested. Upon due inquiry there would be no difficulty in finding a great many people of strong character and high order of intelligence who entertain the same views as to Warner’s Safe Cure as the testator in this cáse did. His recommendations doubtless were in harmony with certificates of numerous persons as to its curative properties which were to be found in the advertising matter which was contained in the wrappers around each bottle of the medicine. Numerous other witnesses testified to eccentricities of the testator, such as his always wanting to make political speeches, getting up in the night and singing psalms in his room, taking the house dogs and going hunting and returning without any game, the exhibition of his stock at some church meeting, his failure to recognize acquaintances, a roaring in the head and disconnected conversations, and others which we deem it unnecessary to repeat.
Conceding, for the purposes of this case, that the testator exhibited on various occasions the eccentricities as disclosed by the record, yet in our opinion, if the comparatively recent well-considered cases by this court correctly announce the law as applicable to such state of facts, and are to be longer followed, then it must be held that such state of facts is not recog*450nized by the law as showing a want of capacity to make a will, and it logically follows, if snch eccentricities as testified to by the witnesses' are insufficient to show a want of capacity then the mere fact that the witnesses predicated an opinion upon such a state of facts that the testator was of unsound mind gives no additional force to such facts.
In Von De Veld v. Judy, 143 Mo. 348, it was conceded that the record disclosed a competition of evidence on the point whether Judy was of sufficient mental capacity to make a will. Manifestly the showing on the part of the contestants in that case was equally as strong as the one in the case at bar. It appeared in evidence that Judy was filthy in person and habits; exposed his person before a lady; was forgetful of old friends; failing in memory; made frequent repetitions in his conversations; would get lost; was physically weak, which aróse from long, continued sickness; impaired eyesight; extreme old age, together with other facts concerning his mental condition. In the discussion of the facts developed in that case this court said that “the testimony introduced by the contestants was of a character not at all calculated to favorably impress the impartial mind with a very great or abiding sense of its probative force.” Emphasizing the views of this court upon the character of testimony as introduced in that case, which is similar in some respects to the testimony of the contestants in the case at bar, in further treating of such testimony the court used this language: “But even if the testimony on behalf of the contestants were much stronger than it is; much stronger indeed than that of the proponents of the will, still that would not be decisive of this case, and for these reasons: In the first place, the single issue tendered by the contestants in the will was, as heretofore stated: ‘That at the time of its execution, the said Resin S. Judy was not of sound and disposing mind and memory, and *451was, by reason of his mental infirmities, incapable of devising his property.’ On this charge, by their general denial, the proponents of the will joined issue. Although when a charge of insanity or imbecility is made against a testator, evidence is competent to show the condition of his mind long prior to and closely approaching the time of the will’s execution, as well as the condition of his mind shortly subsequent to such execution, yet the purpose of such prior and subsequent testimony is only to indicate the state of his mind at the very time the execution of the will took place. That is the true time to try his mind. The fact of competency is to be decided by the state of the testator’s mind at the time the will was made, and although evidence is always admissible of prior and subsequent occurrences as tending to' shed light on the question of the state of his mental faculties and of his bodily health on the day of the will’s execution, yet such evidence is only receivable for that purpose alone and is not otherwise to be regarded. [Saxon v. Whitaker, 30 Ala. 237; Harrison v. Rowan, 3 Wash. C. C. 586, and other cases cited in that first mentioned.] ” It was expressly ruled in that case, under the facts developed upon the trial, that a demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained.
Our attention is directed to the testimony of the expert, Dr. Densmore, and great stress is laid upon his testimony as furnishing a sufficient ground to submit this case to the jury. After a most careful consideration of this expert testimony we are of the opinion that it falls far short of furnishing any satisfactory or substantial proof of the want of sufficient capacity in the testator at the time of the execution of this will to validly execute the instrument disposing of the property that he possessed. It will be observed that the doctor did not claim, under the facts in this case, that the testator was suffering from any well-defined form of insanity, and it is significant how *452guarded lie was in answering the hypothetical question propounded to him. He did not say that upon that state of fact the testator was insane, hut his answer was simply this: “Without seeing the man and judging from the man himself, I would say, from your question, that he was mentally inefficient — mentally deficient to perform those acts in a reasonable way.” It will further be observed that the hypothetical question does not embrace testimony of other witnesses who testified as to his transacting business. It may be that the doctor’s conclusion, assuming the facts to be true that the testator was mentally inefficient in some respects, was correct, yet it must not be overlooked that the testator’s mental capacity might have been inefficient to the extent even of being incapable of making" a contract or managing his estate, yet, as expressly ruled by this court in Brinkman v. Rueggesick, and Couch v. Gentry, supra, it is conceded in most of the cases that a man may be capable of making his will and yet incapable of making a contract or managing his estate. If the testator understood the business about which he was engaged at the time of the preparation and execution of his will, the persons who were the natural objects of his bounty and the manner in which he desired to dispose of his property, he was capable of making a will, and the fact that he was unable to engage in or understand any complicated business matter or transaction would not be sufficient to invalidate such will.
The case of Sayre v. Trustees of Princeton University, in many of its features, presented a much stronger showing on the part of the contestants than in the case at bar. In that case there were four expert witnesses who testified as to the mental unsoundness of Doctor Sayre, and what was said by Judge Gantt in the discussion of the expert testimony is so applicable to the expert testimony of Doctor Densmore which is now under consideration and so clearly ex*453presses our Views upon the proposition that we here quote Lis discussion concerning such testimony: “Medical men of great learning maintain that a mind diseased on one subject must be classed as unsound, but the law of this State is toó well settled to be gainsaid that a man’s mind may be impaired in one faculty and practically unimpaired in all others. Derangement of mental faculties does not incapacitate one under our laws from making a will, if it does not render him unable to transact his ordinary business, and incapable of understanding .the extent of his property and of appreciating the natural objects of his bounty. We have incorporated the principal hypothetical question propounded to the experts and it is apparent that many, if not all, of the facts assumed are entirely consistent with mental soundness. Those that tended in the least to show aberration were wholly detached from the more pertinent and important evidence which completely negatived the evidence of eccentricity or any mental unsoundness. It did not include the principal and controlling facts, but we are not bound to accept an opinion based upon facts which the law will not and does not recognize as showing a want of capacity to make a will. Conceding, as already said, that an expert might hold the view-that Doctor Sayre was of unsound mind in some respects, the question and answer both fell short of the legal test of capacity to make a valid will in this State.” One of the strong features in the Sayre case was that Doctor Sayre had some years previous to the execution of his will been suffering from a well-defined form of insanity, melancholia. In that case the hypothetical question, which was very full, was propounded to the four expert witnesses, and each of them answered that in their opinion, assuming the facts embraced in the hypothetical question to be true, the testator was not capable of making a will. We have again reconsidered the Sayre case, and obviously it presents, *454as heretofore stated, in many of the leading features, a much stronger case to go to the jury than the case at bar, and in our opinion that case correctly announced the rules of law applicable to the subject under consideration, and there is no valid legal reason why it should be departed from.
In Archambault v. Blanchard, 198 Mo. 384, it was sought to annul the last will and testament of an old gentleman residing in Kansas City by the name of Benoist. Numerous witnesses were introduced who detailed many eccentricities which had developed in this old gentleman, and this court in the discussion of the case conceded that after the date of the street car accident, February 20, 1899, which happened to befall Mr. Benoist, there was evidence to establish certain eccentricities and peculiarities, and some of them were pointed out by the court in passing upon the case. Speaking of Mr. Benoist, it seems “he was inclined to be agnostic in his religions opinions; that he was addicted to drinking intoxicating liquors and would get under their influence to such an extent that in the afternoon he would be incapable of transacting business, and would refuse to do any business in the afternoon; that he would on various occasions scold and drivé away the negro man who served about his premises, the evidence showing that the negro himself was often drunk; that his general physical health declined and his memory failed, and he would be given to fits of temper that witnesses had not observed in former years. There was evidence also that in the year before his death he had erected a monument on his lot in the cemetery in Baxter Springs and had his grave dug and lined with granitoid, and said that when he was dead he wanted his body cemented in this grave; that he also had the carpenter make his coffin and directed there should be no nickel-plated handles put on it. . . . All these eccentricities and peculiarities in connection with the evidence as to his indulgence *455in intoxicating liquors to an excess in the last days of his life, was submitted to an expert witness, and he testified upon that hypothetical question that he would say that the testator was insane at the time of the execution of the will in contest.” In that case, as in the Sayre case, notwithstanding the testimony of the expert witnesses and the many eccentricities and peculiarities of the testator as testified to by the witnesses, it was held that there was no substantial evidence upon which to authorize a submission of the case to the jury.
Our attention is also directed to the fact that the testator in his will devised certain land to his daughter, Mrs. Winn, that she had had a warranty deed to since 1885. It is argued from this fact that at least it is a strong indication that the testator did not have knowledge of the property he owned. This fact is of but little significance when the entire disclosures of the record are considered. The testator furnished Mrs. Winn the money with which to buy this land, and it may be by reason of the fact of having furnished the money to purchase the land he thought he had an interest in it, therefore doubtless he thought that, having given the money to his daughter to make the purchase, there was nothing inappropriate in making- sure that there would be no claim of this land by any of his children, and that, therefore, he would simply devise it to her in his will. Moreover, the two witnesses who accompanied the executor, evidently considered the land as belonging to the testator, for they placed it in the inventory, and certified that it was a full and complete inventory of his property, and that they had fully discharged their duty as such witnesses. This occurrence concerning this piece of land clearly has but very little to do with the question as to the capacity of the testator to execute a will.
Our conclusion, after a very careful consideration of all the evidence in detail disclosed by the record, is *456that Mr. Karnes at the time he executed this will was entirely capable of making a valid will. He went to the office of Judge Ramey without being accompanied by anyone and had his will prepared. The provisions of the will speak for themselves, and indicate very clearly that he had the business about which he was then concerned fully in hand. He seems to have not forgotten the names of any of his children, and clearly recalled what he had done for them in the past, and made mention of the fact in his will that he gave more to his son John for the reason that he had worked for him many years after he became twenty-one years of age without pay, and that he desired in some measure to compensate him for his services. He had this will witnessed and two of those witnesses testified very clearly as to their observations of his mental capacity to execute the will. One of them had known him for thirty-five years; the testator and his family had purchased g'oods at his mercantile house, and while the other witness had had no acquaintance with him, yet he observed him and at the time that he executed the will positively stated that he was entirely rational. In addition to this we find that some of the witnesses for the plaintiffs, who upon their examination in chief expressed the opinion that the testator was not of sound mind, upon their cross-examination in answer to questions propounded testified to a state of facts which would indicate that he was of sound and disposing mind. Witness Mr. Howard, a nephew of the •testator, testified that in November or December, 1900, while on a visit at the home of his uncle, testator talked with witness about his children and the advancements he had made to them; about his horses, cattle and farm, and in 1900, while showing witness a fine horse, called his attention to the fact that when witness visited him in 1899 he had a different horse;'it was further admitted by this witness that he borrowed money from the testator in 1899 or 1900, and that Mr. Karnes exerted *457himself to secure for witness a place to work. It seems that whatever the opinion of this witness may have been as to the mental capacity of Mr. Karnes, he evidently thought that the testator had sufficient capacity to at least contract with him for the loan of over five hundred dollars. This witness further stated that while on a visit to his uncle in 1899, testator remembered his (witness’s) mother, althoug’h he had not seen .her for thirty-five years or more. Another witness, Mrs. Winn, testified on cross-examination that hands were employed on the farm of her father from time to time, while she thought John Karnes paid most of them most of the time, she would not state that her father had not paid them. This witness further stated that her father took stock to the market very often, accompanied by his son. Witness G-reenard testified on cross-examination that he had been transacting' business with Mr. Karnes for a number of years, and that Mr. Karnes continued to buy merchandise from him up to a short time prior to his death, in reasonably large quantities, and that he carried on these transactions personally. Mr. Saxton upon cross-examination also testified that on two occasions in the fall of 1900, Mr. Karnes visited him to have apples ground into cider, and that he transacted the business as any other man would. Another witness for plaintiffs, Mr. Modrell, testified that he saw Mr. Karnes in the fall of 1900, and that he appeared to be greatly troubled and worried, and he had had a serious trouble, and at that particular time, in his opinion, Mr. Karnes did not have sufficient mind and memory to execute a will, but after that time he met Mr. Karnes frequently, prior to the execution of the will, and up to the time of his death, and after the one time spoken of by the witness Mr. Karnes was the same Sampson Karnes that he had known from infancy, both in mind and body, except a slight physical weakness from age. Another witness for the plaintiffs, a son-in-law of the testator, *458Leroy Jeffries, testified that he transacted business with George S. Karnes up to the time of the general “bust up” in 1900, and after that time he did not visit the home place or rent land from Mr. Karnes as had been his habit in years past. This witness gave it as his opinion that the testator did not have sufficient mental capacity to dispose of his property intelligently at the time of the making of his will; however, on cross-examination he stated that after the trouble referred to he had no social or business relations with Mr. Karnes.
In conclusion upon this proposition, we are of the opinion that there is an entire absence of satisfactory and substantial testimony tending to show such want of sufficient mental capacity at the time of the execution of the will in controversy as would authorize the court to submit that issue to the jury. While it may be conceded that the testator was eccentric and peculiar in many respects, and that these eccentricities and peculiarities were made manifest in the manner and at the times and places designated by the witnesses, however, we must not overlook the settled rule as applicable to this subject. As was said in Sehr v. Lindemann, 153 Mo. l. c. 288, “By competency is meant intelligence sufficient to understand the act he is performing, the property he possesses, the disposition he is making of it and the persons or objects he makes the beneficiaries of his bounty. Imperfect memory caused by sickness or old age, forgetfulness of the names of persons he has known, idle • questions or requiring a repetition of information will not be sufficient to establish ineompetency, if he has sufficient intelligence remaining to fulfill the above definition.....Mere opinions of witnesses that the testator was ‘childish,’ or acted ‘funny,’ or was ‘worse than a child,’ or that there were ‘inequalities in the will,’ unaccompanied by any testimony showing any particular act or fact evidencing incompetency, do not make out a case of in*459competency when the testimony shows that the testator ‘knew what he was doing and to whom he was giving his property.’ ”
II. This brings us to the second proposition presented to our consideration in this case, that is, the sufficiency of the testimony disclosed by the record to authorize the court to submit the issue tendered in the pleadings as to whether or not this will was procured by undue influence.
The rules of law applicable to this proposition are well-settled by a long line of decisions in this court. The expression of opinion has been uniform that the influence exercised upon a testator sufficient to invalidate his will must be of such a nature and character as amounts to overpersuasion, coercion or force, destroying the free agency or will-power, as contradistinguished from merely the influence of affection or attachment or the desire of gratifying the wishes of one beloved, respected and trusted by the testator.
It is sufficient to say upon this contention that there is an entire absence of any testimony which would authorize the court to submit that issue to the jury. The testimony directed to that question is simply this, that John N. Karnes, son of the testator, attended to part of the testator’s business; undertook to aid him in the management of his large estate. Mrs. Tull, daughter of the testator, was simply giving to her father such attention and care as any kind and dutiful daughter would under the circumstances have done. The record discloses, and it must be conceded, that the testator did not equally distribute his property under this will. Mrs. Winn and Mrs. Jeffries received at the hands of their father’ a very small share of his estate remaining at the time of his death. It is tru.e, however, that during his life time he had made advancements to all of his children. This unequal distribution is not sufficient to establish undue influence.
*460It was expressly ruled in McFadin v. Catron, 138 Mo. 197, that inequalities in the disposition of the property by the testator, giving to one child or children more than to another, are not sufficient grounds for setting aside a will, even though the testator gives nearly all of a very large estate to one of the children.
There is nothing significant from the fact that John Karnes attended to a great deal of the testator’s business, and was intimately associated with him. Those were but the natural acts of a son who represents his father, and should not be distorted into sufficient evidence of an exercise of undue influence. The same may be said as to Maggie Tull, the daughter of the testator. She was kind to her father and nursed him in sickness, and that is no more than what she or any other daughter would be expected to do under the conditions existing.
The record discloses that there was some trouble in the family of the testator. As to what that trouble was we know not, nor do we care to know. It may, however, at least shed some light upon the unequal distribution of the property of the testator by his will.
There is no necessity for further discussing this proposition. The testimony was insufficient to authorize the submission of that issue to the jury. Inequality alone in the disposition of the testator’s property is not sufficient to establish that the will was procured by undue influence. In order to authorize the submission of that question to the jury there should be at least some substantial and satisfactory proof that the will was procured by coercion or by importunity that could not be resisted, and that by such coercion and importunity the execution of the will was procured. The testimony upon this proposition did not tend to make any such showing as is required under the law, hence the ruling upon this contention must be adverse to the appellants.
*461III. This brings us to the final contention, that the trial court erred in overruling the plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence.
It will suffice to say upon this contention that the record discloses that the plaintiffs in their motion for new trial did not embrace the newly-discovered evidence or the names and addresses of the witnesses who would testify to such newly-discovered evidence. It is further disclosed by the record that the motion for new trial was not sworn to. The allegations in the motion for new trial respecting the newly-discovered evidence clearly do not conform • to the well-settled rules announced by this court upon that subject. The rule applicable to the requisite allegations in a motion for new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence is firmly settled in this State, and applying this rule to the allegations in the motion for new trial in the case at bar manifestly the question of the propriety or impropriety of granting or denying a motion for a new trial upon that ground is not properly preserved for review by this court.
In the recent case of King v. Grilson, 206 Mo. 264, this proposition was exhaustively reviewed by Judge Woodson, and it was expressly held that the question of newly-discovered evidence, under the disclosures of the record, which was substantially similar to the record in the case at bar, was not preserved for review by this court, hence was not before the court for consideration. [State v. David, 159 Mo. l. c. 535; State v. Welsor, 117 Mo. l. c. 582; State v. Ray, 53 Mo. l. c. 349; State v. McLaughlin, 27 Mo. 111; State v. Rockett, 87 Mo. 666; State v. Butler, 67 Mo. l. c. 63.]
We have herein given expression to our views upon the main propositions disclosed by the record. The testator had by a life of energy and industry accumulated the property of which he died possessed, and unless we are willing to absolutely ignore the statute *462concerning wills, we see no escape from the conclusion that he had the right to dispose of such property in such manner as he saw proper.
A review of the comparatively recent cases by this court demonstrates that the right guaranteed to every property-owner by the laws of this State to dispose of his property as he may deem proper is no longer to be considered a mere idle legislative expression, but that the statute means what it says and is full of force and vitality. It is plainly made manifest in the numerous well-considered cases by this court that the right of the owner to dispose of his property by will is fully recognized and if it be found that he is of sufficient testamentary capacity his disposition of the property he owns will be upheld, and the interference with the exercise of this right by others with whose views the disposition made by the testator did. not happen to accord, will not meet with the approval or sanction of this court.
Entertaining the views as herein indicated the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
All concur.