Alpha is the sister and Sarah the wife of Samuel I. Cole. Charles is his brother. Averring she has title as owner in fee of an undivided one-sixth of the south half of the northeast quarter, the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter, the east half of the southwest quarter, the west half of the southeast quarter — all in section 16 — and.the north half of the north half of the northwest quarter of section 21, all in township 37, range 4, containing 320 acres, in St. .Francois 'county, Sarah sues Alpha and Charles to quiet title under section 650, Revised. Statutes 1890 (now sec. 2535, R. S. 1909, as amended), alleging that the remaining undivided five-sixth interest is not in dispute, that she has no interest therein, that defendants claim adversely to her said estate in said undivided one-sixth, she prays the court to ascertain and determine her title and that of defendants respectively therein.
Alpha answers separately. Her defense is a misjoinder of the parties defendant in that Robert I. and Addie F. Cole are necessary parties as owners of an un-. divided fee-simple interest in the real estate — they being in joint possession and enjoying rents and income with Alpha and her codefendant, Charles; that no judgment can be entered determining -the interest of plaintiff that will not affect theirs in each and every undivided portion thereof; that Robert and Addie acquired their interest by a deed, dated Mav 12. 1807. recorded in a certain named hook and page of the land records of St. Francois.
Her further answer, by way of affirmative matter and second defense, is that plaintiff claims under a conveyance from defendant, Charles; that such conveyance was a covinous contrivance, a part of a fraudulent scheme concocted by plaintiff and her husband, intended to hinder, delay and defraud his existing and subsequent creditors ; that he was insolvent on the 10th of January 1895', prior thereto and ever since that time, *241owing sundry specified debts, and owning no other property, except his then interest in the said land, descended to him by inheritance from his deceased mother, Mary; that, being such owner and so indebted, he conspired and confederated with his wife with the intent aforesaid; that in pursuance and furtherance of such conspiracy, they persuaded Charles to join therein, as the conduit through which the husband’s said title should pass to plaintiff, thereby putting it out of the reach of present or subsequent creditors on legal process to collect debts then existing or thereafter .contracted; that on the 10th of'January, 1895, in view of the scheme so concocted, Samuel and plaintiff, without consideration and fraudulently, conveyed to Charles, with the understanding then had that he would hold the property for the benefit of Samuel, and at some convenient future season, in pursuance of the fraud so contrived, would convey to plaintiff. Charles was persuaded, by the solicitations and entreaties of grantors in said deed, to accept such conveyance to him for the fraudulent purpose named, and afterwards he, to further consummate such purpose, purchased the entire title to the land at the sheriff’s sale, made in partition between the heirs of said Mary Cole, and presently executed and delivered a deed of date of May 12,1897, purporting to convey to plaintiff an undivided one-sixth, which deed was voluntary, without consideration, fraudulent, and made fo,r the sole purpose of furthering the fraud by placing Samuel’s title in his wife,, with the intent thereby to hinder, delay and defraud his existing and subsequent creditors; that plaintiff was fully cognizant of the fraud as a party to the conspiracy, well knowing that her husband was insolvent and owned no other property; and that afterwards defendant, Alpha, became the owner of Samuel’s said interest : through a sheriff’s deed under an execution levied thereon, which deed was executed on August 11, 1903, *242and put of record. Wherefore, she prays said several fraudulent conveyances he declared void and of no account, and that Samuel’s title be determined to have passed to her through her sheriff’s deed.
For a third defense Alpha pleads substantially the same facts elaborated in her second defense and avers the deeds from Samuel and plaintiff to Charles, and from Charles to Plaintiff, purporting to convey Samuel ’s interest, were fraudulent contrivances intended to hinder and delay present and subsequent creditors, and were executed and spread of record to that end, are a cloud upon the title and interest of Alpha, so acquired through her sheriff’s deed, and should be cancelled and annulled to remove it. For such, and all other meet and proper relief, she prays, averring that Sarah has no title or interest whatever.
The separate answer of Charles pleads the same misjoinder of parties defendant and in interest set up in Alpha’s answer, denies plaintiff has any legal or equitable right in the land and asserts that the disputed interest is the property of his codefendant, Alpha.
A conventional reply was filed
The case made is this: Plaintiff, given the opening and close over objection made and exception saved, introduced a warranty deed, dated May' 12, 1897, from Charles E. Cole and wife to Alpha, Sarah E. (wife of Samuel), Robert I. and Addie F. Cole, consideration $1500, conveying to them an undivided two-thirds interest in the land described in the petition, share and share alike, subject to a deed of trust, dated four days prior, securing $1925 to one McCormack, and rested.
Thereupon defendants asked an instruction, viz., that a defect of parties defendant appearing, the case must abate until they (Robert I. and Addie F. Cole) are brought in. On its refusal, defendants introduced deeds, judgments and oral testimony to establish the issues on their behalf as follows:
*243A sheriff’s deed, date August 11, 1903, conveying to Alpha Cole all the right, title, interest and estate of Samuel I. Cole in the land described. It narrates, inter alia, that on September 18, 1901, a transcript judgment was filed in the circuit court of St. Francois in favor of the St. Francois County Bank against Samuel and others for tlie sum of $184.53 and ’ $21.52 damages, upon which execution was issued from the office of the clerk of said court, dated July 15, 1903, levied the same day upon Samuel’s interest and right in the land. After due advertisement his rig’ht and interest was knocked down to Alpha Cole on her bid of $206.05, a sheriff’s deed following, acknowledged and spread of record, on the same day.
A warranty deed, in form, dated January 2, 1895, from Samuel I. Cole and Sarah, his wife, to Charles E. Cole, consideration $1000, conveying an undivided one-ninth interest in the land described, acknowledged on the 10th of that month and spread of record.
It appears sufficiently from admissions and from oral testimony that Mary J. Cole, the mother of Samuel, Charles and Alpha C'ole, was the common source of title, dying intestate, seized of the land and left nine children, each inheriting an undivided one-ninth.
Defendants next put in the judgment and files in a partition proceeding between the heirs of Mary J. Cole, in the St. Francois Circuit Court in 1906. Plaintiff was not a party to that proceeding, but Samuel, her husband, was. The partition decree found and adjudged that Charles had acquired by purchase the interest of Samuel and a sister, Mrs. Boggs, and that, in his own right and as such purchaser, he was the owner of an undivided one-tliird, and the remaining children of an undivided one-ninth each; that the land was not susceptible of partition; that an order of sale be made, etc. In pursuance of a sale made under such order, "on *244May 11,1897, Charles purchased the land on his bid of $4000 and received a deed in due form.
They next introduced a trust deed on the land from Charles E. Cole, Sarah E. Cole and others to the Missouri Trust Co., securing $3500, put of record, date, September 18, 1899.
Next, a transcript judgment, dated June 30, 1898, in favor of John O. Long and against Samuel I. Cole for $108.
Barring some notes, evidencing indebtedness of Samuel, the foregoin'g is all the record and documentary evidence. The Long judgment was put in as part of the proof tending to show indebtedness and insolvency of Samuel.
Supplementing such record evidence, defendants put in oral testimony, viz.:
By Charles E. Cole, that his brother, Samuel, was insolvent on January 10, 1895', and remained' insolvent from that day to the date of the trial; that he owed named debts on that date and subsequently which he did not and could not pay. (It will serve no necessary purpose to go into the details of this indebtedness, because there is no dispute about the debts or the insolvency of Samuel at the time of the conveyances in question or afterwards.) Witness was surety for Samuel to the amount of $160. In January, 1895', Samuel was in the livery business in Bonne Terre. He owed John Lyons part of the purchase money. Lyons sold the note to the Farmers’ and Miners’ Bank. Samuel came to witness' and explained .that the bank was “pushing” him for the money, that he didn’t have it and on that account he wanted witness to accept a deed to his interest in the land and then reconvey to Sarah, his wife. The next day witness and his wife went to the home of Samuel, in Bonne Terre, and there Sarah and Samuel told him that Samuel “was badly in debt and wanted to get the land out of his hands so that the Farmers’ and Miners’ Bank and John O'. Long couldn’t *245get his land. ” As a result of the interview it was arranged they should execute a deed to Charles and thereupon he should reconvey back to Sarah. So said, •so done. Those deeds were executed on the same day and as part of the same transaction. (Note: The deed to Charles was recorded; but the reconveyance to Sarah, though delivered, was not. It was left with her, kept in a dresser drawer, disappeared and is unaccounted for.) No consideration passed for either deed. Subsequently, witness brought a partition suit, making Samuel and not Sarah a party. Asked to explain why, his reply was: “Well, she wasn’t supposed to have •nny interest in the land. The public didn’t know she had any interest.” In and about that partition suit and the sale thereunder, witness had a power of attorney from the Cole heirs, including Samuel. Witness bid the land in pursuance of that power of attorney and afterwards was instructed by Samuel as follows: “ You make the land back to my wife. My debts have not been paid, you make my interest over to .her again.” In pursuance of that instruction witness executed the deed introduced by plaintiff. No consideration was paid. Samuel requested the deed to be made, “so that the bank and Long couldn’t get anything against him; at that time the bank had secured a judgment' against him.” Sarah understood witness was conveying to her the interest she had formerly conveyed to witness. Afterwards when an attempt was made to get Sarah to sign a deed of trust and “secure some money to change the deed of trust from the Missouri Trust Co.” “she said she had no interest init and would do whatever Irve (her husband) wanted her to..... She made, that same statement in the presence of Mr. Marbury, when Marbury went to take the acknowledgment of the deed of trust.” While witness held title he held it for the benefit of Samuel — “in trust for him.” Witness, surety for Samuel on some of his outstanding notes, had them to pay. The Farmers’ and *246Miners’ Bank of Bonne Terre brought suit on its note and recovered judgment in the 'November following the conveyance by plaintiff and her husband to witness.
On cross-examination, witness disclaimed any interest or title to that part of the land in dispute. It belongs to his sister, Alpha. At the time of the conveyance in January, 1895, Alpha was Samuel’s creditor. Shortly thereafter, in a day or two, she came down to get her money. Samuel told her he didn’t make the deed “to beat her; I only did it to beat the Farmers’ and Miners’ Bank.” Alpha knew that Samuel was insolvent. Samuel at the time of his marriage (in 1894), was in the livery business. He went out of that and into the saloon business. Did not know whether Samuel was doing business on his wife’s money. Samuel did not state- that the consideration moving in the conveyances to his wife was money he had used of hers. Witness had never seen the (first) deed he made to Sarah since it was delivered. Found out afterwards it was not of record. Samuel told him the reason he didn’t want it put on record was, “He didn’t want the creditors to know the land was transferred back to his wife.” Inquired of when the debt was contracted, . afterwards merged into the judgment under which the land was sold to Alpha, witness said he didn’t know of the day of the month but it was about two years prior to the time it was sold. (Note: This would make the date of the indebtedness about 1901.) In and about the purchase at the sheriff’s sale, witness was the agent of his sister, Alpha, and bid for her. He had examined the records before that to see whether the deeds had been placed on record. In further explaining why Sarah was not made a party to the partition suit, witness said it was because Samuel said the deed was never placed on record, “He put the title in me to hold for him,” and he didn’t Want creditors to know it had been retransferred to his wife.
*247By Benjamin H. Marbury, tbe prosecuting attorney of tbe county, defendants showed that two or three years before the trial (the'trial was in 1904) he represented Samuel and Charles Cole in trying to borrow some money on the land in question. They wanted witness to secure a loan to pay a mortgage then on the land (presumably, the McCormack mortgage), and to pay some outstanding debts “against S. I. Cole’s property.” Witness got an abstract and found a judgment against Samuel. The trust company (presumably, The Missouri Trust Co., afterwards making the loan) refused to loan the money until the indebtedness and judgment were paid. Witness went with Samuel tó see his wife and talk with her about it. The substance of the conversation was that Charles Cole had conveyed back Samuel’s interest to his wife for the purpose,of keeping the property from being sold on account of debts and judgments against Samuel. Afterwards, when the money was borrowed, some of Samuel’s debts and judgments were paid out of the loan; for a certain indebtedness Samuel owed Charles, independent of the amount settled, a deed of trust securing him was to be given, in which Sarah was to join. Samuel I. Cole received in cash some of the loan. If we understand it, the negotiation resulted in the mortgage loan made by the Missouri Trust Company, and that Sarah joined in that mortgage. On cross-examination, this witness reiterated his statement that before the loan could be made he talked with the plaintiff and that her consent was obtained that she, with the other Coles, would join in the deed of trust, and before the money would pass certain of Samuel’s debts were to be paid. Plaintiff did not vant to sign the note on those conditions, but finally did sign it.
Defendant Alpha testified in substance that she' knew Samuel was considerably in debt; he owed her and never paid her: her debt was paid afterwards by *248Charles, and Samuel never repaid him. She remembered the partition suit of the old homestead and of purchasing the interest of Samuel at execution sale. She directed Charles to hid it in for her and she is in possession now under the sheriff’s' deed then received. Samuel’s financial condition never improved after 1895, he continued in debt. After Samuel made the (first) conveyance to Charles, the next day or the day after, she went to see him, talked with him in the presence of Sarah. Samuel then told her, “He hadn’t put the land out of his hands to keep me from getting anything, but'to keep the others.” He didn’t name the others. Sarah was close by; “they were all standing right close together in the kitchen by the table.” On cross-examination she said there was nothing said there about Samuel owing his wife and she knew nothing about that. At that time Samuel was in the livery business, afterwards ran a saloon. He stayed in the livery business some two or three years. Witness did not know whether he anticipated going into any other business. He said nothing about that. Samuel did not S'fty there that his object was to beat those from whom he got money afterwards. She knew nothing about her brother using $1000 of his wife’s money. In that conversation Samuel said, “He didn’t want those people ■coming from the city to get this. He was owing some money at the city for rigs.” He told her he was not trying “to beat her,’’"but he put the “land out of his hands to keep people from taking this land.” Witness lived in Washington county. Inquired of about the value of the land, she said she supposed it could be sold for “$35 or $50 an acre, about $55,-I guess.” It lies about a mile or two from Bonne Terre, perhaps a mile from the shafts of the Bonne Terre mines.'
After the immaterial testimony of J. H. Lyons, defendants introduced the record of a judgment in favor of the Farmers’ and Miners’ Bank against Samuel for $332.50, dated November 19, 1895. (This judgment *249seems to be for tbe purchase money of the livery stable from Lyons in 1894, the note evidencing it having been transferred to said bank, and it is the same note on which payment was being “pushed” when the first deeds were made.)
To sustain the issues on her part, plaintiff took the stand, testifying in substance as follows: She married Samuel Cole in 1894. Was then the widow of Alex Rairden. “Q. Will yon state to this court what money, notes, property and effects you brought to the marriage altar? ... A. Something over, I guess, $1000,1 don’t remember just exactly.” Inquired what became ‘ ‘ of that money ’ ’ she replied: ‘ ‘ Cole got away with it, some way, I couldn’t state just how.” “He got. it;” she either “let him have it or he got it some way. ’ ’ Asked what indebtedness or money was owing her from her husband in January, 1895, on the day they made a deed to Charles, and Charles and his wife made a deed to her, she replied; “All he ever got from me he still owes me.” Then followed these questions and answers: “Q. How much was that? A. Of course, I don’t know how much money, and all my stock, what I had, he had gotten away with some of that. Q. How muda did it amount to, about, that he was owing you at that time? A. I don’t know just how much. Q. Yoaa can’t approximate it? A. I don’t know how much we had left after that, I don’t remember.” The deed was made to make good what money and property he got from her, to pay what he owed her. She denied entering into any conspiracy with her husband to defraud his creditors by hindering or delaying them. There was “never a word between us” relating to that. Witness didn’t think she knew about his debts at that time. She remembered, however, she was on one or two of his notes. The deed from Charles to her (the one made in 1895) was put in the dresser drawer and when Mr. Cole went away from home she never saw it any more. (Note: Other testimony shows that Samuel *250was not living with. Sarah at the time of the-trial.) She disclaimed knowing anything about the deed made to her by Charles after the partition suit. She didn’t remember it. On cross-examination- she testified she didn’t remember how much her husband was indebted to her in January, 1895; did not know he was. largely indebted (to others), she remembered signing a note for her -husband to Alpha Cole in 1894. She signed it “to please him, to get her to wait on him.” He didn’t ask her to pay anything on it and she didn’t sign it with the intention of having to pay it. She didn’t know whether she was surety on a $250 note in the bank at Bonne Terre; she remembered an old Obert note for $150, she signed that the same as ,she did the other, viz,,on the theory that he would pay it after awhile and she would not be called on for a cent. He asked her to sign it to keep Obert from pushing him. She remembered of no property that her husband owned but his interest in the homestead. Asked, pointedly if she had ■any conversation with Charles Cole and his wife before they made the deed, her reply was that her husband had never said a word about it; that she was in bed sick that day, her husband had proposed to make a deed to his brother and that he would transfer it back to her. Her husband said it wouldn’t be lawful for him to make the deed. . “He made it to me for what he had spent of min&.” The foregoing testimony was given in response to the question, “Now, Mrs. Cole, how did this deed come to be made?” She further testified that she signed notes for her husband after he had spent her money to keep people from pushing him, that her husband never gave her a note or any evidence of indebtedness. She remembered specifically one item of $253.50 that her husband got from her on the street and was to put in the bank in her name, but put it in in his own name. Her husband lived on her property while it lasted. “It was spent about all for himself.” She couldn’t say whether he was an industrious money *251making man. She “supposed he earned a little hit to support the family.” “Q. He spent what he got from you for the remainder? A. No, sir. He didn’t spend my money for living. Q. How did he live, then? A. He didn’t live very much.” She reiterated that she had no recollection of getting any other deed from Charles but the first one. She “was claiming it (the land) from that deed, given me to make me good for my money.” She had no knowledge of any other deed. She paid Charles nothing in consideration of any deed.
Samuel I. Cole testified in behalf of plaintiff, in substance that he owed his wife in 1895, at the time the deeds were made; that he made the deed to pay the debt; lie denied entering into any conspiracy with his wife or Charles to delay, cheat or defraud his creditors; there were no judgments against him at that time. He was then in the livery business at Bonne Terre and owed a joint note to the Farmers’ and Miners’ Bank for the purchase of the livery stable with his brother-in-la\t, Bogy, who signed the note as joint maker. This note was afterwards paid by a loan from Dr. McCormack, or the Missouri Trust Co. Charles made the deed of trust and took up the note. At the time of the. •conveyances in 1895- witness, in reply to a question whether he contemplated engaging in any hazardous undertaking other than the livery business, said, “No, I don’t know that I was.” Afterwards he borrowed money from the St. Francois County Hank (this was the loan merged into the judgment under which Alpha Cole bought). That loan was made three or four years ago. Witness did not know the date, but his approximation brought it about the year 1900' or 1901. The money was borrowed to go into the restaurant business. In 1895 he had no undertaking like that in view. On cross-examination witness testified that he was not now in any business; had no property producing any income or means of living; was living with his sister, Miss Cole; was paying no board, but was doing work *252on the farm, marking off corn ground, which was “pretty hard work if you keep things straight.” Inquired of as to his indebtedness of 1895, he testified to various debts, but, as said, his insolvency was admitted, hence the details are of no consequence. He denied making as many debts as he could after the conveyance, but admitted becoming indebted after that time, and remained in debt practically all the time up to the present. He admitted that his wife met him on the street and told him to put $253 in the bank. Witness took the money out of her hands and put in the bank in his own name. That happened some time in 1895, some time in the summer. ■ (Note: The deed to Charles and the reconveyance was in January, 1895.) He “reckoned” he supported his family, but had contributed nothing to their support for the last six months and had been unable to pay his debts. He didn’t remember whether he told Charles why he was making the 1895 conveyances. But he got Charles to agree to reconvey to his wife. Inquired of about the deed made by Charles after the partition suit, he testified that Sarah’s name was put in as one of the grantees by his order. The first deed to Sarah was not put on record because Charles was in some trouble with his wife and he didn’t want the deed to go on record. The first deed was made to his wife to secure Sarah for her money he had used, and the last deed was on the same consideration. No money was paid for either deed. Charles didn’t object to making the last deed as requested by witness. Witness was a party defendant in the partition suit, and when Charles E. Cole bought the premises in for the heirs, witness directed the property to be put in his wife’s name and not to make a deed to him. On re-examination he identified a note made in 1896 by him to the Farmers and Miners Bank for $250, signed by his wife and others as sureties. The last deed to Sarah was made in lieu of the other.
*253Mr. Young, produced for plaintiff, gave testimony to the effect that he was one of the sureties for Samuel on the note merged in the judgment under which Alpha bought. Witness ordered out the execution. If Samuel Cole had any interest in the land the sureties wanted it sold to save them from paying the judgment. Charles Cole came to town to look up the title. Witness, representing the other sureties, had a talk with him. He told witness that Samuel didn’t have any interest in the land; it had been deeded to his wife, first having been deeded to him and then reconveyed to Samuel’s wife; and that it should be on record. We went to the record and couldn’t find the deed.- “Charley said it ought to be there, but we couldn’t find it on the land records.” Afterwards Charles Cole ran the land up on the sale to the exact amount of the debt and then directed the deed to be made to his sister, Alpha. The levy was made on the theory that Samuel owned one-ninth interest in the land. Witness was instrumental in having the property levied on and sold as Samuel’s.
Such was the testimony.
After taking time to consider, the chancellor entered a decree finding that Samuel conveyed an undivided one-ninth interest on January 2,1895, to defendant, Charles; that afterwards and after the partition sale Charles conveyed a one-sixth interest to Sarah. The decree makes no mention of the unrecorded conveyance made by Charles to the plaintiff, but goes on to find that Charles became the purchaser of all the interest in the land at the partition sale and then conveyed Sarah one-sixth; that Charles paid nothing to Samuel for his deed; that, at the partition sale Charles paid nothing for Samuel’s one-ninth interest; that his conveyance to Sarah thereafter was without consideration and that all these deeds were fraudulent as to Samuel’s then existing creditors; that Samuel was then insolvent and remained so; that defendant Alpha purchased the interest of Samuel in 1903 on an execution sale on a *254judgment on Samuel’s note to the St. Francois County Bank, given during the year 1900', with personal security; that there was no evidence said debt was contracted on the strength of any interest Samuel had m the property; "and that the deeds, first above, were not fraudulent as to subsequent debts. On such premises it was decreed that Alpha took no title whatever; and that Sarah was the owner in fee of an undivided one-sixth interest, as against both Alpha and Charles.
It is assigned for error, first, that the decree is inequitable and for the wrong party; second, that the chancellor erred in ruling adversely on the contention that a decree could not go unless other necessary parties were brought in; and third, in giving plaintiff the opening and close at the trial.
Attending to the main point, we conclude the decree was for the wrong party. In arriving at such conclusion certain facts and propositions of law may be assumed as so well established as to be put beyond all question on this record, viz.: That Samuel Cole was in business, was embarrassed, was made insolvent by the conveyances of January, 1895, and May, 1897, and left without ability or disposition to pay his then existing debts; that, as to Samuel and as to all his then creditors (besides his wife), he beggared himself by putting all property subject to legal process out of his hands to hinder and delay them, ergo as to them the deeds were fraudulent in fact and law; and that Samuel continued in business, flitting from keeping a livery stable to keeping a tippling-house and then a victualling-house —at all times independently broken and insolvent, contracting debts as formerly and not paying them. He seems a litigious and selieming man, lightly assuming and then throwing off the burden of the yoke of pecuniary obligations.
In the foregoing views the case is so narrowed as to be encompassed by these questions: Did Sarah, his wife, participate in his fraudulent-intent to-hinder and *255delay existing creditors? We think so. Did Samuel, by the conveyances in question, have the intent to hinder and delay his subsequent creditors? We think so. Did Sarah, his wife, participate in and loan herself to such fraudulent intent? We think so.
In stating grounds for such affirmative answers we shall assume it good doctrine that, under our married woman’s enabling acts, a wife may freely contract with her husband. That, if she be a bona fide creditor, her debt stands on as sure a foot as that of anyone else; he may prefer her since those acts, as before, by securing her debts to the exclusion of others, existing or subsequent, notwithstanding she may have known of his indebtedness and insolvency, notwithstanding she knew that the fact ■ of her preference would have the ultimate effect of hindering and delaying his other creditors, and notwithstanding: the husband intended to hinder and delay his creditors — all this, so long as, and provided always, she keep her hands clean by not participating in and becoming a party to his fraudulent intent. There is thin ice there and one who walks thereon has need of great care.
Fraud is easy to accomplish and hard to prove. It is a sound proposition that, as the marital relation affords a convenient cover for fraudulent property transactions between husband and wife, courts, where fraud is charged as the gist of the action, will closely eye such transactions (when in conflict with the claims of creditors) to see they do not hide and consummate fraud — being always mindful, withal, that judicial zeal to uncover and smite fraud must not be pushed so far as to dam up a natural and proper flow of marital affection or whittle away the duty of a husband to be just to his wife. . To her (as to others) he should live honestly, .should hurt nobody and render everyone his due, thereby observing the great commandment of the law.'
*256We think the following further observations pertinent to this record and decisive of the case:
(a) . The evidence of the extent, items, date and character of the indebtedness from Samuel Cole to his wife is scant and inconclusive. We set some store on the fact that no note, memorandum or book account, checks or bank account were produced. The principal item of $253' which she gave him on the street to put in the bank to her credit and which he put to his own, was given him in the summer of 1895', long after the first dee*! from Samuel and Sarah to Charles Cole for Samuel’s one-ninth interest in the mother’s homestead and Charles’ reconveyance to her. When it is sought to,sustain a conveyance under such circumstances, a chancellor looks anxiously for corroborative proof, or, failing in that (as here), for those badges of good faith, arising from specification in details, date, amount and other indicia earmarking the ordinary run of business transactions, and making the proof fairly certain.
(b) . But if it were conceded that such indebtedness is established at th'e date of the deeds, yet we are confronted with evidence, practically uncontradicted, that Samuel and Sarah admitted to Charles and Alpha Cole and Mr. Marbury, the prosecuting attorney, that the purpose in making the deeds was to wrest Samuel’s property away from his creditors. The fact of indebtedness from Samuel to his wife rests alone on their testimony. The force of the latter is largely spent in establishing a debt. They deny the conspiracy in general terms, but they do not deny otherwise than faintly and impliedly the conversations proving it. Moreover, there is evidence not contradicted that plaintiff treated the property as her husband’s. She borrowed money on it after the conveyances to pay some of his judgment creditors as well as some at large, and part of the loan went into his pocket. This was but shadowing forth and effectuating the original fraudulent purpose. It was tantamount to an admission that she was seized to *257Ms use. The situation, smacMng strongly of fraud, vehemently called for full and satisfactory explanation —and explanation we cannot find.
(c) . The failure to record the first conveyance from Charles Cole to plaintiff, while not of controlling, is not entirely without some significance. Samuel’s explanation of this is vague and we may not grasp it. Sarah makes none. She put the deed in a drawer and left it there until it disappeared. The absence of such record certainly concealed the fact that Samuel had conveyed his property to his wife, and for over two years left the public to understand there had been an out-and-out sale to Charles. The latter sale invited less suspicion than the former would have done and was less liable to attack. Obviously, the absence of the record of her deed furthered the fraud.
(d) . Again, some stress is due to the fact that Sarah made no request or demand of her husband for restitution of moneys converted by him or for payment of a debt due from him. The absence of so natural a thing marks the transaction as novel and out of the usual course, thereby challenging attention. Both of them put the conveyances on his sole spontaneous act. A derelict husband, pricked, however tardily, by an awakened conscience, might make restitution to a wife he had wronged without her request or demand. Verily restitution is the beginning of reformation, even as the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. But there is nothing in this case showing the conscience of tMs husband was awakened or pricked into action.
(e) . Again, when honest conveyances are made to pay debts, there is usually a correspondence in value between the property and the debt — such disproportion as an excessive conveyance is a badge of fraud. In tMs case, absent satisfactory evidence of value, we must take the scant and uncontradicted evidence ye have. That was to the effect that the property was worth $35, *258$50 or $55 per acre. On the theory that Sarah acquired a sixth interest by her last conveyance from Charles, then the interest was worth at $35 per acre the rise of $1800; at $50 per acre the rise of $2600; at $55 per acre the rise of $2900 — allowing for a mortgage indebtedness. On the other hand there was no attempt to make the debt of Samuel to Sarah so much as a thousand dollars. One thousand dollars covered all her personal property and she did not testify her husband got it all. On the theory that she acquired only a one-ninth interest by the unrecorded deed made in January, 1895-, then the disproportion in value would be appreciably less.
(f). In this connection there is another circumstance tending to throw suspicion on Sarah’s title. At first, recognizing that Samuel had only a one-ninth interest, that interest was conveyed to Charles. All sides agree that simultaneously it was reconveyed to Sarah and the deed delivered. If Sarah was not party to the partition suit two years later, the judgment was not res judicata as to her, her prior acquired title was not affected by that suit. Now, if her first deed was made to pay a debt and she accented it as such payment (as she claims) and, if, after the partition suit, Charles, who assumed to have purchased the whole interest in the land (ignoring the fact that Sarah was not a'party thereto), conveyed to her, on the order of her husband, without any new consideration, a one-sixth interest, he thereby conveyed a one-eighteenth in excess of that covered by the first deed. All sides agree the last deed was made in lieu of the first and on no new consideration. We must conclude, then, that by some unexplained arrangement between the Cole heirs Samuel became entitled to one-eighteenth more than was cast upon him by inheritance from his mother, and that by his order the title thereto was put in his wife. Not only so, but singular as it may seem, Sarah says she knew nothing about such order, or the last convey*259anee. In her testimony she puts her claim alone on the first deed, and notwithstanding that, the chancellor decreed her a one-sixth instead of a one-ninth interest.
(g). There is evidence indicating that the wife expected the husband to continue in business and, presumably, contract debts in accordance with his known bent and the usual course of business. Now and then she seems to have gone his surety after January, 1895, though she says she paid and intended to pay nothing on that account. She knew, then, that he was making debts in his business precisely as he made them before, with this difference, that her husband’s property was now screened by the conveyance to her from the hazard of his new enterprises, except in so far as it might be bound through her suretyship. Intent to defraud may be deduced from circumstances tending to prove such intent. In the- nature of things, it is not susceptible of direct proof. There is evidence not only showing that her mind cooperated with his in concocting the original fraud to hinder and delay existing creditors, but there is satisfactory inferential evidence showing the fraud was intended as a continuing one against subsequent creditors. "What was done certainly had that effect and the natural effect of 'that act is presumed to have been intended. If, therefore, it was necessary, on top of actual fraud intended to existing creditors, to show an intent to hinder and delay subsequent creditors, the case is not without evidence to sustain the latter.
Section 2881, Revised Statutes 1909 (formerly Sec. 3398, R. S. 1899), so far as pertinent, reads: “Every conveyance ... of any estate or interest in lands . . . made or contrived with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors of their lawful . . . debts or demands . . . shall be from henceforth deemed and taken, as against said creditors and! purchasers, prior and subsequent, to be clearly and! utterly void. ’'
*260■ That section has been under exposition often. Fraud assumes such protean shapes, is so detested by the law and can be approached from so many angles,.that courts refuse to define it, or fix hard-and-fast limits to it. It is not strange, therefore, that they have not always been able to hold a uniform and steady voice in applying the same set of principles to every case. But in expounding the section it has been held sound doctrine that actual (as contra-distinguished from constructive) fraud, participated in by both grantor and grantee, will vitiate a conveyance as to subsequent as well as to existing creditors. The words of the statute so run and the reason of the thing points unerringly to that conclusion. No man should be allowed to build a superstructure of rights on a foundation of actual, fraud, for fraud vitiates everything.
Nor can there be any doubt that where an element of the purpose in a fraudulent scheme, as appears to exist here, is to continue in business, a.conveyance- contrived to screen property from not only existing but subsequent creditors, from debts springing from the hazards and incidents of the new enterprise, is void.
The views expressed, within the doctrines of a line of cases, stand on reason and authority. Thus:
In Pawley v. Vogel, 42 Mo. l. c. 303, the court was dealing with subsequent creditors in a case passing judgment on transactions between husband and wife, referring to the transactions thus: “ .... hutas between him and his creditors, prior and subsequent, being attended with badges of fraud, it can be regarded in no other light than as a continuous scheme of fraud upon them.”
In a leading case, often cited, Payne v. Stanton, 59 Mo. l. c. 160, we find this pertinent language as to the effect of actual fraud, borrowed from Chancellor Ej?nt.: “. . . actual fraud, or fraud in fact, must be proved in order to set aside a prior voluntary conveyance at the suit of subsequent creditors. ” The case *261holds that a voluntary conveyance as to subsequent creditors is not fraudulent per se, “but the question whether it is fraudulent o.r not is to be determined by all the circumstances.” In other words, if the circumstances point to actual fraud, such transaction would open to let in subsequent creditors.
In Shelley v. Boothe, 73 Mo. 77, the issue was between two creditors, one preferred and both then existing. It was ruled that where the creditor preferred participated in the wrong intent of the debtor to hinder and delay other creditors, the debtor’s fraud became the fraud of both..
In Sexton v. Anderson, 95 Mo. 373, it was held that if a preferred creditor “acts in good faith and tabes the money or the property for the sole purpose of saving a bona fide debt,” the transaction will stand. To overthrow it he must participate in the debtor’s fraudulent intent as to other creditors — mere knowledge of it is not sufficient.
In Snyder v. Free, 114 Mo. 360, it was held tnat the statute, quoted above, makes no distinction between subsequent and prior creditors, and that under it subsequent creditors are as much within its protection as prior creditors, the only difference being in the mode and extent of the proof of the fraudulent intent. So long as any of the class of subsequent creditors can show that the intént to hinder and delay related to them, such class is let in to share the benefits of the statute.
Lander v. Ziehr, 150 Mo. 403, was a case of a subsequent creditor. In addressing itself to the question, “What then are the circumstances which would justify a court in holding a conveyance fraudulent as to subsequent creditors!” it was said: “A design or purpose to hinder, delay or defraud those to whom he is about to become indebted, are some of the marked indicia of fraud. In a word, an intent to contract *262debts and a design to avoid the payment of such debts by the conveyance.”
But it is excess of labor to continue the discussion. The curious and inquiring, inclined to exhaust the matter, may consult such cases as Frank v. Caruthers, 108 Mo. 569; Gruner v. Scholz, 154 Mo. 415; Balz v. Nelson, 171 Mo. l. c. 691; Krueger v. Vorhauer, 164 Mo. l. c. 163 et seq.; Johnson v. Murphy, 180 Mo. l. c. 611 et seq.; Welch v. Mann, 193 Mo. 304; Bracken v. Milner, 99 Mo. App. 187; Loehr v. Murphy, 45 Mo. App. 519.
.The decree in favor of the plaintiff does not accord with the propositions announced, and the facts found to exist. The conclusion reached determines the case without deciding the other assignments of error. The decree is accordingly reversed and the cause is remanded with directions to enter a decree finding the issues in favor of defendant, Alpha Cole, sustaining her conveyance, decreeing title in her, cancelling the conveyances made to Sarah B. Cole by Charles E. Cole and removing the cloud thereof.
All concur.