This is one of eight cases brought by plaintiff, the city of St. Louis, against the defendant, the United Railways Company, to enforce the provisions of ordinance No. 21087, known as the “Mill-Tax Ordinance.” These cases were tried and determined in different divisions of the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, judgments being rendered in each in favor of plaintiff, from which defendant has appealed. The ordinance in question is an amendment to an ordinance providing for a license tax of $25. on each street car used by any person or corporation in said *407city and authorizes the levying of a license tax on persons or corporations operating street railways in sai a city of one mill for each pay passenger carried by them; this ordinance first appeared as sections 2257 to 2264, inclusive, Revised Code of St. Louis of 1907, compiled by Woerner, the accredited author of the “Mill-Tax Ordinance,” which is carried into the Revised Code of St. Louis of 1912, by Rombauer, as sections 2238 to 2245, inclusive, and as enacted and in force at the time of these proceedings was as follows:
“An ordinance to amend sections 2134, 2135, 2136 and 2137 of the ‘Municipal Code of St. Louis’ by striking out said sections and inserting certain new sections therefor, and the enactment of certain new sections to be known as 2135A, 2135B, 21350 and 2137A, all relating to street railway companies and the licensing thereof, and providing for reports of passengers carried on cars, equipment of cars with registers, appointment of inspectors, and for ways and means to enforce payment of said license, and providing a penalty for the nonpayment thereof.
“Section One. Sections 2134, 2135, 2136 and 2137 of the ‘Municipal Code of St. Louis’ are hereby amended by striking out said sections and inserting in lieu thereof new sections; and other certain new sections are hereby enacted to be known as Sections 2135A, 2135B, 2135C and 2137A of the ‘Municipal Code of St. Louis,’ all as follows:
“Section 2134: Every person, copartnership, association, corporation or company engaged in the business of transporting passengers from one point to another within the city, for hire, on street railways, shall pay a license to said city.
‘ ‘ Section 2135: All persons, copartnerships, associations, corporations and companies embraced in *408the foregoing section shall pay the license collector a quarter annual license for each and every car used by them in transporting passengers, payable on the 16th day of April, July, October and January of each year, for the preceding period of the three months ending respectively on the last day of the preceding March, June, September and December, the amount of which quarterly license on each such car shall be determined at a sum equal to one mill for every revenue or pay passenger carried on such car during the said preceding period of three months, ending as aforesaid.
“Section 2135A: On and after January first, 1903, every person who, and every corporation, company or association which is required to pay a street car license, shall provide for, and equip each car used by it for transportation or carrying passengers, with a suitable register or indicator, capable of registering passengers to a number of not less than 9999, and upon which shall be registered, rung up or indicated in continuous numerical succession the number of passengers who have paid for transportation on such car; and the conductor or person collecting the fare shall ring up or register each passenger as the fare is collected.
“After said time above stated, every such person, corporation, company or association shall each day furnish the register of the city of St. Louis with a report or table showing the number of pay or revenue passengers transported on each respective car operated by it on the preceding day, each such car to be identified by its number; said report or table shall also show the number or figures shown on the passenger register or indicator at the time each such car started on its first trip for the day covered by said report, to be designated as beginning number'; and also the number or figures shown on the said passenger register or indicator when said car was discontinued from car*409rying passengers on said day, •which shall he designated as closing number.
“The report or table for a day preceding a legal holiday or Sunday shall be furnished on the first secular day thereafter.
“If the furnishing of the table or report on the day provided for in this section, becomes impossible by reason of circumstances beyond the control of the person or company required to furnish the same, then it shall be furnished as soon thereafter as possible.
“Section 2135B: The comptroller of the city of St. Louis, or he, acting through his authorized deputies, shall be, and hereby is, authorized to investigate the correctness and accuracy of the returns or reports required in the preceding section numbered 2135A, and for that purpose shall have access at all reasonable times to the registers, books, documents and reports bearing on the same, of any person, company or association required to make such report or table; and may appoint temporary inspectors, not exceeding six, to make note of, check up and verify the figures and numbers shown by the passenger registers or indicators in the street cars, and assist in a proper investigation, whenever he so desires; said inspectors shall receive for their services a compensation of three dollars per day each while employed, and shall be employed or discharged at the pleasure of said comptroller.
“Section 2135C: Every person, corporation, company or association refusing or neglecting to make the report provided for in section 2135A, or making any false or fraudulent report, or interfering in the performance of the duties of the comptroller, deputies or inspectors provided for in section 2135B, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be fined not less than five nor more than five hundred dollars.
*410“Section 2136: On the sixteenth day of April, July, October and January of each year the license collector shall notify all persons, companies, corporations or associations required to pay a street car license ; and any of them refusing, failing or neglecting to pay said license within ten days after having received said notice, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $100 nor more than $500; and each day of such failure, neglect or refusal shall constitute a separate offense.
“Section 2137: A failure, refusal or neglect to pay such license for thirty days after the same is payable shall operate as a revocation of any existing or subsequent unpaid license such parties may have obtained to operate such street cars in this city.
“Section 2137A: Nothing in the preceding Sections 2135, 2135A, 2135B, 2135C, 2136 and 2137 shall be construed as exempting or excusing any person, co-partnership, corporation, association or company embraced therein from the payment of any sum agreed, assumed or required to he paid by the terms of any special ordinance, or agreement or contract, nor as replacing or affecting the same in any way, nor shall said sections be construed as impairing or affecting any license heretofore obtained.”
Pleadings. — Plaintiff’s petition, outlined as to matters not in question, other allegations being set forth in full, is as follows: The corporate existence and the characters as such of plaintiff and defendant, and that the latter is now, and was at all times stated in the petition, operating a street railway in the city of St. Louis, is formally pleaded. The enactment of the ordinance (No. 21087) is alleged, and the same is set forth in the petition as it appears in the foregoing copy.
*411“That said ordinance went into full force and effect on or about the fourth day of April, 1903, and thereafter became, and now appears as sections 2257 to 2264, inclusive, of £The Revised Code of St. Louis,’ approved March 19, 1907, and that the said ordinance (No. 21087) is now and at all times herein mentioned was, in full force and effect;
“That by'the terms of said ordinance it is provided that every person, corporation, etc., engaged in the business or transporting passengers from one point to another within the city of St. Louis, for hire, on street railways, shall pay a quarter annual license to said city on the 16th day of April, July, October and January of each year from the preceding period of the three months ending respectively on the last day of the preceding March, June, September and December, the amount of which license shall be determined at a sum equal to one mill for every pay passenger carried on street ears during the preceding period of three months ending as aforesaid;
“That the defendant United Railways Company of St. Louis, during the period of three months ending March 31, 1910, transported 51,438,294 pay passengers in the city of St. Louis, for hire on its street railway cars;
“That, by reason of said facts, and by virtue of the terms of ordinance 21087 it became and was the duty of defendant United Railways Company of St. Louis to pay to the city of St. Louis on the sixteenth day of April, 1910, the sum of $51,438.29;
‘£ That due notice has been given to said defendant by the license collector of the city of St. Louis to pay said sum, but. that no part thereof has been paid;
“That in a suit in equity heretofore, to-wit, on the 12th day of April, 1904, brought by the United Railways Company of St. Louis and the St. Louis Transit Company against the city of St. Louis (plaintiff here*412in) in the circuit court of the United States in and for the Eastern Division of the Eastern Judicial District of Missouri, the said United Railways Company of St. Louis (defendant in the case at bar) alleged and asserted the invalidity and unconstitutionality of ordinance numbered 21087, and of the license taxes imposed thereby, being the same ordinance and the same license taxes hereinabove stated; that in said suit in said United States Circuit Court defendant herein, being one of the plaintiffs therein, sought to obtain a decree declaring the said ordinance and said taxes illegal and void, and further sought to obtain a decree enjoining perpetually the city of St. Louis, plaintiff herein (defendant therein), from enforcing the said ordinance or collecting said taxes, and from proceeding in any manner for the enforcement of said ordinance or the collection of said taxes, upon the ground, among others, that the said ordinance and the said taxes were illegal and invalid and violative of the Constitutions of the United States and the State of Missouri, and of the charter of the city of St. Louis, and beyond the power of the city of St. Louis to enact the one or to enforce the collection of the other.
“That thereafter such proceedings were had in said suit that on, to-wit, the 20th day of December, 1904, the circuit court of the United States temporarily enjoined, until further order of said court by its judgment and decree, the city of St. Louis, its officers and agents, and each of them, from in anywise, by suit or otherwise, asserting or enforcing said ordinance 21087 against the plaintiffs in said suit, or either of them, the said United Railways Company of St. Louis or the said St. Louis Transit Company;
“That the city of St. Louis, plaintiff herein, having answered the bill of the plaintiffs therein, and the said plaintiffs having replied to said answer, the said United States Circuit Court having jurisdiction over *413the subject-matter and of the parties said suit was tried on the merits and on, to-wit, the 17th day of September, 1906, the temporary injunction was made perpetual by the judgment and decree of said court, and the City of St. Louis, its officers and agents, were thereby perpetually enjoined and restrained from asserting or seeking to enforce any of the provisions of said ordinance 21087, and were perpetually enjoined and restrained by suit or otherwise, from asserting or enforcing said ordinance 21087 against the complainants therein, the said United Railways Company of St. Louis and said St. Louis Transit Company, or either of them, from which latter judgment and decree the said city of St. Louis appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which latter court, after a hearing, rendered its judgment on the merits in favor of the defendant therein, the city of St. Louis (plaintiff herein), and against the plaintiffs in said cause, and reversed the judgment of the United States Circuit Court and remanded said cause with directions to the said circuit court to dismiss plaintiffs’ bill, and in conformity with said mandate of the Supreme Court of the United States the circuit court did, on the 4th day of November, 1908, render and enter final judgment in said cause on the merits in favor of the defendant (the city of St. Louis) and against the plaintiffs (the United Railways Company) in said cause, dismissing said bill;
“That by the final adjudication on the merits in said former suit the validity, legality, constitutionality and conformity with charter, constitutional and legal provisions of the said ordinance and the said taxes were conclusively and finally’ adjudicated and settled against the United Railways Company of St. Louis (defendant herein) and the St. Louis Transit Company, and in favor of the city of St. Louis, and that the United Railways Company of St. Louis, defendant herein, is thereby estopped and barred from defending *414this action on any of the grounds which were or might have been set up, urged, alleged or claimed by it in opposition to the validity of said ordinance and said taxes and to the right of the said city of St. Louis to enforce said ordinances and to collect said taxes; and that by the said judgment rendered on the merits as aforesaid in the United States Circuit Court the said ordinance and the said taxes were finally and conclusively, as between these parties, found and adjudged to be valid.
“ Wherefore, plaintiff prays judgment against the defendant for the sum of $51,438.29, and interest from the 16th day of April, 1910, at the rate of six per cent per annum, and for its costs in this behalf expended.”
Defendant’s amended answer to plaintiff’s petition admits the corporate character of the parties, and that defendant was at the times stated in the petition a street railway company, transporting passengers as such in the city of St. Louis.
£ £ That defendant was duly organized as such corporation and possessed all powers conferred upon street railway companies by chapter 33, article V, section 3316, of the Revised Statutes (1909) of Missouri, amongst which are, to construct or maintain and operate a railroad along, across or over streets of the city of St. Louis, providing the consent thereto of said city be first obtained, and to operate its road by such motive power as the city might consent to, and to receive and collect such fares for transporting persons, express and mail, as may be provided in the consent of the city.
“That under and by virtue of the provisions of an ordinance numbered 19,352 duly enacted by the Municipal Assembly of said city, defendant was granted the right to construct, maintain and operate a street railroad in the said city for the carriage of passengers, *415upon the terms and conditions and upon the considerations specified therein.
“That said ordinance granted to this defendant, the right to lay down, construct, operate and maintain, a single and double-track railway along the routes and over the streets and public places described therein for the period of fifty years, and the right to acquire by lease or purchase the properties or franchises and privileges of other street railway companies, and likewise to operate the same.
“It is further provided that the defendant should run passenger cars over its line of railway every day in the year during said period, beginning from six o’clock a. m. to one o’clock a. m. at intervals not exceeding fifteen minutes, and from one o ’clock a. m. to 5:30 o’clock a. m. at intervals of not more than one hour, and further provided that this defendant should charge a fare of five cents for each passenger twelve years of age and over and one-half of said fare for persons under twelve and over five years of age.
‘ ‘ Said ordinance further stipulated that in consideration of the rights and franchises granted by it, this defendant should pay to the said city of St. Louis, semi-annually on the first of January and July of each year, from the completion of said railway for the first ten years, ten thousand dollars per annum; for the second ten years, fifteen thousand dollars per annum; for the third ten years, twenty thousand dollars per annum; for the fourth ten years twenty-five thousand dollars per annum, and for the remainder of the time thirty thousand dollars per annum.
“Defendant further avers that it had, before the time stated in the petition herein and with the consent as aforesaid of the municipal authorities of the city of St. Louis, acquired by purchase other lines of street railway then in operation in the city of St. Louis.” (The eight street railway companies so pur*416chased are then named, and it is separately alleged in regard to each that they are operated under certain ordinances passed in regard thereto and have kept and observed all the terms and obligations required by said ordinances.) '
“So defendant says by virtue of its charters, the laws of the State of Missouri and the aforesaid ordinances, it was authorized, empowered and licensed to construct, maintain and operate street railways owned by it at the date mentioned in plaintiff’s petition and run cars thereon for the carriage of passengers, mail and express, and did so operate them at and during the period mentioned in plaintiff’s petition by virtue of the terms of its charter, the statutes of this State and the ordinances, as it was in duty bound to do, and that the alleged ordinance No. 21087 did not and could not confer any authority, permit or license to operate cars over its lines of railway not already possessed by it under the aforesaid ordinances, its charter and the laws of this State.
“And, that any other or additional imposition of a license or charge of any sort for operating cars over the lines of railway constructed and acquired by it as aforesaid would be unauthorized and in contravention of the powers conferred upon it as a public carrier under the laws of this State.
“II. Defendant further answering, says that said ordinance No. 21087 is invalid and inoperative, for that:
“First: The same is a tax upon the gross earnings of the defendant’s property which the city, under and by virtue of its charter and the laws of this State, has no right, authority or power to impose.
“Second: The city has power under its charter, if not in conflict with the Constitution or statutes of this State, to impose only a license tax upon street *417railway cars. If the city has the power to impose such a license tax, and if the imposition by said ordinance No. 21087 be held to be a license tax only upon cars, ■then the same is unreasonably excessive, as appears from the claims and demands made by the city for the several quarters in the several, counts of the petition herein, in that the same exceeds the reasonable cost of issuing said license and exercising the superintending control in and by said ordinance and the ordinances of said city.
“Third: This defendant, avers that all of its property, including its franchises, are assessed and taxed in the same manner as the property of railroads, under the general laws of this State, and that the taxes so levied and collected are distributed to the city of St. Louis for municipal purposes, and the city therefore has no right to enforce the provisions of ordinance No. 21087 by imposing upon the defendant a double tax upon its property, in contravention of and in disregard of the laws of this State.
“Fourth:' If said charges are a license tax or an occupation tax, then the said city of St. Louis has no right or power to impose the same. For the defendant exercises its vocation as a public carrier under and pursuant to the powers contained in its charter and under the laws of this State as aforesaid, and the quasi-public powers thus conferred upon it by the State, for public purposes cannot be abridged, conditioned or denied by the said city, it once having given its consent as aforesaid to the occupation of its streets and public places pursuant to the laws and Constitution of this State.
“Fifth: This defendant avers that the charges imposed by said ordinance No. 21087 is a tax upon its property and franchises, being the same property and franchises assessed and taxed under the laws of this *418State like other railroad property, and that the said imposition levied under the said ordinance and the said laws of this State makes the total levy of taxes against this defendant’s property exceed one hundred and thirty-five cents on the hundred dollars assessed value of said property, in violation of article 10, section 11, of the Constitution of this State, and discriminates against this defendant and other taxpayers of the like class unjustly, in violation of section 3 of article 10 of the" Constitution of Missouri, and is a denial of the equal protection of the law in violation of the laws and Constitution of this State, article 10, section 3, and of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
“Sixth: It discriminates between street cars of the same class, in that each is required to pay a license in proportion to the number of passengers carried during each quarter and defendant alleges that each of its cars carries, during each quarter specified in said ordinance, a different number of passengers from every other, and is consequently required, under and. by virtue of the terms of said alleged ordinance, to pay a different sum for the license therein stipulated to be paid. And defendant avers that the said ordinance unfairly and unjustly discrimiantes between street cars carrying passengers and those carrying freight or express, and between the cars of street railroad companies doing a large business and those doing a small business — in this, that the cars of the former companies carry more passengers per car than the latter and consequently are charged a larger license tax per car than the latter, thus violating the uniformity of and equality and due protection of the law guaranteed by section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and by section 30, article 2, and section 3, article 10, of the Constitution of Missouri.
*419“III. Further answering, defendant denies each and every other allegation, not heretofore specifically admitted, contained in the said count of said petition.
“Having fully answered, defendant prays to be dismissed with its costs.”
The reply was a general denial.
The Bill in Equity. In April, 1904, about one year after ordinance No. 21087 had been enacted, the defendant here, the United Railways Company, together with the St. Louis Transit Company, filed a bill in equity in the United States Circuit Court at St. Louis to enjoin the enforcement of said ordinance, and to declare the same null and void. The grounds for relief alleged in this bill were: (1), That it imposes a tax for a right already granted, and hence is in violation of the Federal Constitution prohibiting the passage of laws impairing the obligation of contracts, and is in violation of the XIY Amendment, which prohibits States from depriving persons of property without due process of law; (2), That whatever power the city had to levy taxes and licenses upon the property of the Railways Company had been exhausted by its letting its streets to the latter at a stipulated price ; (3), That the statutes of Missouri in providing for the levy of taxes against the property of railway companies and the equalization of such taxes by a State board had the effect to take away from the city any power to make additional levies; (4), That the manner in which the license tax is determined by the ordinance is in viola tion of the Missouri Constitution requiring uniformity in taxation; (5), That the ordinance violates the provisions of the Missouri Constitution in not requiring the tax to be levied in proportion to the property subject to taxation; (6), That the ordinance was beyond the charter powers of the city in attempting to levy a toll instead of a tax on the railways’ property; and (7), That the lev3r of the tax will so increase the burden of *420taxation on the railways company as to impair the value of its stocks and bonds, and thereby destroy its business or effect the taking of its property- without due process of law.
Facts. Upon issue joined the United States Circuit Court entered a final decree in favor of the United Railways Company enjoining the collection of the tax under the ordinance. The city of St. Louis appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which reversed the ruling and judgment of the circuit court (210 U. S. 266) in May, 1908, and directed the dismissal of the railways company’s bill therein. Thereupon, the city of St. Louis filed its several suits against the United Railways Company for the collection of the license tax in question; and the instant case, which is one of same, was brought in September, 1910.
After this suit was instituted the United Railways Company attempted to- have the decree of the Federal court modified so as to show'that the case was dismissed without prejudice, but that court refused to make the modification, whereupon the railways company again appealed to the Supreme Court of the Uniú ed States, which court dismissed said appeal (220 U. S. 607). Thereafter, the suits for the recovery of the license tax against the railways company proceeded to trial and judgments were rendered in each in favor of the city, as before stated. Upon these trials the evidence of the plaintiff consisted of ordinance No. 2108-7, tabulated statements showing the number of pay passengers carried by defendant during the quarter ending March 31,1910, this being the quarter covering the license taxes sued for, and the transcript of the record of the. Federal court and of the Supreme Court of the United States. The evidence for the defendant consisted of an offer of the ordinances pleaded in the answer, together with offers in regard to the amount of general taxes paid by defendant, and an offer to show the *421amount of said mill tax authorized to be collected under said ordinance as compared with other taxes.
So much for the facts' as they appear in appellant’s abstract. Others, not above set forth, but a part of the record, will be cited if necessary to an elucidation of the matters at issue.
I. Plea of Res Adj%idicata. Plaintiff, after stating its cause of action, alleges the validity of the ordinance in question, and that the right to enforce its provisions has been fully adjudicated and determined by the Supreme Court of the United States in a proceeding in equity brought by the United Railways Company and the St. Louis Transit Company against the city of St. Louis to determine the validity of said ordinance, and that the same was held valid and complainants’ bill ordered dismissed, and in consequence of said ruling and judgment the said United Railways Company is barred and estopped from defending this action on any of the grounds which were or might have been alleged, claimed, urged or set up by said railways company in said former suit.
Defendant urges, first, that the plea of a former adjudication thus made by plaintiff is surplusage, without merit in law or in fact, has no proper place in plaintiff’s petition, and constitutes no part of its cause of action; and, second, that the plea constitutes no defense under the facts.
While the doctrine of former adjudication is usually regarded as a defense, it may be invoked by a plaintiff as an element of his cause of action. Authority for this course is not lacking in this State. In Turnverein v. Hagerman, 232 Mo. 693, plaintiff sued to remove a cloud on the title to certain real estate, alleging, first, that the land was exempt from taxation, and, second, that the question as to its exemption bad *422formerly been adjudicated. Tbe trial court entered a decree in plaintiff’s favor, and upon an appeal to this court in an elaborate opinion by Lamm, J., the judgment below was affirmed, and without discussion, the right of plaintiff to invoke res adjudicata as an element of his cause of action was necessarily recognized.
In Exposition Driving Park v. Kansas City, 174 Mo. 425, the petition, after stating the cause of action, alleged “that all of the questions herein involved, including the right to the exemption herein claimed, have been conclusively adjudged in favor of the plaintiff in suits pending and heretofore determined between the parties in this court.” The plaintiff prevailed in so far as the plea of res adjudicata was applicable under the facts, and no question was raised as to the pleading.
In Nave v. Adams, 107 Mo. 414, the plaintiff was permitted to amend his petition and allege the previous litigation, in which the lien of a particular deed of trust had been declared invalid, although such prior suit was not between the identical parties, but related to the same subject-matter. The court said: “Nor does the circumstance that the last decree in West v. Bundy, 78 Mo. 407, was reached' after the bringing of this suit, and was introduced, as a fact herein, by amendment of the original petition, impair, in any wise, the force of that decree as an adjudication of the matters involved therein. It is permissible, in such a proceeding as this, to bring forward (upon proper leave and terms), by supplemental or amended petition, facts that have transpired since the institution of the suit, which may tend to strengthen or reinforce the cause of action or defense stated in the pleadings before the court.”
From these cases it is evident that in this jurisdiction res adjudicata may be set up by a plaintiff to prevent a defense being used which had been held without merit in a former proceeding. The Supreme Court of the United States in New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, *423167 U. S. 371, recognizes the propriety of a plaintiff thus invoking the plea of former adjudication in permitting a complainant in a bill in equity to set up among other things as a part of his cause of action that the fact of the exemption of certain property from taxation “was conclusively determined by the presumption of the thing adjudged, resulting from judgments previously rendered between the parties.” The foregoing authorities will suffice to establish the propriety of the plea of res adjudicaba set up in the petition, and it will serve no useful purpose to further extend the discussion of this phase of the ease by the citation of other rulings found in the reports of the various States announcing the same doctrine as that declared in the cases cited.
II. Res Adjudicaba and Estoppel as Bars. We come now to a consideration of the question as to whether the doctrines of res adjudicaba and estoppel are applicable as pleas in bar under the pleadings and facts in this case.
a. Mr. Hukra Ohand of Delhi, India, in a learned and exhaustive treatise on this subject, says: “The doctrine as now recognized directly forbids the retrial of an issue, and necessarily involves the bar of a suit brought on a cause of action which should have formed the basis of a prior suit and been tried therein. And this bar is held to apply even where the subsequent suit is for a claim or relief arising out of the same cause of action, and not asked in the former suit.” [Chand, Res Judicata, p. 613.]
A comparison of the allegations in defendant’s answer in the instant case with those in its bill in equity in the Federal court will lend material aid in determining if there is such a concurrence of identities as h render defendant’s defense here íes adjudicaba. It will be seen that the parties, causes of action, thing *424sued for, and the character of the litigants are the same in each case. These are the essentials necessary to authorize the application of the doctrine. [Brady v. Pryor, 69 Ga. 691; A. T. & S. F. R. R. Co. v. Jefferson Co., 12 Kan. 127, 135; Turner Township v. Williams, 17 S. D. 548, 552.] In the suit in equity the United Railways Company sues the City of St. Louis to have the ordinance in question declared void and its enforcement enjoined in the instant case, the city of St. Louis., sues the United Railways Company to enforce the ordinance, the one suit being, in effect, the converse of the other. So far as the salient or material features of the cases are concerned, it appears that the same grounds urged by defendant in its bill in equity were interposed by it in its answer. True, there are certain minor additional grounds set up in the answer, to which we will advert in their order. These, however, will not militate against the application of the doctrine of a former adjudication if it appears that they coul’d as well have been pleaded as additional grounds to sustain the prayer of the bill. In the interest of repose, and to avoid vexatious suits, parties will not be permitted to try their cases piecemeal. Consequently, as was said by Graves, J., speaking for the court, in Spratt v. Early, 199 Mo. 491, 500: “Whatever should have been in the first case for the purpose of passing upon the question of former adjudication, will be considered to have been there.” The court in this case cites with approval Donnell v. Wright, 147 Mo. l. c. 647, in which Brace, J., writing the opinion, says: “The plea of res adjudícala applies, except in special cases, not only to points upon which the court was actually required ... to form an opinion and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence might have brought forward.” Or, as said Philips, P. J., in Rail*425road v. Levy, 17 Mo. App. l. c. 507, “The rule if firmly settled, that when the merits of the controversy were at issue in the first suit, every objection urged in the second suit having been open to the party within the legitimate scope of the pleadings of the first action, and the whole defense might have been presented in that trial, the matter is res adjudicata, and must be considered as concluded by the former judgment.” This case is rich in authorities cited and discussed in support of the rule announced. In addition, we find it to be the pronounced doctrine wherever the common law prevails to regard all the issues which might have been raised and determined in a given case as completely barred as if they had been adjudicated and included in the verdict. [Duchess of Kingston’s Case, 20 How St. Tr. 544; Kessler v. Elred, 206 U. S. 285; Driving Park v. Kansas City, 174 Mo. 425; Turnverein v. Hagerman, 232 Mo. l. c. 703; Grunert v. Spalding, 104 Wis. 193; Ruegger v. Railroad, 103 Ill. 449; Breeze v. Haley, 11 Colo. 351; Cincinnatti v. Emerson, 57 Ohio St. 132; McMicken v. Morgan, 9 La. Ann. 208; Porter v. Morere, 30 La. Ann. 230; Wisconsin v. Torinus, 28 Minn. 175, 179.]
The material issue in the equity suit was as to the validity of the ordinance, and the same issue was the burden of defendant’s defense to the suit, brought by the city to enforce the ordinance. This being true, the conclusion seems inevitable that defendant is barred by the adjudication in the former suit. What does it matter, therefore, that defendant, in addition to the grounds urged in support of his bill in equity, pleads in his answer here that the title of the ordinance is fatally defective, and that there is no express provision therein for suing defendant to recover the mill tax in an action for debt? These matters, if any merit inheres therein, which we will presently discuss, might properly have been pleaded in the bill as grounds for *426the invalidity of the ordinance, and defendant not having availed itself of this opportunity will not now be heard to complain; although the couch be Procrustean, it is of defendant’s own choosing.
b. Suppletory to what has been said as to the bar of former adjudication, the record renders that old maxim applicable, which, translated out of the law Latin into the mother tongue, means that, “He will not be heard who alleges the contrary things,” and it is elementary that this rule has application to admissions made in pleadings in courts of record whether such admissions be express or implied.
Here, defendant alleges that the ordinance in question is not authorized by any provision of the charter, or, in other words, that its enactment finds no sanction in the municipal organic law. In its proceeding in equity in the Federal courts to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance there was of necessity an implied admission that 'the ordinance was valid so far as concerned its enactment. Here, defendant contends that the proceeding and decree in the Federal courts cannot be interposed as res adjudicata. In its motion for rehearing following the adverse ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States on its bill in equity, defendant in precatory terms urged that it might be permitted to reargue the case, that if denied this opportunity the courts would be forever closed against it in this matter. But let it speak in its own words in this behalf as they were employed in its motion for rehearing :
“We earnestly ask before this enormous liability be forever imposed upon the street railways companies, they be permitted, not to reargue, but to argue for the first time the merits of this court’s unexpected assumption' that street railroad car license fees are taxes.”
And in a subsequent paragraph:
*427“The court, after hearing argument, may decide, although we are firmly convinced that it will not, that the street railroad car license fees are taxes, and that the street railroad companies are forever condemned to pay them. ’ ’
And finally:
“The court’s mandate, once issued, is irrevocable. It binds for the future not only the parties but this court itself. There can be no appeal and, because of the principle of res adjudicata, no reversal.”
Put to its mettle for defense in the instant case defendant has reversed its former conclusion that the overruling of its motion for rehearing in the equity case was the end of the controversy. If it was so then, and we hold that it was, it is so now.
c. Let us briefly recapitulate: Defendant elected to institute its action to restrain the enforcement of the ordinance in the Federal court, and the consideration of this election was the waiver of a denial of the city’s power to enact the ordinance. .
Suppose, as plaintiff pertinently suggests, that defendant had elected to bring its action in the State court, and that same had been appealed to and determined by this court as it was in the Supreme Court of the United States, would it be contended for a moment that the doctrine of res adjudicata would not apply? Wherein lies the distinction in the application of the doctrine? In principle there is none; in practice there should not be. The decision of the Supreme Court of the United States is certainly entitled to the same faith, credit and binding force as the decision of the State Supreme Court. The courts have shown little patience with the shifting attitudes of a litigant, who, to use the language of the chase, “runs with the hare and holds with the hounds.” Our own court, in no uncertain terms, speaking through Gantt, J., in Lilly v. Menke, 143 Mo. 137, 145, has said:
*428“It is intolerable to allow a party to assert a fact and maintain it at every step in a cause until the court draws some unfavorable conclusion from the fact thus conclusively established and then permit the same party, without any showing of inadvertence or mistake upon his. part or any fraud upon the part of his adversary contributing thereto, to deny his own assertion. To countenance this practice would be to encourage deceit and negligence. No court in the land has set its face more sternly against such practice than this court. In Bensieck v. Cook, 110 Mo. 173, it was said with unanimous approval that ‘courts of justice cannot be trifled with in this way. Parties litigant are not allowed to assume inconsistent positions in court; to play fast and loose; to blow hot and cold. Having elected to adopt a. certain course of action, they will be confined to that course which they adopt.’ . . . The rule requiring consistency of action is not an arbitrary one, but is grounded upon the nature of the courts of justice . . . Certainly there can never be an end of litigation, if every time a suitor is cast upon the grounds assumed by himself, he may avoid all the consequences thereof by flatly contradicting, without so much as an excuse for his conduct, all that he has alleged. In Herman on Estoppel, section 165, it is said: ‘A party who obtains or defeats a judgment by pleading or representing a thing or judgment in. one aspect, is estopped from giving it another in a suit founded upon the same subject-matter.’ . . , In Railroad v. Howard, 13 How. (U. S.) 337, Mr. Justice Curtis said: ‘It does not carry the estoppel beyond what is strictly equitable, to hold that the representation which defeated one action on a point of form, should sustain another on a like point. ’ ”
In the presence of the facts and the precedents in support of same, defendant, by its own attitude, is precluded from any substantial defense to this action.
*429III. Jurisdiction. Defendant, however, seeks to avoid the effect of the rule above announced by asserting that it is attempting to secure the determination of questions here which could not be litigated in the former case. Defendant’s concrete contention is that if it had alleged in its bill in equity that the ordinance in question was invalid under the city charter, the allegation that the State as such was impairing the obligation of its contract would have presented merely a case of a breach of contract on the part of the city and would have pleaded no grounds of Federal jurisdiction. To render defendant’s position in this regard clear beyond cavil, its own language from its brief is its best expositor. It is as follows:
“The ground of validity in that case of Ordinance 21087 was the previous contract between the city and the defendant. Of course, to have challenged in that case the power of the city to enact Ordinance 21087 would at once have made it perfectly clear that the Federal court would have no jurisdiction, because an invalid thing could not impair anything.”
As briefly, therefore, as the importance of the question involved will permit, let us see what the.courts have said in relation to this matter of Federal jurisdiction. First, let it be understood as one of the foundation stones in this inquiry that the decision of a Federal court in regard to its jurisdiction is as conclusive as its decision upon any other point submitted for its determination. [Marquez v. Frisbie, 101 U. S. 473; Sipe v. Copwell, 8 C. C. A. 419.] A proper showing having been made, a Federal court will take jurisdiction of the entire case, and the objection will not obtain to the jurisdiction that there are questions involved which are not all of a Federal character. [Osborn v. Bank, 9 Wheat. 738, 821; Mayor v. Cooper, 6 Wall. 247; W. U. Tel. Co. v. Natl. Tel. Co., 19 Fed. 561; Miller v. Wattier, 24 Fed. 48; Omaha Horse Ry. Co. v. *430Cable Tramway Co., 32 Fed 727. See also in this connection compilation of cases announcing a like doctrine in notes to Bailey v. Mosher, 11 C. C. A. 308, 312; Montana Ore-Purchasing Co. v. Mining Co., 35 C. C. A. 7, 12; and Earnhart v. Switzler, 105 C. C. A. 262, 267.]
These cases authorize this general deduction: that where a claim is made in good faith of a Federal right, a United States court will take jurisdiction, even though a substantial doubt may exist as to the validity of an ordinance under the State law; and in the case at bar all that was necessary to establish the jurisdiction of the Federal court was to show that the complainant claimed in good faith to have a contract with the city, which the latter had attempted to impair. [City Ry. C. v. Citizens’ R. R. Co., 166 U. S. 557.] The analogy of the Citizens ’ Railroad case, supra, to that under review is evidenced by the folloAving from the facts in the former case (p. 564): “This contract was entered info in pursuance of a supposed right given by an act of the General Assembly of March 6, 1891, known as the city charter;” and the court’s ruling on the question of jurisdiction is as follows: “Whether the State had or had not impaired the obligation of this contract was not -a question which could be properly passed upon, on a motion to dismiss, so long as the complainant claimed in its bill that it had that effect, and such claim was apparently made in good faith and was not a frivolous one. ’ ’
In Louisville Trust Co. v. Stone, 107 Fed. 305, 308, the court held against the complainant on the Federal questions, but proceeded to determine another question in the case which attacked the validity of an assessment as being contrary to the laws of a State. The court, buttressing its reasons with many authorities, said:
*431‘‘A further ground of'relief alleged in the bill concerns the assessment of 479 shares of stock held by the complainant corporation in the J. B. Mattingly Company, a Kentucky corporation, which it is alleged paid taxes on all its property, and therefore it is claimed complainant, by the laws of the State of Kentucky, is exempt from taxation upon the shares of stock held by it in said company. Notwithstanding the failure of complainant to establish its right to relief upon the ground of Federal jurisdiction, alleging the unjust discrimination against it in assessing its property at its full value while other property 'in the State was assessed at seventy per cent of its face value, thus depriving complainant of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment, the jurisdiction of the courts having been invoked for that purpose, the bill may be retained to administer full relief concerning- the assessment upon the property of complainant based upon the ownership of said shares of stock in the Mattingly Company. If the claim to relief clearly within the Federal jurisdiction is fair and colorable, not fictitious and fraudulent, jurisdiction attaches, although the ultimate decision may be against the right claimed. [Penn. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. City of Austin, 168 U. S. 695.] When the jurisdiction has properly attached, it extends to the whole case, and to all issues involved, whether of a Federal or non-Federal character, and the court has power to decide upon all questions involved. This was the statement of the principle in Railway v. Taylor, 86 Fed. (C. C.) 168, and seems to be amply supported by the authorities. [Railroad v. Mississippi, 102 U. S. 135; Horner v. United States, 143 U. S. 570; Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 71.] The Federal jurisdiction having been properly invoked, we may examine into the other questions made in the case, notwithstanding as to them there may be a remedy in the *432State court. In Bank v. Stone, 88 Fed. (C. C.) 383, heard in the circuit court before Justice Hablan and Judges Tart and Lurton, it is expressly held that an .action in equity will lie to enjoin illegal taxation in Kentucky, as the statutes of that State do not afford an adequate remedy at law. That case contains so full and complete a discussion of the subject that it is only necessary to refer to it. We think, therefore, that- we have jurisdiction to inquire into the validity of the tax imposed upon so much of complainant’s property as is represented by this stock in the Kentucky corporation. ’ ’
In Portland Ry. L. & P. Co. v. City of Portland, 201 Fed. 119, which was a suit to enjoin the enforcement of a city ordinance on the ground that it impaired the obligation of a contract, the court (p. 124) said: “There is no averment that the city was without authority to pass an ordinance of that kind. Furthermore, the city has answered, setting up various provisions of .the charter under which it assumed to act in adopting such ordinance, and claiming and insisting that it has ample authority to enact the same. The ordinance was passed and is sought to be enforced under assumed and asserted legislative authority. A Federal question is therefore presented by the record, over which the court has jurisdiction and which it is bound to decide.” (Citing cases.)
In the same case (p. 127) the court, further discussing the question of jurisdiction, says: “A municipal ordinance passed under color of legislative authority which impairs the rights so granted or which attempts to take the property of the complainant without due process of law, comes' within the protection of the Fed-, eral Constitution, and in such cases the Federa] courts may be applied to for relief without waiting until the proceedings are instituted by the city to enforce such ordinance. ’ ’
*433An examination of the facts in this case shows, as in the case at bar, that the question involved was as to the validity of a city ordinance regulating street railways.
In Ft. Smith L. & Tr. Co. v. Ft. Smith, 202 Fed. 581, a suit was brought to enjoin the enforcement of a city ordinance fixing the maximum price for natural gas, and the ordinance was assailed as violative of a-contract in being confiscatory and that it was passed without the examination required by a State law having been complied with. The provisions of the State law brought in question were considered by the court in determining this ease, as well as the constitutional questions.
In Siler v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 213 U. S. 175, the Supreme Court, in considering the right of a Federal court to take jurisdiction of a controversy involving the validity of an ordinance of the defendant railroad company, says (p.'192): “Some of them are directed to the invalidity of the statute itself, on the ground that it violates various named provisions of the Federal Constitution in addition to and other thau the Fourteenth Amendment, while some of the other Federal questions are founded upon the- terms of the order made by the commission, under what is claimed by the commission to be the authority of the statute. The bill also sets up several local questions arising from the terms of the order, and which the company claims are unauthorized by the statute. The various questions are entirely separate from each other. Under these circumstances there can be no doubt that the circuit court obtained jurisdiction over the case by virtue of the Federal questions set up in the bill, without reference to the particular violation set up in regard to the Fourteenth Amendment.”
*434We have heretofore set out a synopsis of the grounds for relief prayed for by defendant in its bill in the United States Circuit Court. The court assumed jurisdiction therein, its inquiry and determination of the issues being limited only by the pleadings. Defendant at no time suggested any lack of jurisdiction, but persisted in the prosecution until the controversy was • finally determined adversely to its contention in the Supreme Court of the United States, the ordinance held valid and the bill dismissed. It is now asserted, notwithstanding the phalanx of authorities to the contrary, that the ordinance is invalid under the city charter and the State law, of which questions the Federal court had no jurisdiction. If defendants present contention is correct, there was no Federal question involved, but simply a moot controversy between the parties in the Federal courts, and this notwithstanding’ defendant’s sworn allegation in its bill that the city of St. Louis by an ordinance, valid under its charter, was attempting to impair the obligation of a contract. Is it not the fairer conclusion, and one more consonant with reason, that the defendant is bound by the express allegations of his bill, and having asserted jurisdiction which runs like a woven line through the warp and woof of the entire controversy, and the Federal courts having entertained jurisdiction, defendant' will not now be heard to gainsay it?
IV. United States Supreme Court’s Opinion. We have shown in the synoptical outline the material allegations, of the bill defendant filed in the Federal court that its purpose and scope might be the more readily determined; as a further’ aid in this behalf, we have analyzed and outlined the opinion (210 U. S. 266) of the Supreme Court of the United States in its ruling upon defendant’s bill, as follows:
*435First: That the sections of the Municipal Code requiring the payment of the license fee imposed a tax, the main purpose of their enactment being the raising of revenue. [Citing, City of St. Louis v. Spiegel, 75 Mo. 145, 146.]
Second: That the city had the right under its charter powers to impose this tax.
Third: That there was no distinct agreement clearly expressed that the sums provided in the ordinances giving the railroad company the use of the streets were to be paid in lieu of such exactions.
Fourth: That there was no express relinquishment of the power to levy the license tax in such ordinances. [Citing Springfield v. Smith, 138 Mo. 645; Wyandotte v. Corrigan, 35 Kan. 21; State ex rel. v. Hilbert, 72 Wis. 184; Ry. & Elec. Co. v. Newport News, 100 Va. 157, and other cases.]
Fifth: That the ordinance in question was amendatory of the previous ordinance assessing the lieénse fee at $25 per annum for each car, which had been paid without question by the railroad companies.
Sixth: That the tax was not levied on the gross receipts as such, and that any license tax, in whatever sum imposed, would take something from the gross receipts of the company.
Seventh: That the previous ordinances do not create an inviolable contract which will prevent the exaction of a license tax under an acknowledged power of the city, unless this right has been specifically surrendered in terms which admit of no other reasonable interpretation.
Y. Defendant’s Other Contentions. Descending from generals to particulars, from the well established conclusion as to the Federal courts’ complete jurisdiction, and the comprehensive effect under the facts of the. plea of res ad judicata, let us review what we denominate the defendant’s subordinate contentions as *4361,0 the validity of the ordinance. We say subordinate, for the reason that if the Federal courts were possessed of full jurisdiction, then the plea of former adjudication, if the necessary identities were concurrent, as we have held them to be, ends the controversy.
However, that no phase of the defense may fail to receive consideration, let us attend to the particulars.
VI. Authority for Ordinance. Defendant contends that the Mill-Tax Ordinance (No. 21087) is not authorized by any provision of the charter of the city of St. Louis. We find the following admissions in defendant’s bill in regard to the power of the city to enact' the ordinance:
“That the city of St. Louis is authorized by its charter, through its Municipal Assembly acting by ordinance, to determine all questions arising with reference to street railroads in the corporate limits of the city which may involve the construction of such street railroads, granting the right of way or regulating or controlling them after their completion, ’ ’ etc.; and further :
“And the complainants show that the city of St. Louis had authority, under its charter and laws and the Constitution of the State, to provide by contract, through the form of ordinances enacted in that behalf, for the construction, maintenance and operation of street railways over the streets of the said city and to prescribe the conditions thereof and the considerations therefor.”
These admissions are sufficient to preclude the defendant from successfully contending in the instant case that the Mill-Tax Ordinance was beyond the legislative power of the city under its charter within the rule that any confession or admission made in a pleading, whether it be express or implied from pleading over without a traverse, will preclude the party from thereafter contesting the same fact with his adversary *437in any subsequent case. [Bouvier’s Law Dict. (11 Ed.), Estoppel by Matter of Record; Great Falls Nat. Bank v. McClure, 176 Fed. 208.] The great weight to be given admissions made in pleadings is recognized in Kirkpatrick v. Met. St. Ry. Co., 211 Mo. 68, 81. And the same rule applies to admissions made in a bill of equity. [Meissner v. Stan. Ry. Equip. Co., 211 Mo. 112, 137.] While- on the appellate bench, Bond, J., announced the same doctrine in Laummeier v. Steel, 77 Mo. App. 456.
However effective the rule as to defendant’s admissions may be in regard to this first contention, we find upon reference to the foregoing outline, of the Supreme Court’s opinion, supra, under subdivision two of saíne, that the court held that “the city had the power under its charter to impose the license tax in controversy,” the language of the court (St. Louis v. United Rys. Co., 210 U. S. l. c. 279) being as follows:
‘ ‘ The city does this by virtue of its power to grant rights and privileges and control their exercise in the streets of the city, power expressly conferred in the charter of the city. In the fixing of a license tax upon all companies alike for the privilege of using cars in the city, it is exerting other charter powers. It makes provision uniformly applicable to all persons or companies using street cars. It is a revenue measure equally applicable to all coming within its terms. We do not perceive that the exercise of the power to grant privileges in the streets in making terms with companies seeking such rights, in the absence of plain and unequivocal terms to that effect, excludes the city’s right to impose the license tax under the power conferred for that purpose.”
And the court, citing with approval N. O. City & Lake R. R. Co. v. New Orleans, 143 U. S. 192, says (p. 280):
“Because a street railway company has agreed to pay for the use of the streets of the city for a given *438period, it does not thereby create an inviolable contract which will prevent the exaction of a license tax under an acknowledged power of the city, unless this right has been specifically surrendered in terms which admit of no other reasonable interpretation.”
What, in short, is the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in this regard? With the pleadings, ordinances and relevant portions of the city charter before it, the court expressly ruled that the exercise of power by the city to grant a franchise to a street railway company to use its streets does not deprive the city of the right thereafter to exercise the power to license, conferred by another charter provision.
However, if it had not been definitely and finally determined by the Supreme Court of the United Staes after' reviewing our laws, State and municipal, that the city had ample power to enact the ordinance in question the matter would still not be difficult of solution. The policy of our law, organic and statutory, has long-been. to delegate to the municipalities herein plenary power respecting- street railway legislation. Especially is this true in regard to the city of St. Louis, In proof of this, note these constitutional and charter provisions :
“No law shall be passed by the General Assembly granting the right to construct and operate a street railroad within any city, town, village, or on any public highway, without first acquiring the consent of the local authorities having control of the street or highway proposed to be occupied by such street railroad; and the franchises so granted shall not be transferred without similar assent first obtained.” [Sec. 20, art. 12, Constitution of Missouri.]
Article 10, section 1, of the city charter provides in effect that the Municipal Assembly shall have power by ordinance to determine all questions arising with reference to street railroads . . . whether such questions involve the construction of such street rail*439roads, granting the right of way, or regulating or controlling them after completion; and shall also have power to sell the franchise or right of way for such street railroad to the highest bidder, or as a consideration therefor to impose a per capita tax on the passengers transported, or an annual tax on the gross receipts of such railroad, or on each car, and no street railroad shall hereafter be incorporated or built . . . except according to this ordinance and other provisions of this charter, and in such manner and to such an extent as may be provided by ordinance.
Article 10, section 2, of the city charter authorizes the Municipal Assembly to tax street railroad companies in such manner as may be provided by law.
Article 3, section 26, clauses 5 and 11, of the city charter provide, among other things, that the Municipal Assembly may license, tax and regulate street railroad cars; and take all necessary steps to protect the rights of the city and regulate and control any railways which may have been granted the right to construct and operate their roads therein.
The express terms of these provisions clearly indicate, so far as the State Constitution is concerned, the purpose of the entire public, speaking through its organic law, to confer upon the people of the cities complete power and control over their streets, whether in determining the manner of their use or in licensing those who use them. In St. L. & M. Riv. Ry. Co. v. Kirkwood, 159 Mo. l. c. 252, this court said: “It would be difficult to conceive of a more positive unequivocal veto than that conferred upon the cities, ... of this State by section 20 of article 12 of the Constitution ... to prevent the construction and operation of railroads upon their streets and highways without their consent.” And in Grand Ave. Ry. Co. v. Lindell Ry. Co., 148 Mo. l. c. 645, this court said: “When it is considered that the people of the State have confided the subject-matter of street railways in *440her streets and highways, exclusively to the city, that such control and regulation is a matter strictly within municipal regulation, the ordinances of a city, adopted in pursuance of its charter, granted by the' State, have the force and effect of laws within said city, and are binding upon all persons who come within the scope of their operation, so long as they are not in conflict with the Constitution and in harmony with the general laws and policy of the State.” And so far as the provisions cited from the charter of the city of St. Louis are concerned they clothe the Municipal Assembly with ample power to enact the ordinance in question. This is evident from their terms without the necessity of comment.
Notwithstanding the plain provisions of the city charter, supra, conferring power upon the Municipal Assembly to enact the ordinance in question, it is contended that the charter provisions cited should be so construed as to limit the licensing of street railroads to that of a police measure, or, in other words, that the city has no power to impose a greater license upon cars used on defendant’s railway than will constitute a reasonable fee for the issuance of the license and the enforcement of the prescribed regulation. This contention finds its support in St. L. R. R. Co. v. So. St. L. R. R. Co., 72 Mo. 67, opinion rendered in 1880, in which it was held that certain acts passed by the State Legislature (Laws 1868, p. 397; Laws 1869, p. 207) regulating the location of street railroads in the city of St. Louis, prior to the adoption of the city charter in October, 1876, could not be modified or repealed by the Municipal Assembly; and as the same acts provided that the license tax on street railroads to be fixed by ordinance should not exceed $25 per car per annum, by parity of reasoning, this license tax which had been fixed by ordinance was still in full force and could not be legally changed by the adoption of ordinance 21087 which affected the repeal of the $25 ordinance.
*441We find, however, that the case of St. L. R. R. Co. v. So. St. L. R. R. Co., supra, was expressly overruled in State ex inf. v. Lindell Ty. Co., 151 Mo. 162, in which this court held that the present Constitution gave the city the power to adopt a charter which should supersede all prior charters; that such a charter was adopted in 1876 giving the city the right to regulate the use of its streets, and to grant the right to construct street railways and to regulate street car companies; that the Constitution, in addition, prohibited the General Assembly from granting the right to construct or operate or transfer a street railway in any city, town or village in this State without the consent of the municipality sought to be affected. That in view of these constitutional and charter powers an act of the General Assembly which seeks to limit them cannot stand. This conclusive reasoning by Marshall, J., who spoke for the court, and whose accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the interrelation of State and Municipal laws is beyond question, completely dissipates whatever force seemed on the surface to exist in the contention that the acts of 1868 and 1869 were still operative, and establishes the authority of the Municipal Assembly to enact the ordinance in controversy.
VII. Nature of the Tax. Defendant’s next contention is that the tax created by the ordinance is not a license tax, but a direct tax on property. This issue, as an examination of the bill and the answer thereto discloses without further lengthening this opinion by extracts therefrom, was squarely submitted to the United States Supreme Court for its determination, .and the court (210 U. S. l. c. 277), citing with approval Mr. Justice Brewer’s reasoning in People ex rel. Metro. St. Ry. Co. v. N. Y. Tax Comrs., 199 U. S. l. c. 37, said:
“ ‘Applying these well-established rules to the several contracts, it will be perceived that there was *442no express relinquishment of the right of taxation. The plaintiff in error must rely upon some implication and not upon any. direct stipulation. In each contract there was a grant of privileges, but the grant was specifically of privileges in respect to the construction, operation and maintenance of a street railroad. Those were all that in terms were granted. As consideration for this grant the grantees were to pay something, and such payment is nowhere said to be in lieu of or as an equivalent .or substitute for taxes. All that can be extracted from the language used was a grant of privileges and a payment therefor. Other words must be written into the contract before there can be found any relinquishment of the power of taxation.’ . . .
“Applying these principles to the ordinances in question, we do not find in them any express relinquishment of the power to levy the license tax which is the subject-matter of this controversy.” And on page 278 of the opinion, the court further says: “The stipulation as to the payments to be in lieu of all other payments under previous ordinances and such as are now or may by ordinance be hereafter passed, etc., in this ordinance may well be referred to the sieecial ordinances passed under the right to grant the use of the streets fin consideration of the rights and privileges’ therein granted, and are not designed to repeal pro tanto the section of the municipal code then in effect imposing a license fee on railway cars operated in the city.
“No ordinance contains any express relinquishment of the right to exact a license fee or tax. It is true that. the city in granting the right to use the streets by special ordinance and in exercising by general ordinance the right conferred in the charter to impose a license tax upon cars is dealing with rights and privileges somewhat similar, but, nevertheless, essentially separate and distinct. In the special ordinances the city is making an arrangement with the railway *443company to confer the right to use the streets in consideration of certain things the company is to do by way of operation and otherwise, including, it may be, payment of fixed sums or a proportion of receipts in consideration of the rights and privileges conferred. The city does this by virtue of its power to grant rights and privileges and control their exercise in the streets of the city, power expressly conferred in the charter of the city.”
In attempting to determine the nature of the tax the United States Circuit Court held that the ordinance imposed a tax on the income of the company. The Supreme Court of the United States (210 U. S. l. c. 279), in overruling the opinion of the circuit court, held in effect that the tax was not levied on the gross receipts as such, and that any license tax in whatever sum imposed would of necessity take something from the gross receipts of the company. As we will moré elaborately discuss later, there' was no basis upon which to determine the gross receipts, and, therefore, the fixing by defendant and the United States Circuit Court as well of the per cent which the mill tax bore to same was an assumption. This declaration is warranted because the basis of the tax is in nowise dependent upon the company’s income, but upon the number of pay passengers carried regardless of the fare paid by them. Even if the tax was determined by the amount of the company’s gross income, it would not be a tax on that income. There is no dearth of authority for the State or a city collecting an ad valorem tax upon property used in the exercise of a privilege, and at the same time imposing a license tax on that privilege. [Aurora v. McGannon, 138 Mo. l. c. 45; St. Joseph v. Ernst, 95 Mo. l. c. 367; Am. Un. Express Co. v. St. Joseph, 66 Mo. 675.]
The original ordinance amended by ordinance No. 21087 authorized a fixed license tax of $25 on each car; the amendment simply substituted for this fixed charge *444a graduated charge or tax of oue mill for each pay passenger carried. The enactment of the original ordinance, as well as the amendment, was within the city’s express power to license and tax street cars, and the right existing, the fact that a different method was prescribed in the amendment for determining the tax does not change its nature; it is still a license tax, and not in any sense a tax on gross receipts or a demand for a part of the fare collected. This method of fixing a license tax is frequently employed and has often received approval. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States in Clark v. Titusville, 184 U. S. 329, 333, sustained a city ordinance imposing a graduated license tax upon persons engaged in certain vocations, the amount being different as to persons in the same callings, but such amount being fixed according to classifications determined by the sales. In Maine v. Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 142 U. S. 217, 228, the court held that the character of a tax is not determined by the mode adopted for its levy, that payment for each year of a specific sum may be required or the amount exacted may bé according to the value of the business permitted. The rule in this case was by apportioning the charge to the receipts of the business; this the court said was eminently reasonable and likely to produce the most satisfactory results both to the State and the. corporation taxed. There was no levy in this case upon the receipts themselves and they constituted simply a means, as does in the case at bar the number of passengers carried, of ascertaining the value of the privilege conferred. In Home Ins. Co. v. New York, 134 U. S. 594, 600, insurance companies were held taxable for doing business .in the State of New York by an amount- graduated according to the percentage of profits on the capital stock or dividends paid; and that the tax thus imposed was not on the capital stock, but upon the franchises or business of the companies and the reference was had to the capital stock and dividends *445only to secure a basis from which to determine the amount of the taxes to be exacted each year.
A general rule may be deduced from these cases in regard to the fixing of license taxes, as follows: that the validity of a tax of this character is in no way dependent upon the manner which the State or the municipality may deem proper to adopt to fix same; and that no constitutional inhibition lies in the way of a legislative body prescribing any method of measurement to determine the amount to be charged for the privilege bestowed. For other illustrations of the exercise of this power which have received judicial sanction see Mich. Cent. R. R. v. Powers, 201 U. S. 245; Brown-Forman Co. v. Kentucky, 217 U. S. 563; Texas Co. v. Stephens, 100 Tex. 628; S. W. Oil Co. v. Texas, 100 Tex. 657, affirmed in 217 U. S. 114.
VIII. Is the Tarnation Doublef In answer to defendant’s further contention, made here as in the proceeding in equity, that the tax created by the ordinance is a direct one upon property, and hence is double taxation, the United States Supreme Court (United Railways case, p. 279) says:
“ITow, then, stands the case? Is it true that because the city has required and the company has agreed to pay certain sums fixed in amount, or based on the receipts, for the use of the streets, it has thereby deprived itself of the power to exercise the authority existing at the time the ordinances were passed to license street railway cars, and in the exercise of that power to charge a license fee or tax? At the time when the several special ordinances were passed the city of. St. Louis had the right under its charter to grant the use of the streets for the use of the company, upon the terms which are named in such ordinances. It also had authority under another provision of its charter to require a license fee on certain vehicles, including street railway cars. There was in force *446a section of the municipal code assessing this license charge at $25 per annum for each car. (This is the code amended by No. 21087, in controversy.) It is stipulated that until the passage of the last-named ordinance the railway companies paid the license fees without objection. It is said in the opinion of the learned judge below that the tax, equal to one mill for each paid passenger, amounts to a tax of two per cent on the gross receipts, and is, therefore, an increase on what the company had theretofore agreed to pay. But the tax is not levied on the gross receipts as such, and any license tax, in whatever sum imposed, would take something from the gross receipts of the company.
“It seems to us that this case is virtually decided by the rule laid down in Railway Company v. New Orleans, 143 U. S. 192, supra, which holds that because a street railway company has agreed to pay for the use of the streets of the city for a given period, it does not thereby create an inviolable contract which will prevent the exaction of a license tax under an acknowledged power of the city, unless this right has been specifically surrendered in terms which admit of no other reasonable interpretation.
“We are of the opinion that an application of settled principles, derived, from the decisions of this court, shows that these ordinances do not contain any clearly expressed obligation on the part of the city surrendering its right to impose further license fees or taxes upon street railway cars, and we are of. the opinion that the learned circuit court erred in reaching the contrary conclusion and in granting a decree perpetually enjoining the enforcement of the ordinance in controversy. ’ ’
If, as the United States Supreme Court says in the foregoing extracts from its opinion, to which we have had occasion to make frequent and appropriate references, the city did not by its contract with the United *447Railways Company surrender its right as a municipality to levy a license tax on street railway cars, and the court holds that it did not, then by clear implication, or even stronger than that, by the force of a necessary logical conclusion, it possessed the power to enact an ordinance authorizing the imposition of such a tax, and the passage of the ordinance in question and its enforcement in the instant case until hindered by dilatory defenses, was but the legitimate exercise of this power. Separate and distinct as is this power from the city’s right to levy a general tax upon the entire business of operating the street railway, it can in no proper sense be said to savor of double taxation. Each power under the State Constitution and the city charter has its own well defined province. This is neither a strained nor a novel distinction in the interpretation of laws in regard to taxation. Practical illustrations are to be found in the taxation of the privilege in many municipalities of using therein wagons or other vehicles by transfer, cab or livery companies, which it is well established is not a general tax on the business of these companies, and hence not double taxation, any more than a merchant’s license tax can be said to be a general tax upon merchandise or an income tax; nor a saloon license be said to be a part of the ad valorem tax on liquors. In addition to the cases above cited the distinction here made has frequently received judicial approval: In St. Louis v. "Weitzel, 130 Mo. 600, the city council had passed an ordinance imposing upon persons engaged in the business of hauling garbage an annual license tax for each car or wagon used. At the same time there was an ordinance in force, under legislative and charter power, authorizing the imposition of a license tax upon vehicles for the general use of the streets. This court, in holding the ordinace valid as against the objection of double taxation, said: “But it is said, the evidence disclosing that a license tax has already been paid on the wagon, *448it ‘cannot be taxed twice for the same purpose.’ . . . The city, under its charter, has the power ‘to license, tax, regulate or suppress all occupations, professions and trades ... of whatever name and character.’ This would, of course, include power to license-tax the ‘business of hauling garbage.’ . . . Under its charter powers the city may levy these taxes: First. A tax on property. Second. A vehicle tax for use of streets. Third. A tax on the business or occupation.” The "Weitzel case was followed in a learned opinion by Smith, P. J., in Kansas City v. Richardson, 90 Mo. App. 450, in which it was held not to be double taxation for a laundryman to be required to pay a license tax on his delivery wagons in addition to a regular occupation tax for conducting his business.
The rule announced in the above case is upheld by the weight of authority that a license tax may be imposed on the particular instrumentalities used in a business as vehicles, or, as in the case at bar, street cars, in addition to other taxes which may properly be imposed on those who pursue such business, or on the general property employed therein according to its value. [Harder’s Storage Co. v. Chicago, 235 Ill. 58; Macon Sash, Door & Lbr. Co. v. Macon, 96 Ga. 23; Wilson & Bro. v. Lexington, 105 Ky. 765; Frommer v. Richmond, 31 Gratt. 646, 31 Am. Rep. 746; Browne v. Mobile, 122 Ala. 159; Cobb v. Durham County, 122 N. C. 307.]
IX. Constitutionality of Ordinance. Defendant also contends that the ordinance violates section 3, article 10, Constitution of Missouri, requiring uniformity of taxation. This question was directly before the Supreme Court of the United States in the hearing upon the bill in equity, made so not only by the agreed statement of facts between the parties, but in *449the allegations of the bill. In passing npon this question the court (p. 279) said:
“In the fixing’ of a license tax upon all companies alike for the privilege of using cars in the city, it is exerting other charter powers. It makes provision uniformly applicable to all persons or companies using street cars. It is a revenue measure equally applicable to all coming within its terms. We do not perceive that the exercise of the power to grant privileges in the streets in making terms with companies seeking such rights, in the absence of plain and unequivocal terms to that effect, excludes the city’s right to impose the license tax under the power conferred for that purpose.”
The United States Supreme Court’s language is, without comment, a sufficient answer to the futdity of this contention. If it were not, it has been held in St. Louis v. Green, 7 Mo. App. 468, which case has been affirmed as to this point in 70 Mo. 562, that the constitutional provision as to uniformity of taxation does not include license taxes. This doctrine has also been approved in Glasgow v. Rowse, 43 Mo. 489; St. Louis v. Sternberg, 69 Mo. 302. These cases hold that the purpose of the constitutional provision claimed by defendant to be violated by this ordinance, was to prevent discrimination between objects belonging to the same class; that this organic provision was not intended to include every species of taxation, and that it is restricted in its application to property alone, and has not, and was not intended to have, any application to licenses or taxes on privileges or occupations or on the exercise of civil rights. [Kansas City v. Richardson, 90 Mo. App. l. c. 455.]
The contention that the enforcement of the ordinance subjects defendant to double taxation is entitled to serious consideration only upon the assumption that the tax thus authorized is levied upon personal prop*450erty. This is not true, and, although arguments are made vaguely upon this, assumption, an analysis clearly shows that they are ■ without foundation in reason and serve only to confuse the issue; the tax is, as the numerous authorities we have cited prove, not one on property, but a license tax on a privilege connected with property. -Keeping this in mind clears the atmosphere in regard to other questions in the case. Such being the nature of the tax, the. argument that the ordinance is violative of that provision of the Constitution (Sec. 4, art. 10), which requires that property shall be taxed in proportion to its value, not only loses its force, but is rendered inapplicable.
The original ordinance, of which the one under review is an amendment, provided for a fixed license of $25 on each car; the amended ordinance requires the payment of one mill on each pay passenger carried— a method measured by the use of each car and, therefore, fairer in its application because the tax is graduated according to the number of persons carried on the car taxed. The burden imposed is, therefore, neither upon the property nor the receipts therefrom, and impinges upon no national or State constitutional provision. The United States Supreme Court in Clark v. Titusville, 184 U. S. 329, upheld a city ordinance which imposed a graduated license tax upon persons carrying on certain vocations, the amount being different as to persons in the same callings, but fixed according to classifications determined by the amount of sales. The court, among other things, said:
“ ... ‘All license laws and specific taxes have in them an element of inequality; nevertheless they are universally imposed, and their legality has never been questioned.’ It is contended that the tax in the case at bar is a tax on property, not on the privilege to do business, because the final incidence of the tax is on the merchant and is paid by him. But every tax has its final incidence on some individual. *451That effect, therefore, cannot he urged to destroy well recognized distinctions. The tax in the case at bar is a tax on the privilege of doing business, regulated by the amount of sales, and is not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States.”
The appositeness of this reasoning to the matter under review as an answer to the objections made to the ordinance on account of unconstitutionality is a sufficient reason for its presence in this opinion.
X. The Title. The sufficiency of the title of the ordinance is assailed by defendant, in that it does not comply with the requirements of section 13, article 3, of the city charter, providing that a bill shall not contain more than one subject, which shall he clearly expressed in its title. The sufficiency of the title is a matter which could well have been presented and determined in the proceeding in equity before the United States. Supreme Court. It was not, and if no other reason obtained than the wholesome and comprehensive doctrine of res adjudicata, it would suffice to preclude a consideration of the sufficiency of the title here. However, aside from this preclusion, let us determine from the title itself if there is merit in the contention. The ordinance (No. 21087) as we have seen, is amendatory of a prior act referred to in the title. After a full reference to the ordinance to be amended and the parts to be changed, all of which are clearly designated, the title, after enumerating certain sections to be added, states that it is “all relating to street railway companies and the licensing thereof and providing for the report of passengers carried on cars, equipment of cars with registers, appointment of inspectors and for ways and means to enforce payment of said license, and providing a penalty for the non-payment thereof. ’ ’ There is no point made that the title to the original ordinance is insufficient, and if the title to an original act is sufficient to embrace the provisions con*452tained in an amendatory act, it will be good, and inquiry need not be made whether the title of the amendatory act is of itself sufficient. [St. Louis v. Teifel, 42 Mo. l. c. 590.] But in this case the title of the amendatory act is sufficient. It amply indicates the subject-matter of the act amended, and the nature and purpose of the amendments; under this insignia the reader will not fail to understand the purport of the ordinance, and this is all that is required, for has this court not said: “It is only necessary that the title shall indicate the subject of the act in a general way without entering into details,” because “sound policy and legislative convenience dictate a liberal construction” in the titles of statutes. [State v. Whitaker, 160 Mo. 59, 70; St. Louis v. Weitzel, 130 Mo. l. c. 616; St. Louis v. Liessing, 190 Mo. 464, 490.]
XI. Is the Tax a Debt? The defendant, in addition to the foregoing, contends that the levying -of the tax under the ordinance does not create á debt; that the ordinance provides an exclusive remedy therein for its enforcement, which remedy is wholly penal and cannot, therefore, be enforced in an action for debt. Prom the early ease of Carondelet to use v. Picot, 38 Mo. 125, to State ex rel. v. Trust Co., 209 Mo. l. c. 490, it has been held that a tax is not a debt or in the nature of a debt, that it is not founded on contract and operates in inviium, and that if a remedy is specified for the collection of a tax it will be held to be exclusive where no other is provided. This holding, however, should be construed in the light of the modifying rule that where a statute or ordinance wholly fails to provide a remedy for the enforcement of the payment of taxes, the right arises to institute a civil suit at law therefor. This doctrine has found appropriate lodgment in many eases in this jurisdiction in which the matter of the collection of taxes has been discussed. In the Picot case, supra, the court said in substance: *453If a tax be imposed and no method provided for its recovery, a resort to legal proceedings becomes a matter of necessity . . . where the Legislature has failed entirely to indicate a mode or manner of collection.
In State ex rel. v. Severance, 55 Mo. 378, this court said where a statute authorized the taxation of railroads and designated no particular manner in which the towns or cities where the taxes are to be levied might proceed to collect same, a resort might be had to an ordinary action at law to enforce payment. The rule being announced generally that where a statute gives a right and no remedy, resort may be had to the usual remedy applicable to the ease.
In Phelps v. Brumback, 107 Mo. App. l. c. 25, the court says: “If the statute authorizes the imposition of a tax, but prescribes no remedy for its collection, the usual action for debt may be had.”
In State ex rel. v. Dix, 159 Mo. App. 573, the court said: “Where the statute or ordinance wholly fails to provide a remedy an implication arises that the legislative body intended that a civil suit at law would lie for the collection of the tax, but where an adequate remedy is provided the implication' must be the other way. ’ ’
The ordinance in question provides no express or implied remedy for the collection of the license tax, but merely fixes a penalty for failure to pay same, the provision in relation thereto being in substance as follows: “refusing, failing or neglecting to pay said license within ten days after notice to pay, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, punishable upon conviction by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $500, and each day of such failure, etc., shall constitute a separate offense.” It is evident, therefore, that the purpose of this provision was simply to provide a punishment for a failure to obey the ordinance and that it cannot be considered as affording- a remedy for the *454collection of the tax and thereby operating as a substitute for such a remedy, for no matter how frequently a fine might be imposed — and it will be seen that it may be inflicted for each day’s violation — it cannot take the place of the payment of the taxes, complete in themselves, fixed at the amount ascertained from the returns of transportation of each quarter, and payable only once upon each return. These distinctive differences exist between the right to fine and to collect the tax, which further show that the one could not have been intended as a substitute for the other; a fine can be imposed only after notice from the license collector and a hearing; no notice or hearing is required to fix the civil liability for taxes; a fine may be fixed at any amount, within the court’s discretion, at or between the sums prescribed; the taxes are required to be fixed at a certain prescribed standard, free from any court’s discretion;, and, finally, fines may be remitted by the mayor, but he possesses no such power in regard to taxes. The powers in relation to fines and taxes being thus sharply contrasted, will it be seriously contended .that a right to fine under the facts in this case can, by any process of verbal legerdemain, be conjured into a substitute for a right to enforce the payment of a tax? If not a substitute, then the right to impose the fines and the imposition of same does not constitute such a remedy as will preclude the enforcement by ordinary civil action of plaintiff’s claim for license taxes. [St. Louis v. Sternberg, 69 Mo. 302; Overseers of Porter v. Overseers of Jersey Shore, 82 Pa. St. 275, 278; Phelps v. Brumback, supra; Mayor v. 8th Ave. R. R., 118 N. Y. 389; Lexington v. Wilson, 118 Ky. 221; San Luis Obispo v. Hendricks, 71 Cal. 242; State v. Fleming, 112 Ala. 179.]
Regardless, therefore, of whether taxes are debts in the sense of ordinary money obligations growing out of contracts, they are in the nature of debts arising out of and necessarily incident to the duty the *455citizen owes as Ms portion required to be contributed to the support of that intangible thing called the body politic; and the government, whether it be State or municipal, has the same right to enforce that duty as if it were a debt, and in the same way. [State ex rel. v. Trust Co., 209 Mo. l. c. 490; Greeley v. Bank, 98 Mo. 458; Perry v. Washburn, 20 Cal. l. c. 351; People v. Seymour, 16 Cal. l. c. 340; Savings Bank v. United States, 19 Wall. 227.]
The reasoning of the foregoing cases authorizes these general deductions:
1. A city may maintain an action as for debt where an ordinance imposes a license tax and provides no adequate procedure for the collection of same.
2. The payment of a penalty for a failure to take out a license does not discharge a claim for a license tax and- is, therefore, not an adequate remedy for the collection of such tax.
XII. Reasonableness of Ordinance. Defendant here challenges the reasonableness of the ordinance, although its answer contains no affirmative allegation relative thereto. An ordinance bearing no onerous features on its face is presumed to be reasonable, and, therefore, valid, hence, where a defense is sought to be made of oppressiveness and inequality, the facts showing wherein the objectionable features exist must be pleaded, or facts must stated from which these defects can be determined. [West Consho. Boro. v. Consho. Elec. L. & P. Co., 29 Pa. Sup. R. 7.] Ordinarily it' is incumbent on a defendant to point out specifically in his answer wherein an ordinance is unreasonable as applied to the facts in the particular case, and usually the burden is on defendant to demonstrate the invalidity of an ordinance. [McQuillin, Munic. Ord., sec. 327, p. 509; Bradford v. Jones, 142 Ky. 820; Neary v. Railroad, 41 Mont. 480.] Our own courts have said that if an ordinance authorizing a tax is enacted under *456powers granted by a city’s charter, and is not in violation of the Constitution, it is not void, but has the force of law, and if it be claimed to be oppressive the remedy lies not with the courts, but with the State or municipal legislature. [St. Louis v. Green, 7 Mo. App. 468, affirmed in this regard in 70 Mo. 562; White v. Railroad, 44 Mo. App. l. c. 542; Hoffman v. St. Louis, 15 Mo. 651; McCormack v. Patchin, 53 Mo. 33; Skinker v. Heman, 64 Mo. App. l. c. 450.] If power exists in a municipal corporation to enact an ordinance, as we have shown existed here, the court will be slow to interfere with its operative force. The charter of a city has the force of legislative enactment, and nothing but the most indubitable ease of unfairness and oppression in an ordinance will warrant a court in interfering with its enforcement. [Cape Girardeau v. Riley, 72 Mo. 220, 223; Kansas City v. Trieb, 76 Mo. App. 478; St. Louis v. Spiegel, 8 Mo. App. 478, 482; Lamar v. Weidman, 57 Mo. App. l. c. 513.]
This question was ably discussed by Woodson, J., speaking for this court in American Tobacco Co. v. St. Louis, 247 Mo. 374, cited with approval in State ex rel. v. K. C. Terminal Ry. Co., 260 Mo. 489, in which the rule as to the construction and operation of municipal ordinances, above annmmced, was adhered to.
Besides, municipal corporations are primarily the sole judges of the necessity of ordinances, and the courts are, therefore, loth to review their unreasonableness, if passed, as was the ordinance in question, in strict conformity with an express grant. [Art. 3, sec. 26, subdiv. 11, Charter St. Louis; Art. 10, Charter of St. Louis.] This ordinance having been passed by virtue of express power cannot be set aside by the courts for mere unreasonableness, because questions as to the expediency and wisdom of its enactment rest alone with the law-making power. [Skinker v. Heman, 148 Mo. 349, 355; St. Louis v. Weitzel, 130 Mo. 600; Coal-Float v. Jeffersonville, 112 Ind. 15.] How *457ever, if the ordinance had not been passed in conformity with an express grant, bnt under incidental or implied power, it would still be necessary for defendant to have pleaded its unreasonableness, and nothing but a clear case of unfairness or oppression would warrant the court’s interference. [Lamar v. Weidman, 57 Mo. App. l. c. 513; Chillicothe v. Brown, 38 Mo. App. l. c. 15; St. Louis v. Spiegel, supra.]
Supplemental to and in elaboration of the contention of unreasonableness it is urged that the court should turn a deaf ear to the city’s demand for the enforcement of this ordinance, because, forsooth, it is declared that the tax of one mill for each pay passenger amounts to two per cent of the company’s gross income. Leaving out of consideration for the time being the fact that unreasonableness has not been pleaded, that the ordinance was enacted under ample authority, and that it is fair on its face, we have, with patience and discriminating care, examined this record without finding any evidence, either as to the company’s income, or as to any facts from which either income or tangible assets of any character can be determined. The declaration, therefore, as to the percentage which the mill tax bears to the company’s income must be courteously considered as a figure of speech. If evidence existed, however, to sustain the declaration as to the percentage, which, if true, is a fact foreign to the record, well-reasoned precedents are to be found to refute the claim that a tax of two per cent on a gross income is unreasonable. It was expressly held that it was not in S. W. Oil Co. v. Texas, 217 U. S. 114, and in Neb. Tel. Co. v. Lincoln, 82 Neb. 59; and in Lincoln Traction Co. v. Lincoln, 84 Neb. 327, a five per cent tax on the gross revenue of a street railway was held not excessive or confiscatory. Viewed from every vantage, therefore, there is no merit in the contention of unreasonableness.
*458The defendant, as is evident from the record, enjoys a monopoly of the transportation of passengers by street railway in the city of St. Lonis. During the quarter covered by this suit defendant transported 51,438,294 passengers at a cash fare of five cents each. For this service, and we take notice of the usual results of correct arithmetical calculations, it collected from the public $2,571,914.70. The license taxes, under the ordinance, on the above noted number of pay passengers carried, is $51,438.29, which is the sum sued for,- not an exorbitant sum for the privilege enjoyed, and it is made to appear so only by omitting to state in connection therewith the amount of the company’s income for the period covered by the' taxes. These facts fully stated are sufficient to convince the impartial mind that the tax is neither unfair nor confiscatory.
The suit in equity to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance in question was commenced in April, 1904. Although terminated, so' far as the continuance in court of that particular suit was concerned, when the original bill in the circuit court was ordered dismissed by the United States Supreme Court in 1908, the same proceeding to prevent the collection of the tax, differing only in form, has like a needless Alexandrine dragged its slow length along through the courts during the intervening ten years. Jarndyce v. Jarndyce was a figment of fancy so far as the suit itself was concerned; but while no fiction has lightened or fancy adorned “St. Louis v. United Railways” or its converse title, it has clung to the courts as the years rolled by, and ■its present persistence is still patent. This much for one phase, at least, of the law’s delay, about which we hear so much of late.
We find, after many months spent in the examination of the voluminous record filed herein, and a study and comparison of the numérous authorities *459cited and discussed by able and industrious counsel for tbe respective parties: First, that tbe doctrine of res adjudicaba finds appropriate application here; second, that defendant, by its own acts, is estopped from making the defense here interposed; and, third, that the several defenses sought to be made by defendant are without substantial merit.
From all of which it follows that the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
Lamm, G. J., Woodson and Brown, JJ., concur, Wood-son, J., in separate opinion; Graves, J., dissents in’ separate opinion in which Bond and Baris, JJ., concur.