REVISED JUNE 27, 2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 25, 2012
No. 11-60147 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
JOSE VLADIMIR ORELLANA-MONSON; ANDRES EDUARDO
ORELLANA-MONSON,
Petitioners
v.
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, GARZA, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:
Salvadoran citizens Jose Orellana-Monson and his brother Andres entered
the United States on October 22, 2005. They were charged with being in the
United States without having been admitted or paroled and claimed asylum
because of Jose’s political opinions and membership in a particular social group.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) rejected this argument. The Orellana-
Monsons appeal. We reject their claim and affirm the ruling of the BIA.
No. 11-60147
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
The Petitioners’ argument revolves around a particularly violent and
aggressive gang, Mara 18, which is widespread in Jose and Andres’s area of El
Salvador. The boys, ages 11 and 8 at the time of their initial escape from El
Salvador, allege that they would have been subjected to repeated harassment
and violence if they had remained in their hometown.
Mara 18, also known as the 18th Street Gang, operates throughout the
United States, Central America, and Mexico. El Salvador has lenient juvenile
justice laws, and Salvadoran gangs recruit teenagers. Gangs encourage juvenile
criminal activity, and they train new members in crimes such as drug dealing
and murder. The gangs operate openly in El Salvador.
Before fleeing El Salvador, the boys lived with their maternal
grandmother, her husband, and several other relatives in Zacatecoluca. The
boys’ mother, Teresa Turcios, left El Salvador for the United States in 2001 after
an earthquake destroyed her residence and caused her to lose her job. She lives
in Houston on temporary protected status with her husband Freddy, also a
Salvadoran national with temporary protected status. Teresa did not marry Jose
and Andres’s natural father, a habitual criminal who played no role in the boys’
lives.
According to Petitioners, one of Mara 18's local leaders, a man Jose knew
only as Juan, lived directly across the street from the boys. Juan attempted to
recruit Jose, who responded that he was unsure whether he wanted to be a gang
member. He was afraid to flatly refuse. Juan threatened to kill Jose and his
family. Juan returned one night when Jose was home alone and forced Jose at
gunpoint to rob a jewelry store.
The boys’ grandmother arranged for the boys to flee to the United States.
The boys’ uncle took them to the U.S./Mexico border where a friend helped them
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No. 11-60147
swim across the Rio Grande. The boys waited next to a Border Patrol truck until
they were discovered and phoned their mother from the local immigration office.
The Orellana-Monsons maintained that they were refugees eligible for
asylum because they would be persecuted on account of their membership in a
particular social group. Jose contended that he is a member of a social group
consisting of Salvadoran males, ages 8 to 15, who have been recruited by Mara
18 but have refused to join due to a principled opposition to gangs. Andres
contended that he belongs to a social group consisting of siblings of members of
Jose’s social group or, alternatively, family members of Jose and that Mara 18
likely would impute Jose’s anti-gang political opinion to him.
Jose testified that he was morally and conscientiously opposed to Mara 18
because membership in the gang meant harming and robbing other people. He
feared the members of Mara 18 “[b]ecause they were very bad and [he] had to do
what they told [him].” Andres testified that he had not been recruited by Mara
18 due to his age and that, while he does not want to join a gang, he believed
Mara 18 would eventually attempt to recruit him. Moreover, Andres believed
gang members would kill him if he refused to join.
Teresa Turcios testified that Jose and Andres would have no place to live
if they were returned to El Salvador. According to Turcios, the boys’
grandmother is elderly and caring for her ailing husband, whose care takes most
of the grandmother’s time. The boys have no relatives in El Salvador outside of
Zacatecoluca. In an affidavit, the boys’ grandmother swore that Mara 18
members had come to her house asking about Jose and Andres and threatened
to kill her.
PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
This case has a long procedural history including a prior argument before
this court. Initially, the Immigration Judge (IJ) found the evidence to be credible
but determined that Jose and Andres were ineligible for asylum because the
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No. 11-60147
Salvadoran government was attempting to rein in the gangs; because the boys
had not been persecuted; because the boys did not qualify as members of any
particular social group; and because there was no indication Jose had any
political opinions.
The BIA, in a single-member opinion, dismissed the Orellana-Monsons’
appeal. The BIA determined that there was no evidence that Juan, the Mara 18
gang member, was motivated to harm Jose on any protected ground. The BIA
stated that acts of criminal coercion did not constitute persecution on account of
one of the protected grounds required to establish a claim for asylum or
withholding of removal. The BIA did not explicitly analyze whether the
Orellana-Monsons were members of relevant social groups for asylum purposes.
The Orellana-Monsons appealed to this court, where we initially denied
their petition for review because they had failed to demonstrate that they were
members of any particular social group and failed to show that opposition to
gangs constitutes a political opinion. Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 332 F. App’x
202, 203-04 (5th Cir. 2009)(unpublished)(per curiam). The Orellana-Monsons
petitioned for rehearing en banc, contending that this court erred by using the
BIA’s analysis in In re S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 579, 584 (BIA 2008), an opinion
which they argued was rendered moot—and possibly nonprecedential—when the
parties jointly moved for, and obtained, an administrative remand. According to
the Orellana-Monsons, reliance on In re S-E-G- constituted a drastic change in
this court’s standard for determining what constitutes a particular social group.
This court treated the petition for en banc rehearing as a petition for panel
rehearing, and the panel granted the motion for rehearing and withdrew the
original opinion. Orellana-Monson v. Holder, No. 08-60394 (5th Cir. Dec. 17,
2009) (unpublished order). The panel heard oral argument, vacated the BIA’s
decision and remanded the case for the BIA to explain the basis for its decision.
The court stated:
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No. 11-60147
It is unclear from the BIA’s decision whether it concluded (1) that
the Orellanas have not established a protected ground—that they
are members of particular social groups; (2) that even if the
Orellanas’ alleged social groups are cognizable under the INA, there
is not sufficient evidence that they fear persecution because of their
membership in those social groups; or (3) both.
Orellana-Monson v. Holder, No. 08-60394, slip op at 4 (5th Cir. Mar. 15, 2010)
(unpublished) (per curiam).
On remand, the BIA, in a single-member ruling, determined that
Salvadoran young adults who were subjected to, and who rejected, recruitment
efforts of gangs, and the families of such young adults, did not possess the social
visibility and particularity to constitute “membership in a particular social
group.” The BIA explained that Jose and Andres did not possess characteristics
that would cause others to recognize them as members of the claimed social
groups. Moreover, the proposed social groups were overly broad and therefore
lacked the requisite particularity. Because they failed to satisfy the burden of
showing past persecution on an enumerated ground, the Orellana-Monsons were
not entitled to a presumption of holding a well-founded fear of future
persecution. They also failed to independently establish a well-founded fear of
persecution on an enumerated ground. The BIA determined that the
Orellana-Monsons could not satisfy the burden for obtaining asylum; could not
satisfy the higher standard for withholding; and could not satisfy the standard
for relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The BIA dismissed the
Orellana-Monsons’ appeal. The Orellana-Monsons filed a timely petition for
review.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review only the BIA’s decision, “unless the IJ’s decision has some
impact on the BIA’s decision.” Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 531, 536 (5th Cir. 2009).
Here, the BIA issued its own opinion and elaborated on its own reasoning so this
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No. 11-60147
court must review the BIA’s decision. This court reviews the BIA’s legal
conclusions de novo “unless a conclusion embodies the [BIA’s] interpretation of
an ambiguous provision of a statute that it administers; a conclusion of the latter
type is entitled to the deference prescribed by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council.” Singh v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 484, 487 (5th Cir. 2006).
Under Chevron, when reviewing an agency’s construction of a statute that it
administers, a court must determine first whether Congress has directly spoken
to the question at issue. Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467
U.S. 837, 842 (1984). If so, the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to
the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress. Id. at 842-43. If not, the court
must determine whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible
construction of the statute. Id. at 843. “If Congress has explicitly left a gap for
the agency to fill, there is an express delegation of authority to the agency to
elucidate a specific provision of the statute by regulation.” Id. at 843-44. Courts
give agency interpretations “controlling weight unless they are arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Id. at 844.
We review the BIA’s findings of facts under the substantial evidence
standard, which requires that the decision of the BIA be based on the evidence
presented and that the decision be substantially reasonable. Carbajal-Gonzalez
v. INS, 78 F.3d 194, 197 (5th Cir. 1996). It is the factfinder’s duty to make
credibility determinations, and this court cannot substitute its judgment for that
of the BIA or IJ with respect to witnesses’ credibility. Chun v. INS, 40 F.3d 76,
78 (5th Cir. 1994)(per curiam). Under the substantial evidence standard,
reversal is improper unless the court decides “not only that the evidence
supports a contrary conclusion, but also that the evidence compels it.” Chen v.
Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131, 1134 (5th Cir. 2006). The petitioner has “the burden of
showing that the evidence is so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could
reach a contrary conclusion.” Id.
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The Attorney General has the discretion to grant asylum to refugees. Id.
at 1135. A refugee is a person (1) who is outside of his country and is unable or
unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution
and (2) who has demonstrated that “race, religion, nationality, membership in
a particular social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one central
reason” for the persecution. Tamara-Gomez v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 343, 348 (5th
Cir. 2006) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted); see 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42)(A) (defining “refugee” to include members of a “particular social
group”). “The applicant may qualify as a refugee either because he or she has
suffered past persecution or because he or she has a well-founded fear of future
persecution.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b). “Persecution” includes “‘[t]he infliction of
suffering or harm, under government sanction, upon persons who differ in a way
regarded as offensive . . . , in a manner condemned by civilized governments.’”
Abdel-Masieh v. INS, 73 F.3d 579, 583 (5th Cir. 1996)(quoting In re Laipenieks,
I. &N. Dec. 433, 457-57 (BIA 1983). The alien must present “specific, detailed
facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for
persecution.” Faddoul v. INS, 37 F.3d 185, 188 (5th Cir. 1994). To show a
well-founded fear of future persecution, the alien “must show that a reasonable
person in the same circumstances would fear persecution if deported.” Jukic v.
INS, 40 F.3d 747, 749 (5th Cir. 1994). The subjective fear of future persecution
must be objectively reasonable. Mikhael v. INS, 115 F.3d 299, 304 (5th Cir.
1997). The standard for obtaining withholding of removal is even higher than the
standard for asylum, requiring a showing that it is more likely than not that the
alien’s life or freedom would be threatened by persecution on one of those
grounds. Efe v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899, 906 (5th Cir. 2002). Because the asylum
standard is more lenient than the standard for withholding of removal, the
failure to establish a well-founded fear for asylum eligibility also forecloses
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No. 11-60147
eligibility for withholding of removal. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421,
440-41 (1987).
In order to establish persecution based on membership in a particular
group, the petitioners must show that they are members “of a group of persons
that share a common immutable characteristic that they either cannot change
or should not be required to change because it is ‘fundamental to their individual
identities or consciences.’” Mwembie v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 405, 414-15 (5th Cir.
2006) (quoting Ontunez-Tursios v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 341, 352-53 (5th Cir.
2002)); see In re Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233 (BIA 1985). However, “[t]he risk
of persecution alone does not create a particular social group” and the term
“should not be a ‘catch all’ for all persons alleging persecution who do not fit
elsewhere.” Castillo-Arias v. United States Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1198 (11th
Cir. 2006).
DISCUSSION
This case hinges on the BIA’s interpretation of the term “particular social
group” as found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42). The Orellana-Monsons argue that the BIA’s decision denying Jose
and Andres asylum status through a “particular social group” is an arbitrary
departure from prior BIA precedent and an unreasonable interpretation of the
INA. The BIA contends that its interpretation of the Act is entitled to Chevron
deference, that it is not a radical departure from prior interpretations, that their
conclusion that Jose and Andres do not qualify for asylum is based on
substantial evidence, and that therefore the decision should be affirmed.
The BIA test for determining asylum under the “particular social group”
banner requires “social visibility” and “particularity.” The BIA relies on the
following factors to determine whether a particular social group exists: (1)
“whether the group’s shared characteristic gives the members the requisite
social visibility to make them readily identifiable in society” and (2) “whether the
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No. 11-60147
group can be defined with sufficient particularity to delimit its membership.” In
re A-M-E- & J-G-U-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 69, 69 (BIA 2007) (emphasis added). Social
visibility is determined by “the extent to which members of a society perceive
those with the characteristic in question as members of a social group.” In re
E-A-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 591, 594 (BIA 2008). Particularity is determined by
“whether the proposed group can accurately be described in a manner
sufficiently distinct that the group would be recognized, in the society in
question, as a discrete class of persons.” In re S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 579, 584
(BIA 2008). Also, “[w]hile the size of the proposed group may be an important
factor in determining whether the group can be so recognized, the key question
is whether the proposed description is sufficiently ‘particular,’ or is ‘too
amorphous . . . to create a benchmark for determining group membership.’” Id.
The BIA has previously rejected the argument that “persons resistant to gang
membership” constitutes a social group. See In re S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 583.
Whether or not the BIA’s “particularity” and “social visibility”
requirements for defining membership in a “particular social group” are valid,
is an issue of first impression in this circuit. However, we do not come to this
issue with a blank slate, as numerous unpublished decisions in this circuit have
previously relied on the BIA’s interpretation. See, e.g., Bayavarpu v. Holder, 390
F. App’x 353, 354 (5th Cir. 2010); Bermudez-Merino v. Holder, 372 F. App’x 498,
500 (5th Cir. 2010); Mendoza-Marquez v. Holder, 345 F. App’x 31, 32 (5th Cir.
2009). In other unpublished cases, we have rejected claims involving similar
arguments that the refusal to join gangs can define a particular social group.
See, e.g., Hernandez-Navarrette v. Holder, 433 F. App’x 251, 253 (5th Cir. 2011);
Bermudez-Merino, 372 F. App’x at 500; Guevara-Lopez v. Holder, 351 F. App’x
953, 954 (5th Cir. 2009); Cua-Tumax v. Holder, 343 F. App’x 995, 997 (5th Cir.
2009); Mendoza-Marquez, 345 F. App’x at 32; Cruz-Melgar v. Holder, 327 F.
App’x 513, 513-14 (5th Cir. 2009); Rivera-Barrera v. Holder, 322 F. App’x 375,
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No. 11-60147
376 (5th Cir. 2009); Cruz-Alvarez v. Holder, 320 F. App’x 273, 273 (5th Cir.
2009); Perez-Molina v. Gonzales, 193 F. App’x 313, 315 (5th Cir. 2006). Pursuant
to the rules of this court, these are non-precedential but persuasive authority.
In addition to the litany of cases in this circuit which side with the BIA,
a multitude of other circuits have ruled similarly, and accepted the BIA
arguments that its interpretations of what constitutes a “particular social group”
are entitled to deference. See Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder, 666 F.3d 641, 648
(10th Cir. 2012); Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 991,994 (6th Cir. 2009);
Ramos-Lopez v. Holder, 563 F.3d 855, 858-62 (9th Cir. 2009); Scatambuli v.
Holder, 558 F.3d 53, 59-61 (1st Cir. 2009); Davila-Mejia v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d
624, 628-29 (8th Cir. 2008); Ucelo-Gomez v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 70, 73-74 (2d Cir.
2007)(per curiam); Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1197-98 (11th
Cir. 2006). In addition, the Ninth and Tenth Circuits have applied the BIA’s
framework to individuals from Central America resisting gang activity and have
found that such individuals are not members of particular social groups.
Rivera-Barrientos, 666 F.3d at 648; Ramos-Lopez, 563 F.3d at 860-62.
Only the Third and Seventh Circuit have declined to apply the BIA’s
framework. See Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Att'y Gen.,663 F.3d 582, 603-09 (3rd Cir.
2011); Benitez Ramos v. Holder, 589 F.3d 426, 429-31 (7th Cir. 2009); Gatimi v.
Holder, 578 F.3d 611, 615-17 (7th Cir. 2009). However, even the opinions in our
sister circuits that reject the BIA’s framework do not necessarily support the
Orellana-Monsons’ argument. For example, in Benitez Ramos, the petitioner was
a former gang member from El Salvador and the Seventh Circuit determined
that former gang members were members of a particular social group. Benitez
Ramos, 589 F.3d at 429-31. In a later unpublished opinion, however, the Seventh
Circuit found that a member of a family seeking police protection from Mara 18
was not a member of a particular social group, as a social group cannot be
defined by its relationship to its persecutor alone or by the fact that its members
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No. 11-60147
face dangers in retaliation for the actions against the persecutor. Poroj-Mejia
v. Holder, 397 F. App’x 234, 237 (7th Cir. 2010). Moreover, in Gatimi, the
Seventh Circuit commented, in dicta, that the proposed social group in the Ninth
Circuit’s Ramos-Lopez case— individuals resistant to gang recruitment—would
fail as a particular social group under the BIA’s precedents issued before the
adoption of the social visibility and particularity tests, and the Seventh Circuit
decided Gatimi based on those precedents. Gatimi, 578 F.3d at 616. The Seventh
Circuit thus might be inclined to reject the Orellana-Monsons’ proposed social
group even though their opinion rejects the BIA’s particularity and social
visibility tests.
These cases are not binding on this court in determining the legitimacy of
the BIA’s interpretation. However, we stand with the majority of our sister
circuits by deciding that the BIA’s interpretation of the term “particular social
group” is entitled Chevron deference.
Chevron requires two steps: First, we must “ask[ ] whether ‘the statute is
silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue’ before it.” INS v.
Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424 (1999) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843).
The second step, asking “‘whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible
construction of the statute,’” id. (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843), is only
necessary where the statute is silent or ambiguous. Here the term “particular
social group” is not defined in the INA. It does however occur in the statute
defining the term “refugee”, which the BIA administers. See 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42). Since it is not defined, we proceed to the second step. Under
Chevron step two, the BIA’s interpretation of a “particular social group” is
binding as long as it is “a permissible construction of the statute”
Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 424 (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843).
The BIA, applying the “particularity” and “social visibility” criteria,
determined that the Orellana-Monsons’ proposed groups did not constitute a
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No. 11-60147
“particular social group.” Jose’s purported social group encompassed
“Salvador[an] males between the ages of 8 and 15 who have been recruited by
Mara 18 but have refused to join the gang because of their principal opposition
to the gang and what they want.” Andres’s social group was described by
petitioners as “young Salvadoran males who are siblings of a member of the
aforementioned social group,” or, alternatively, as “family member[s] of Jose
Orellana-Monson.”
We do not believe that the BIA’s interpretation incorporating the
“particularity” and “social visibility” test is an impermissible construction of a
statute that is decidedly vague and ambiguous. Like our sister circuits, we hold
that the BIA’s interpretation is therefore entitled to deference since agency
interpretations are given “controlling weight unless they are arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844.
The Petitioners contend that the social visibility and particularity test is
arbitrary and an unexplained departure from BIA precedent. We disagree.
Contrary to the Orellana-Monsons’ contention, the BIA’s current particularity
and social visibility test is not a radical departure from prior interpretation, but
rather a subtle shift that evolved out of the BIA’s prior decisions on similar cases
and is a reasoned interpretation, which is therefore entitled to deference. See,
e.g., Mendez-Barrera v. Holder, 602 F.3d 21, 26 (1st Cir. 2010); Castillo-Arias v.
U.S. Atty. Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006) (describing the evolution
of the test on a case-by-case basis). By taking issue with the BIA’s current test,
the Orellana-Monsons ignore the fact that case-by-case adjudication is
permissible and that such adjudication does not necessarily follow a straight
path. The BIA may make adjustments to its definition of “particular social
group” and often does so in response to the changing claims of applicants. See
Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 448. Deference to published BIA decisions is
warranted “as [the BIA] gives ambiguous statutory terms ‘concrete meaning
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No. 11-60147
through a process of case-by-case adjudication.’” Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 425
(quoting. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 448). We therefore hold that the
particularity and social visibility test established by the BIA is entitled to
deference under Chevron.
We also affirm the BIA’s decision denying particular group status to the
Orellana-Monsons. The proposed groups for Jose and Andres do not meet the
test established by the BIA, and we cannot say that the rejection of such a group
is arbitrary and capricious. On the contrary, despite the admittedly sad story
presented by the Orellana-Monsons, we find the BIA’s determination to be
decidedly reasonable.
First, the proposed groups lack particularity. The group proposed for Jose,
men who were recruited but refused to join Mara 18, is exceedingly broad and
encompasses a diverse cross section of society. “Only shared experience—that of
gang recruitment—unites them. The gangs target a wide swath of society, and
we have no evidence before us that they target young men with any particular
political orientation, interests, lifestyle, or any other identifying factors.” Ramos-
Lopez, 563 F.3d at 862 (rejecting similar claim to Jose’s for Honduran rather
than El Salvadoran men). The sad part about Jose’s claim is that it ultimately
fails because of the pervasive nature of Mara 18 against any non-gang member
in El Salvadoran society. Andres’s claim that he belongs to a social group
consisting of Jose’s family members is similarly problematic. Here the
membership in a particular family is derivative of Jose’s claim which we have
already determined to lack particularity. It stands to reason that if Jose’s claim
is too amorphous since it encompasses a wide swath of society crossing many
political orientations, lifestyles, and identifying factors, then a group consisting
of all family members of that already large segment, is even less particularized
and therefore does not meet the particularity requirement.
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We further conclude that the Orellana-Monsons’ group lacks the required
social visibility to qualify for asylum status and that the BIA’s determination
that they lacked such status was correct. There is little evidence that people who
were recruited to join gangs but refused to do so would be “perceived as a group”
by society. There is no indication that the gang themselves would even see such
“non-recruits” as a group within Salvadoran society. More likely, the gang would
perceive them “as any other person who goes against [the gang]. . . is perceived”
or any other person who goes “against the gang’s interest.” Persons like Jose and
Andres are “not in a substantially different situation from anyone who has
crossed the gang, or who is perceived to be a threat to the gang’s interests.”
Matter of S-E-G, 24 I&N Dec. 579, 587 (2008). We reject petitioners’ contention
that this conclusion is not supported by substantial evidence and as such affirm
the decision of the BIA that the Orellena-Monsons’ proposed group lacked social
visibility. As such, their group fails to meet the requirements of “particular social
group” under the INA as interpreted by the BIA and Jose and Andres therefore
cannot have a well founded fear of persecution as a result of membership in such
group.
It follows then that Jose and Andres are also not eligible for withholding
of removal since that requires a showing that it is more likely than not that the
alien’s life or freedom would be threatened by persecution on one of the five
grounds for asylum including membership in a particular social group. Efe, 293
F.3d at 906. Since they are not members of a particular social group, they cannot
press for withholding of removal.
CONCLUSION
Because Jose and Andres Orellana-Monson have not demonstrated that
they are eligible for status under the “particular social group” prong of the INA’s
eligibility criteria for asylum, we deny the petition for review of the BIA’s
decision denying asylum and withholding of removal. AFFIRMED
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