FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUL 06 2012
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
EARNEST CASSELL WOODS, II, No. 09-15548
Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 2:04-cv-01225-LKK-
GGH
v.
TOM L. CAREY, Warden; et al., MEMORANDUM*
Defendants - Appellees.
EARNEST CASSELL WOODS, II, No. 09-16113
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:04-cv-01225-LKK-
GGH
v.
TOM L. CAREY, Warden and T.
DICKENSON,
Defendants,
and
SANTOS CERVANTES,
Defendant - Appellant.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Lawrence K. Karlton, Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 18, 2012
San Francisco, California
Before: REINHARDT, NOONAN, and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges.
Earnest Cassell Woods, a former inmate of California State Prison, Solano,
won a jury verdict and an award of $1500 in his case against Solano Warden Tom
Carey, in which he alleged that Appeals Coordinator Santos Cervantes was
deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth
Amendment. Despite the verdict in his favor, Woods nonetheless appeals various
rulings by the district court. Cervantes cross-appeals the judgment and the award
entered against him.
We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Carey in his
individual capacity and the grant of the defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to
exhaust related to Woods’ December 3, 2003 grievance in a separate opinion. We
affirm the district court in all other respects.1
1
We also deny all of the plaintiff’s motions to take judicial notice.
2
1. Woods filed thirteen motions requesting the appointment of counsel. Under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1), the court may request an attorney to represent an indigent
plaintiff upon a finding of “exceptional circumstances.” Terrell v. Brewer, 935
F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991). “A finding of exceptional circumstances requires
an evaluation of both ‘the likelihood of success on the merits [and] the ability of
the petitioner to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal
issues involved.’” Wilborn v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986)
(citation omitted). Although the district court’s own self-professed confusion as to
the legal theory underlying Woods’s claim shows that this case was complex, we
cannot say that the complexity was so great, particularly in light of Woods’s
success on the merits, that the denial of his motions constituted an abuse of
discretion.
2. Woods requested the appointment of a dental expert to testify to the extent
of his injury as a result of the defendants’ conduct. Although a district court may
appoint an expert, the failure to do so is not an abuse of discretion when the case
does not involves complex scientific evidence or issues. See Walker v. Am. Home
Shield Long Term Disability Plan, 180 F.3d 1065, 1071 (9th Cir. 1999); McKinney
v. Anderson, 924 F.2d 1500, 1511 (9th Cir. 1991), vacated on other grounds,
3
Helling v. McKinney, 502 U.S. 903 (1991). There were no complex or scientific
issues present in this case, and an expert was not necessary to explain to the jury
the extent of Woods’s pain and suffering as a result of his inability to obtain dental
treatment. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Woods’s
motion.
3. Woods requested that four inmate witnesses testify and sought a writ of
habeas corpus ad testificandum. The district court’s refusal to grant the writ on the
basis that Woods sought to introduce testimony on matters unrelated to the
contested issues at trial was not an abuse of discretion.
4. Cervantes appeals the district court’s denial of qualified immunity, arguing
that he is entitled to immunity because there was no clearly established law that
recognized that his conduct could amount to a constitutional violation. The
qualified immunity analysis requires that the official’s conduct violate a
constitutional right of the plaintiff, and that at the time of the alleged violation this
right was clearly established with sufficient particularity that a reasonable person
would have been aware that his conduct was unconstitutional. Saucier v. Katz, 533
U.S. 194, 201 (2001). The right to “have prison officials not be ‘deliberately
4
indifferent to serious medical needs’” is a sufficiently particularized right for the
purposes of the qualified immunity analysis. Kelley v. Borg, 60 F.3d 664, 666-67
(9th Cir. 1995) (citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). We
recognized decades ago that “[d]ental care is one of the most important medical
needs of inmates,” Hunt v. Dental Dep’t, 865 F.2d 198, 200 (9th Cir. 1989)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted), and that prison officials’ acts
which “deny, delay, or intentionally interfere with medical treatment,” id. at 201
(quoting Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 394 (9th Cir. 1984)) (internal
quotation marks omitted), may constitute deliberate indifference. We also held
specifically thirty years ago that “[p]rison officials show deliberate indifference to
serious medical needs of prisoners if prisoners are unable to make their medical
problems known to medical staff.” Id. at 200 (quoting Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d
1237, 1253 (9th Cir. 1982)) (internal quotation marks omitted). It was therefore
clearly established in 2003 that a prison official who delays the receipt of
necessary dental treatment has violated the inmate’s constitutional rights. Id. at
201. Cervantes is not entitled to qualified immunity.
5. Cervantes seeks to have the jury’s award of $1000 in punitive damages set
aside, contending that it was unsupported by a showing of evil motive or intent. In
5
Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30 (1983), the Supreme Court held that punitive damages
may be awarded “not only for actual intent to injure or evil motive, but also for
recklessness, serious indifference to or disregard for the rights of others.” Id. at 48.
Here, the jury’s award was supported by substantial evidence that Cervantes
exhibited serious indifference to or disregard for the rights of others. The district
court therefore did not err in denying Cervantes’s motion to set aside the punitive
damage award.
6. Cervantes argues that there was insufficient evidence to support a jury
verdict on the supervisory liability theory, one of two theories of liability presented
to the jury. “Liability under section 1983 arises only upon a showing of personal
participation by the defendant. A supervisor is liable only for constitutional
violations of his subordinates if the supervisor participated in or directed the
violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Taylor v.
List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). Although there was
no evidence presented that Cervantes supervised others, Woods alleged
alternatively that his injury resulted directly from Cervantes’s own conduct; the
jury could not have found in favor of Woods without concluding that Cervantes
acted unconstitutionally.
6
A general verdict may stand if the court is “able to construe a general verdict
as attributed to a theory submitted to the jury that was viable.” Webb v. Sloan, 330
F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 2003). In determining whether to exercise this
discretion, the court should consider: “[1] the potential for confusion of the jury
which may have resulted from an erroneous submission of a particular claim or
cause of action, [2] whether privileges or defenses of the losing party may apply to
the count upon which the verdict is being sustained so that they would have been
considered by the jury with reference to the count, [3] the strength of the evidence
supporting the count being relied upon to sustain the verdict, and [4] the extent to
which the same disputed issues of fact apply to one or more of the theories in
question.” Traver v. Meshriy, 627 F.2d 934, 938-39 (9th Cir. 1980). A
consideration of the Traver factors requires upholding the verdict on the alternative
theory of individual liability and concluding that the district court did not abuse its
discretion by failing to grant Cervantes’s motion for a new trial.
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED. Cost
awarded to appellant.
7