In Watts v. Day, 2 Foster 498, it was decided that one of the petitioners for a highway, being interested in the result of the cause, was not a competent witness on the hearing before commissioners, and the report was set aside on *171that ground. It is said in that case that the court are bound to consider the question on the principles of the common law. The same case was recognized in Kennett’s Petition, 4 Foster 139; and in Goodwin v. Milton, 5 Foster 458, it was held that a proposition to make the road on certain terms was incompetent evidence, and that the exception to the report would have prevailed, if such evidence had been received and considered by the commissioners.
These cases must he taken to have settled the point that in hearings before road commissioners the same rules of evidence prevail as in trials at common law; and that, if incompetent evidence is given on the hearing by the prevailing party, the report should be set aside in the Common Pleas, provided exception to the evidence were seasonably taken before the commissioners. If the question could be regarded as an open one, the forcible argument of the counsel for the original petitioners would deserve very deliberate consideration.
Was incompetent evidence received in the present case ? Riley Wells was admitted, against the defendants’ objection, to testify “ that he had conversed with a number of the inhabitants of East Landaff, stating the number, and that they had all told him they were in favor of the highway petitioned for.”
We take it for granted, though the fact does not distinctly appear on the bill of exceptions, that these inhabitants of East Landaff were inhabitants and tax-payers in Landaff, one of the towns through which the road was laid out. It is contended that their declarations are competent evidence against the town in which they reside. But in this State towns are corporations, and in suits by or against towns the inhabitants are not individually parties ; the corporation is the party, and the declaration or admission of an inhabitant is not competent evidence against the town. The inhabitants are competent witnesses for or against the towns to which they belong.
In England the inhabitants of parishes are regarded in law.as parties individually to suits respecting the settlement of paupers, and perhaps other suits; and, being parties to the suit, they *172cannot be compelled to testify against the parish to which they belong. On this ground the declaration of a rated inhabitant is allowed to be "given against his parish, like the declaration of any other party to a suit. In The King v. The Inhabitants of Hardwicke, 11 East 577, Lord Ellenborough thus states the rule and the reason of it: “ The question then, is, whether the declaration of a parishioner respecting the circumstances of a settlement, of which he could not be compelled to give evidence as a party to the appeal depending, be admissible in evidence. I consider all appeals against order of removal, though technically carried on in the names of the church wardens and overseers of the respective parishes, yet, in substance and effect, to be the suits of the parishioners themselves. The parishioners, therefore, being a party, could not be called as witnessesand Bailey, J., in the same case, says, “ Every rated inhabitant may refuse to give evidence in such suit. I also think it follows from thence that the declaration of every such rated inhabitant is evidence.”
But in this State the inhabitants of towns are not parties to petitions for highways; and, as in other causes to which towns are parties, they may be called as witnesses for or against the towns in which they reside. In Maine it would seem that towns are parties to suits in their corporate capacity, and the inhabitants are competent witnesses as with us ; and in that State it is held that the inhabitant, being a competent witness, his declaration is not admissible as evidence against the town. Inhabitants of Corinna v. Inhabitants of Exeter, 13 Maine 321. And so we think the rule has always been understood in this State.
Nor was the fact competent which the testimony of Wells was introduced to prove. Highways are laid out on reasons of public convenience and necessity. The wishes and opinions of particular individuals cannot be regarded as evidence that the public good requires the road to be made. The evidence cannot be regarded as immaterial, for the wishes and desires of a number of people residing in the county would be likely to have an influence on the minds of the commissioners, and the evidence had a tendency to show an admission on the part of one of the towns that the road ought to be laid out.
*173The testimony of Riley Wells was incompetent. We feel bound to consider it as material, and it bore directly on the merits and main question in the cause.
The writ of certiorari is not like a writ of error — a matter of right. The court have a discretion to grant or refuse a certiorari; and the merits of the whole case are usually heard, as they have been in this instance, on the application for the writ, Gleason v. Sloper, 24 Pick. 184; Whately v. Commissioners of Franklin Co., 1 Met. 338; Stone v. Boston, 2 Met. 228; Huse v. Thompson, 2 N. H. 210; Tucker's Petition, 7 Foster 405.
In England the writ of certiorari is used to remove a cause from an inferior to the superior tribunal before judgment, when both courts have jurisdiction, in order that the further proceedings may be had in the court above. But a certiorari is awarded after judgment, where the court above have no jurisdiction of the cause, and can render no judgment in it, “ in order that the judges may inspect the record and see whether they keep within the limits of their jurisdiction.” 1 Tidd’s Practice 333, 334.
I do not understand that in England, on a certiorari after judgment in a civil cause, the court above, if the inferior tribunal has proceeded regularly within its jurisdiction, undertakes to revise its decision, either in matters of law or matters of fact; and in New-York, on a common law certiorari, they hold that the court will not examine the proceedings returned, further than to ascertain whether the inferior tribunal has kept within its juris'dictional limits. Birdsall v. Phillips, 17 Wendell 469; The Matter of Mount Morris Square, 2 Hill 14. From what is said in the early case of State v. Thompson, 2 N. H. 237, it would seem to have been understood that the rule was the same in this State. That was an application for a certiorari to quash proceedings in the common pleas on a petition to abate a tax. Richardson, C. J., says: “ The power to issue certiorari is given to this court to keep inferior courts within their jurisdiction. If this objection to the certiorari's going is well founded in fact, it must, without question, prevail.” In that case there does not appear to have been any bill of exceptions filed and allowed in the *174Common Pleas, and the court, we think, cannot be understood to have intended to state more than the general rule applicable to cases where the inferior tribunal proceeds by summary methods, not according to the course of the common law, and no special provision is made, intended to secure the right of revision in a higher court. But this application is founded on a bill of exceptions, filed and allowed under the statute; and though there have been several such cases in this State, we are not aware of any in which the court have been called on to lay down any rule determining how far this court will undertake to revise the decision of the Common Pleas in petitions for laying out highways.
This court have by the statute exclusive authority to issue writs of error and certiorari, and the general superintendence of all courts of inferior jurisdiction, for the prevention and correction of errors and abuses. Compiled Statutes 434, secs. 6 and 7. The provision for bills of exceptions in the Common Pleas is as follows : “ Any person aggrieved by any opinion, direction or judgment of said Court of Common Pleas may allege exceptions thereto at the same term, which shall be reduced to writing before the adjournment of the court; and, being conformable to the truth of the case, shall he signed by the presiding justice, and be a part of the record in such case.” Comp. Statutes 437, sec. 25.
It is extremely plain, on the language of the statute, that the right to file exceptions is not confined to cases where the proceedings are according to the course of the common law, and where the bill of exceptions, being made part of the record, lays the foundation for a writ of error; the provision, in terms too plain for doubt, extends to all orders and decisions of the court upon a matter of law in any action or proceeding, and of course to the order for acceptance of a report by road commissioners, and to the order or judgment establishing a highway laid out according to the report; and this whether the court has proceeded within its jurisdiction or has exceeded it.
It must, therefore, be held that on a petition for laying out a highway, the statute gives the party aggrieved the right to file *175his bill of exceptions to any order or decision of the court of common pleas, and to have the bill signed and made part of the record. To what end, if the decision of that court is to be final, and not capable of revision and correction in another tribunal ?
In most cases where these questions have been considered in England, the inferior tribunal was one of a special and limited jurisdiction, proceeding by summary methods; but the Common Pleas in this State is a court of general jurisdiction and a superior court; having a regular procedure and a settled course of practice ; and we think that the intention of the statute in providing for a bill of exceptions was to furnish the means of reviewing and correcting the decisions of the court in matters of law generally, whether the proceeding in the particular case was according to the course of the common law, and subject to correction by writ of error, or in a different method, which required the record to be carried up by certiorari; and such is the view which is taken of the question in Vermont. Paine v. Leicester, 22 Vt. 48.
We come, then, to the conclusion that under our statute this court, upon a certiorari founded on a bill of exceptions allowed in the common pleas, is not limited to the -enquiry whether that court has kept within the limits of its jurisdiction, but have power to correct errors in matters of law arising on questions within the jurisdiction of that court, and that is this case.
But though the party who has his exceptions allowed in the Common Pleas is entitled to his remedy upon them, he must take it according to the nature of the proceeding in which the questions arose. If that be according to the course of the common law, he sues out his writ of error as matter of right; but if the proceedings are of a nature to require a certiorari, he must make his application to the court who have a discretion to grant or deny the writ; and that brings us to the main question and the principal difficulty in this case ; to wit, by what rule is this discretion of the court to be guided and exércised.
The cases seem to be agreed in the principle that, if the errors and defects complained of are merely formal and technical, and *176the court can see that no substantial injustice has been done,.the writ will be refused. Freetown v. Commis’rs of Bristol, 9 Pick. 46; Cobb v. Lucas, 15 Pick. 4; Rutland v. Commissioners of Worcester, 20 Pick. 71; Gleason v. Sloper, 24 Pick. 184; Whately v. Commissioners of Franklin, 1 Met. 338; Stone v. Boston, 2 Met. 228; Barnard v. Fitch, 7 Met. 605; Paine v. Leicester, 22 Vt. 48; Cushing v. Gay, 23 Maine 12.
The court above cannot revise the decision of the court below on the general merits of the cause, nor the finding of any question of fact submitted, on evidence to the court below. But evidence will be received on the petition for certiorari, not to contradict the record, but to show that the errors complained of are formal and technical, and that substantial justice has been done. Freetown v. Commissioners of Bristol, 9 Pick. 46; Cobb v. Lucas, 15 Pick. 4; Rutland v. Commissioners of Worcester, 20 Pick. 91; Gleason v. Sloper, 24 Pick. 184.
In Cobb v. Lucas, which was a prosecution to recover a military fine, the court above held that the orderly book was the best evidence that the company was mustered and the petitioner was absent. The magistrate admitted other and incompetent evidence of those facts. But the orderly book was produced in the court above, and the two facts appeared by the record. The court refused a certiorari. Here the record established the facts to which the incompetent evidence was admitted.
So in Gleason v. Sloper, which was also a prosecution to recover a military fine, the magistrate admitted a letter, to prove that the company was without a commanding officer. It was agreed that the evidence was incompetent; but the fact that the company was without a commander was shown to the court above by the competent evidence, and the writ of certiorari was denied.
In hearings before commissioners, where the law requires a particular form of notice, if actual notice were given, which afforded the party applying for the certiorari full opportunity to appear and be heard, a certiorari will not be granted, though the legal notice were not given. Freetown v. Commissioners of Bristol, 9 Pick. 46; Rutland v. Commissioners of Worcester, 20 Pick. 71; Stone v. Boston, 2 Met. 228.
*177But where incompetent evidence has been received, or competent evidence rejected, bearing on tbe general merits of the cause, the cases go to show that the error must be regarded as substantial, and injurious to the party against whom it has been committed. Ex parte Hayward, 10 Pick. 359; Little v. Cochrane, 24 Maine 511; Cousins v. Cowing, 23 Pick. 215.
We have seen no case in which it has been decided that if incompetent and immaterial evidence to a controverted fact, bearing on the general merits of the cause, was received by the court below, the court above could regard the error as formal and not substantial.
We think the following general principle maybe deduced from the authorities:
In jurisdictions where the court on certiorari revises the decisions of the court below in matters of law, the writ will not be granted where the error complained of is matter of form, and the court can see that no substantial injustice has been done.
Where incompetent evidence has been received to some incidental fact, not bearing on the general merits of the cause, but it appears on the hearing, by competent and conclusive evidence, that the incidental fact was according to the finding of the court below, the error in admitting the incompetent evidence is regarded as matter of form, the court being able to see that no injustice has been done, and the certiorari will be refused; as in case of the production of the orderly book, which showed to the court above by the record that the particular fact was as the court below had found it on the incompetent evidence. So in the case of substantial but informal notice; the error is a technical irregularity, which the court can see had nothing to do with the decision of the merits of the cause.
But where illegal and material evidence has been received, or legal evidence has been rejected, bearing on the main point in controversy and the general merits of the cause, the error must be regarded as substantial, and the writ of certiorari will be awarded unless the objection has been waived by unreasonable delay in applying for it, or in some other way.
*178This court have no jurisdiction to revise the decision of the commissioners on the general merits of the case, as it depended on the weight of the evidence received and considered by them. We should be going beyond our province if we undertook to inquire whether their decision ought to have been the same, or would in fact have been the same, though the incompetent evidence had not been received. The evidence was illegal; it was not immaterial; it bore directly on the main question in controversy and the general merits of the cause; it was not matter of form, it did not relate to any incidental fact, such as notice, and the court must regard the error in admitting it as injurious to the parties against whom it was received.
It is not necessary for the decision of the case to consider the other exceptions.
It is objected that the certiorari cannot be awarded, because the road was laid out on the same petition and established by the same joint judgment in the towns of Bath and Landaff, and Bath does not join in the petition. Where the proceeding is according to the course of the common law, the judgment against two defendants or two plaintiffs in the same cause is joint, and each is bound to the whole judgment. But two towns, through which a road is laid out on the same petition, are not joint defendants in that sense. The same judgment establishes the road in both towns, but the judgment against each town is in effect several. One town has nothing to do with the performance of the judgment by the other. Each town is severally liable for the performance of the judgment within its own limits, and bound to nothing beyond. The towns are no more connected with each than the different land owners. The towns and all the land owners are bound by the same decree or judgment which accepts the report and establishes the highway. But the interest of each town and each land owner is separate and several, and each may separately apply for remedy to the court above.
The incompetent evidence in this case was the oral testimony of a witness examined before the commissioners. Having been received by the commissioners and heard by them as evidence, *179no testimony can be received to show that they did not in fact consider it, and that their decision could have been the same without it. In trials' by the jury this is the well established doctrine, and we see no ground to apply a different rule in the case of hearings before commissioners. They are just as little able as jurors to say what part of the evidence which they have heard has led them to their conclusion. Page v. Wheeler, 5 N. H. 91; Whitney v. Whitman, 5 Mason 405.
In this case the objection to the proceedings before the commissioners and in the Common Pleas appear on a bill of exceptions filed and allowed under the statute, and our decision has gone partly on that ground ; but we do not undertake to say that the decision would have been different if there had been no bill of exceptions filed in the Common Pleas, or if a like case had come up from a tribunal in which the law does not provide for a bill of exceptions.
A writ of certiorari must be awarded to quash, not the whole proceeding in the Common Pleas, but the judgment accepting the report of the commissioners and establishing the highway.