In the case of Thompson v. Emery, 27 N. H. (7 Fost.) 269, the general principles of the law relative to the assignment of contracts not negotiable, and the right of action in such cases, are distinctly stated. The assignee cannot ordinarily maintain a suit in his own name. His rights must be enforced in the name of the assignor, but his equitable interest will be protected against all persons having notice of the assignment. If, however, the debtor make a promise to the assignee, after the assignment, to pay the debt to him, the assignee can maintain an action in his own name. In that case the original contract must be stated in the declaration, and the assignment, as the consideration of the new promise to the assignee, and such new promise must be proved as alleged.
In Kittredge v. Rockingham Ins. Co., not yet reported, Roundy insured his property, but the policy was in terms made payable in case of loss to Kittredge, one of his creditors, and a mortgagee of the property. It was held that it was Boundy’s insurance, not Kittredge’s; that Boundy became the member of the company, and the action must be brought by him, and not by Kittredge, though the equitable interest of the latter would be protected. Morris v. Rockingham Insurance Company, 25 N. H. (5 Fost.) 22. The same point was held in Blanchard v. Atlantic Insurance Company, 33 N. H. (2 Fogg) 9. In Rollins v. Columbian Insurance Company, 25 N. H. (5 Fost.) 200, the policy was *238made to Rollins, and upon his property, and was assigned as collateral security to a mortgagee. It was held that a policy of insurance is not at common law assignable, though made in terms to the party and his assigns. Though the charter provides for an assignment in case of an alienation of the property, and in such case the assignees, upon the assent of the corporation to the assignment, made agreeably to the charter, would have all the rights and privileges of the original party insured, and among others the right to sue in their own names, and the original party would no longer have any right of action, yet a mortgage would not be an alienation; and an assignee of the policy as security only, would not be within the provision, and could not maintain an action, though the corporation assented to the assignment. If, however, the charter or a valid by-law authorize an assignment to a mortgagee, and provide that, on the assent of the company, he shall have the rights and privileges of a member, he may maintain an action in his own name. But it was said that the corporation would not be subject to the action of two parties on the same policy. A by-law authorizing such assent was held valid, and it was said that the technical rule, that an assignee cannot sue in his own name, would not stand in the way of such by-law, for the assignment and assent of the corporation make a new contract, upon which, in the case of a natural person, the assignee might maintain an action in his own name, and the action of the assignee would be founded on this new contract made with him.
In Folsom v. Belknap Insurance Company, 30 N. H. (10 Fost.) 231, it was held that a mortgage is not an alienation, unless made such by the charter, by-laws or policy. The action, in case of loss, must be in the name of the original assured, unless, by the charter or by-laws, the assignee becomes a member of the company. If a mortgagee as well as a purchaser may become a member of the company by an assignment and ratification, he may sue in his own *239name — the ratification operating as a new contract with the assignee.
The foundation of these decisions is the principle that the powers of mutual insurance companies, under the charters usually granted in this State, are limited, and that they have no power to contract for the payment of future losses, upon policies issued by them, to any other person than the assured, or their assignees who are regular members of the company; Blanchard v. Atlantic Insurance Company, 33 N. H. (2 Fogg) 9; and that their power so to contract is derived from the express provisions of their charters, and is confined to the cases specified in the charter, or in the by-laws authorized by it.
By the facts agreed in this case, it appears that the assignment was made only as a security; and it does not appear that it was communicated to the insurance company, or was ever assented to or ratified by them. The assignment consequently transferred an equitable interest-only ; and no new contract being made with the assignee, the savings bank can maintain no action on the policy, except in the name of the assignor.
It is objected that the contract of the insurance company has been avoided by the omission of the insured to give certain notices required by the policy, and to give new security to the company. The first is the omission to give notice that a barn, situated within six feet of the building insured, had been made a ball-alley, by which it is alleged the risk of fire was seriously increased.
The 19th article of the by-laws of the company, which is annexed and referred to in the policy, and is to be regarded as part of it, (Marshall v. Columbian Insurance Co., 27 N. H. 157) provides that if the risk on any property insured by said company shall be increased by the insured, or others, by any change of the circumstances disclosed in the application, or by the erection or alteration of any building, the carrying on of any hazardous *240trade, operation or process, or the deposit of any hazardous goods in or near the same, the policy thereon shall he void, unless an additional premium and deposit shall be settled with and paid to said company. The alteration in this case was made by others — by third persons — and it is contended that such a provision is inconsistent with the scope and object of insurance, and that it cannot therefore be lawfully made, and is not binding. But we are unable to adopt this view7. The parties have the right to frame their contracts as they please in this respect, and they cannot complain if they find the stipulations to be inconvenient. Having contracted, subject to this express condition, the company are not bound, if the condition is shown to be broken. It is not admitted that the risk is increased, and the question of fact must be settled by the jury.
The second objection is, that a mortgage was subsequently made upon the properly by the insured, and that such mortgage is an alienation which avoids the policy. The charter provides that “ when any property insured in the company shall in any way be alienated, the policy thereupon shall be void.” It is not contended that a mortgage is such an alienation. That point is settled in the ease of Rollins v. Columbian Ins. Co., before cited. But it is said that it is an alienation, under the 16th bylaw of the company, which provides that “ when the title of any property insured shall be changed by sale, mortgage, or otherwise, the policy shall thereupon be void; ” the change of phraseology being introduced for the very purpose, it is said, of placing mortgages in the same position as absolute sales. It was competent for the company to make a provision, that if the property insured should be mortgaged, the policy should be void, and the parties would be bound by it; but they have not been fortunate in their choice of language, if such was the design here. The title to property may be changed by a mortgage and *241foreclosure, but it is not either a vulgar or technical expression to speak of a change of title by the mere execution of a mortgage. In equity, and even at law, a mortgage is not regarded as a title to land. ■ It is considered a lien, or incumbrance, which may transfer the title to the mortgagee; but the mortgagor is regarded as the owner until entry of the mortgagee or foreclosure. "We may so readily imagine a great variety of forms of expression which would make a policy void, if the. property should be mortgaged, that it may be fairly inferred, from the use of the phrase, “ when the title shall be changed,” that it was not designed to include a mere mortgage. A contract will not be avoided and rendered inoperative by doubtful phrases; and we are of opinion that this policy was not avoided by the mortgage to Caldwell.
It is not said by whom the assessments were paid. Assuming that they were paid by Shepherd, he alone can reclaim them by a suit, in case it should appear that they were paid without consideration, because the policy was originally invalid, or because, if valid, it did not attach upon the property, or because it has subsequently, and before the payment, become invalid. As no contract existed between the insurance company and the bank, the payments even by the bank must be taken to have been made in Shepherd’s name and for his benefit; and, in that case, the right to reclaim them would be vested in him.
Judgment must be rendered for the defendant in the action in favor of the savings bank; and the action in favor of Shepherd must be sent to the jury.