10-3545-cr
United States v. Caraway
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR
AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
3 on the 30th day of July, two thousand twelve.
4
5 PRESENT:
6
7 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
8 DENNY CHIN,
9 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
10
11 Circuit Judges.
12 _______________________________________________
13
14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
15
16 Appellee,
17 -v.- No. 10-3545-cr
18
19 NORMAN S. CARAWAY,
20 Defendant-Appellant.
21 _______________________________________________
22
23 LAURIE S. HERSHEY, Manhasset, New York, for Defendant-
24 Appellant.
25 MONICA J. RICHARDS, Assistant United States Attorney, for
26 William J. Hochul, Jr., United States Attorney, Western
27 District of New York, Buffalo, New York, for Appellee.
1
1 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED
2 that the judgment of the district court be AFFIRMED.
3 This case returns to us following an order of the United States Supreme Court vacating our
4 decision affirming the August 5, 2010, judgment of the United States District Court for the Western
5 District of New York (Arcara, J.), sentencing Defendant-Appellant Norman S. Caraway to 46
6 months’ imprisonment for failure to meet the requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and
7 Notification Act (“SORNA”), 42 U.S.C. § 16901 et seq. See Caraway v. United States, __ U.S. __,
8 132 S. Ct. 1909 (2012), vacating United States v. Caraway, 431 Fed. App’x. 49 (2d Cir. 2011), and
9 remanding the case for further consideration in light of Reynolds v. United States, __ U.S. __, 132
10 S. Ct. 975 (2012). On remand, Caraway argues that the Attorney General’s interim regulation (the
11 “Interim Regulation”) of February 28, 2007, providing that “[t]he requirements of [SORNA] apply
12 to all sex offenders, including sex offenders convicted of the offense for which registration is
13 required prior to the enactment of” SORNA, 72 Fed. Reg. 8894, 8897 (Feb. 28, 2007) (codified at
14 28 C.F.R. § 72.3), was promulgated in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”)
15 because the Attorney General did not establish “good cause” to dispense with the APA’s notice and
16 publication requirements. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and
17 procedural history of the case.
18 Even assuming, arguendo, that Caraway did not waive his APA challenge to the Interim
19 Regulation in his plea agreement, which preserved his right to appeal only those issues raised in his
20 motion to dismiss the indictment, our review is for plain error only, see United States v. Miller, 263
21 F.3d 1, 4 (2d Cir. 2001) (“Issues not raised in the district court . . . will be deemed forfeited on
22 appeal and addressed only upon a showing that the [district] court committed plain error.”).
23 “[U]nder plain error review, [Caraway] must demonstrate not only that there was an error that is
2
1 clear or obvious, but also that the error affected [his] substantial rights, which in the ordinary case
2 means it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and the error seriously affect[s] the
3 fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Williams, No. 11-
4 676-cr, 2012 WL 2616387, at *7 (2d Cir. July 6, 2012) (alteration in original and internal quotation
5 marks omitted).
6 We do not find that the district court’s failure to consider sua sponte the issue of whether the
7 promulgation of the Interim Regulation violated the APA was “plain” error. There have been no
8 decisions in our Circuit on this issue, and our sister Circuits are divided. Compare United States v.
9 Valverde, 628 F.3d 1159, 1168 (9th Cir. 2010) (concluding that the “Attorney General committed
10 a clear error of judgment in failing to consider the factors relevant for seeking to bypass the APA’s
11 notice and comment requirement”), with United States v. Dean, 604 F.3d 1275, 1281 (11th Cir.
12 2010) (determining that “the public safety argument advanced by the Attorney General is good cause
13 for bypassing the notice and comment period”). Therefore, we conclude that any possible error in
14 the application of the Interim Regulation to Conaway is not “plain” error. See United States v. Gore,
15 154 F.3d 34, 42-43 (2d Cir. 1998) (noting difficulty of proving plain error where this circuit has not
16 spoken on an issue and there is a split in other circuits).
17 Caraway argues that plain error review is inappropriate here because he effectively raised
18 the APA challenge before the district court when he argued that SORNA’s retroactive application
19 to him violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. According to Caraway, “[a] necessary corollary to that
20 argument and implication thereof is that the interim regulation here in issue . . . did not cover
21 Caraway’s offense conduct.” Appellant’s Supplemental Br. at 4-5. Such a general statement
22 regarding the retroactive affect of SORNA was insufficient to properly raise the APA challenge
23 below, however. Moreover, we note that in Caraway’s opening brief on appeal, he conceded that
3
1 plain error review should apply to his APA claim because this claim “was not raised below.”
2 Appellant’s Br. at 20. Accordingly, we find this argument to be without merit.
3 We have reviewed the parties’ remaining arguments and find them to be moot, waived, or
4 without merit. See Norton v. Sam’s Club, 145 F.3d 114, 117 (2d Cir. 1998). The judgment of the
5 district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
6 FOR THE COURT:
7 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
8
4