The opinion of the court was delivered by
Minturn, J.The suit was in replevin, to recover possession of an automobile, and was tried before the District Court and a jury, resulting in the direction of a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, from which direction the defendant appeals.
The plaintiff claimed title by virtue of a bill of sale, executed to him by Alfred H. Howe, who was indebted to him for sundry advances in the sum of $395.98, which sum represented the consideration named in the bill of sale. The state of the case shows that Howe, being unable to settle this indebtedness, turned the automobile over to the plaintiff, who, being unable to use it at the time and being about to enter upon a business trip, arranged with Howe to retain possession of it, and use it until the plaintiff’s return, upon consideration that Howe would assume and discharge the expenses incident to its maintenance and operation.
Thereafter, and while the car was in the garage where *245Howe liad previously housed it, the defendant brought suit against Howe, recovered a judgment, and, upon a levy made under execution, took the car into its possession, and, upon demand by the plaintiff, refused to surrender it, and hence this suit.
The plaintiff maintains his title to the car upon the ground that the hill of sale was executed to him in good faith for a valuable consideration. The defendant attacks the claim thus made upon the ground that the sale by,Howe was void under the twelfth section of the statute of frauds, and upon the ground that the plaintiff was not a purchaser in good faith for value.
If the validity of this contention were to be determined by the decisions defining good faith and value, according to the principles of the common law, to many of which adjudications we are referred, we would have no difficulty in acceding to the proposition that those were questions of fact, the solution of which was for the jury. But this judicial ride has been superseded by the statutory rule contained in the Sales act (Pamph. L. 1907, p. 341, § 76), which defines value, inter alia, as "an antecedent or pre-existing claim whether for rrionej' or not;” and defines "good faith”' as an act "done honestly whether it he done negligently or not.”
Tested by these rules, we are unable to find in this ease any positive proof of mala fides upon the part of the plaintiff, when in settlement of a pre-existing claim he accepted title to the automobile, and if those were the only circumstances in the ease upon which the allegation of fraud could be predicated, we should he inclined to affirm the judgment. But we are met with the undisputed fact in the case that while there was an executed sale within the meaning of the Sales act, the vendor by retaining possession of the car after the sale, has raised a presumption against the legality of the transaction, which, until rebutted and explained, prima facie, at least, estops the vendee from placing himself in the category of a bona fide purchaser.
In 1861 Chief Justice Whelpley,-speaking for this court, and after reviewing the authorities upon the subject, said:
*246“The question in every ease is whether the act done is a Iona fide transaction, or a trick and a contrivance to defeat creditors. The possession by the vendor of personal chattels after the sale is not conclusive evidence of fraud. * * * In all cases, whether fraudulent or not, it is a question of intent to be settled as a question of fact by a jury.”- Miller v. Pancoast, 5 Dutcher 250, 253, and cases cited.
The defendant, under this rule, was entitled to have the testimony of the plaintiff and his witnesses, explaining the possession of the car by Howe and the circumstances attending such possession, submitted to the jury for the purpose of having their judgment upon the question whether the rebuttal thus established is sufficient in fact to overcome the presumption created by law. This course not having been followed in the case at bar, the judgment is reversed, and a venire de novo is awarded.