United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 11-3690
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H & R Block Tax Services LLC, A Missouri limited liability company
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
Deanna Franklin; Jerry Franklin; The Franklin 1989 Revocable Family Trust, A
California revocable trust
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
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Submitted: June 14, 2012
Filed: September 7, 2012
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Before SMITH, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.
Appellant H & R Block Tax Services LLC (“H & R Block”) appeals the district
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellees Deanna Franklin, Jerry
Franklin, and the Franklin 1989 Revocable Family Trust (collectively “Franklin”).
At issue is whether H & R Block had the right to terminate two franchise agreements
between the parties where the agreements expressly stated that Franklin could
terminate at any time but only affirmatively allowed H & R Block to terminate for
cause. The district court held the language was to be interpreted so that the franchise
agreements would continue in perpetuity and that H & R Block could not extinguish
the contracts without cause. Because we find under de novo review the language of
the contracts did not unequivocally express the parties’ intent for the contracts to last
forever, we reverse.
I. Background
H & R Block, a Missouri corporation, operates retail tax return preparation
offices and franchises others to operate H & R Block offices under its service mark.
Deanna and Jerry Franklin, both citizens of California, are trustees and beneficiaries
of the Franklin 1989 Revocable Family Trust. Franklin has operated two H & R
Block franchises in Yucaipa and Banning, California, since 1990.
The franchise agreements at issue were entered into between predecessors in
interest of H & R Block and Franklin in 1975. In 1990, the agreements were assigned
to Franklin. The agreements contain the following identical duration provision:
The initial term of this Agreement shall begin on the date hereof and,
unless sooner terminated by Block [for cause] as provided in paragraph
6, shall end five years after such date, and shall automatically renew
itself for successive five-year terms thereafter (the “renewal terms”);
provided, that Franchisee may terminate this Agreement effective at the
end of the initial term or any renewal term upon at least 120 days written
notice to Block prior to the end of the initial term or renewal term, as the
case may be.
On June 3, 2010, H & R Block gave Franklin notice of its intention not to
renew the franchise agreements when the five-year renewal terms were set to expire
on December 1, 2010. H & R Block then filed an action in federal district court,
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seeking a declaratory judgment that it could terminate the agreements and seeking
damages and injunctive relief.1 Franklin filed a counterclaim seeking, inter alia, a
declaratory judgment that H & R Block was not entitled to decline to renew the
agreements.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the issue framed by
the parties’ claims for declaratory judgment. The district court granted summary
judgment in favor of Franklin, concluding the franchise agreements are enforceable
under Missouri law and that H & R Block did not have a right not to renew them.
The court found that the agreements contained an unequivocal expression of the
parties’ intent to enter into a perpetually enforceable contract. The district court
certified for interlocutory appeal the issue of whether the agreements were perpetually
enforceable, and our court granted permission to appeal.
II. Analysis
“We review the district court’s summary judgment order and its interpretation
of state law de novo, applying the same standards applied by the district court.”
Bannister v. Bemis Co., 556 F.3d 882, 884 (8th Cir. 2009). “Federal courts sitting
in diversity apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state.” Cicle v. Chase Bank
USA, 583 F.3d 549, 553 (8th Cir. 2009). “Under Missouri law, a choice-of-law
clause in a contract generally is enforceable unless application of the agreed-to law
is ‘contrary to a fundamental policy of Missouri.’” Id. (citation omitted). The
franchise agreements at issue include a choice-of-law provision stating that Missouri
law shall apply. Thus, we apply Missouri substantive law.
1
H & R Block also filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin
Franklin from breaching post-termination obligations, which was denied by the
district court. That ruling is not before us on appeal.
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Missouri courts “are prone to hold against the theory that a contract confers a
perpetuity of right or imposes a perpetuity of obligation.” Paisley v. Lucas, 143
S.W.2d 262, 270 (Mo. 1940) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Novak
v. Baumann, 329 S.W.2d 732, 733 (Mo. 1959). “The [Missouri] Supreme Court has
made clear that, to be enforceable, a contract which purports to run in perpetuity must
be adamantly clear that this is the parties’ intent.” Preferred Physicians Mut. Mgmt.
Grp., Inc. v. Preferred Physicians Mut. Risk Retention Grp., Inc., 961 S.W.2d 100,
103 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998). Missouri courts “will only construe a contract to impose
an obligation in perpetuity when the language of the agreement compels that
construction,” such that the parties’ intention that the “contract’s duration is for life
. . . is clearly expressed in unequivocal terms.” Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 271 (citation
omitted).
At the outset, we note that Franklin is arguably correct that the practical effect
of each agreement here “would be to create a perpetual, never-ending contract.”
Preferred Physicians, 961 S.W.2d at 103. The duration provision in each contract
indicates that the contract will renew “automatically” for successive five-year terms
so long as Franklin does not terminate the agreement before automatic renewal.
Yet the dispositive issue in this case is not “whether the parties created a
contract which had the effect of perpetual duration,” id.; instead, it is whether the
contracts’ language unequivocally expresses the parties’ intent that the agreements
be perpetually enforceable. See id. To meet this standard, the duration provision
must “unequivocally express an intent of the parties to create a perpetual, never-
ending franchise agreement.” Armstrong Bus. Servs., Inc. v. H & R Block, 96
S.W.3d 867, 877 (Mo. Ct. App. 2002).
The parties disagree as to whether an unequivocal expression of perpetual
enforceability requires express words such as “everlasting,” “eternally,” or “for all
time”—or whether such an intention may also be clearly implied from other aspects
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of the contract. See Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 271 (finding employment contract was
not perpetual where “duration of the contract was not fixed expressly or by
implication”); Diffenderfer v. Bd. of President, 25 S.W. 542, 544 (Mo. 1894) (stating
intent of perpetual duration may appear “by express term, or clearly by implication”).
H & R Block argues the former position, contending the Franklin agreements
are terminable because they do not include any language concerning duration, other
than the five-year renewal provisions. See, e.g., Armstrong, 96 S.W.3d at 877
(finding franchise agreements were not perpetually enforceable where there was an
“absence of a clear and compelling declaration of the parties’ intent to create
perpetual franchise agreements” and where five-year automatic renewal provisions
“preclude[d] any contention that the parties intended compulsory, perpetual
relationships”).
In response, Franklin contends no magic words of duration are necessary and
that the parties’ intent can be clearly implied from the terms of the contract. Franklin
points out that the agreements: (1) expressly give Franklin the sole right to terminate
without cause, and (2) fail to include any provisions protecting Franklin if a right to
terminate without cause is also afforded to H & R Block. Thus, Franklin argues, the
parties must have intended perpetually enforceable agreements, reserving to Franklin
the exclusive right to terminate in order to balance the business relationship. See
Armstrong, 96 S.W.3d at 878 (recognizing law in Missouri reflects policy of
protecting franchisees at termination of franchise relationships because of the unique
nature of franchise agreements).
The district court found Franklin’s arguments convincing, holding the franchise
agreements contained “unequivocal expressions of the parties’ intent to enter into
perpetual contracts until the franchisee chooses to terminate the contracts or they are
terminated by H & R Block for cause.” H & R Block Tax Servs. LLC v. Franklin,
No. 10-01165, slip op. at 5 (W.D. Mo. Oct. 19, 2011). The court reasoned that,
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unlike the agreements in Armstrong, where both parties were given a say in whether
to terminate the agreements, the Franklin agreements allowed only the franchisee to
determine when to end them:
By only giving th[e] right to terminate without cause to the franchisee,
H & R Block has clearly implicated that it intends to remain in franchise
agreements with the franchisee until the franchisee chooses to end them.
Missouri courts have not described the “magic language” required to
create a perpetual contract and the Court believes that these duration
provisions are clear and compelling declarations of the parties’ intent to
enter into perpetual franchise agreements until the franchisee elects to
terminate the agreements or breaches the contracts.
Franklin, slip. op. at 6.
We find that the district court erred in its assessment of the franchise
agreements. In order to find an intent that a contract be enforced perpetually, the
Missouri Supreme Court has set the bar high: there must be an unequivocal
expression that the contract last forever. Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 270-71; see Blacks
Law Dictionary 1667 (9th ed. 2009) (defining “unequivocal” as “[u]nambiguous;
clear; free from uncertainty”). The parties agreed at oral argument, and our own
investigation is in accord, that the only Missouri case where this high hurdle has been
met analyzed a contract with the word “perpetually” in the agreement. See
Blackmore v. Boardman, 28 Mo. 420, 1859 WL 6632, at *1 (Mo. 1859). No similar
express language appears in the Franklin agreements.
In the absence of any express language of the parties’ intent as to duration, we
do not agree with the district court that an eternally enforceable obligation is
otherwise clearly implied. To the contrary, “the clause providing for automatic
renewal contradicts an intention that the contract would last forever,” Armstrong, 96
S.W.3d at 877, because “[a] contract that runs forever has no need for renewal.”
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Preferred Physicians, 961 S.W.2d at 104. In this diversity case, we are bound by
Missouri law, and simply put, no term in the contracts clearly demonstrates that the
parties intended for their relationship to continue in perpetuity.
Based on Missouri law, we are unable to agree with Franklin’s contention that
the contracts’ language unequivocally expresses the parties’ intent that the contracts
be perpetually enforceable. The district court erred in reading such an intent into the
contracts.
III. Conclusion
We reverse. The case is remanded for further disposition in accordance with
this opinion.
SMITH, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority's holding that "the language of the
contracts did not unequivocally express the parties' intent for the contracts to last
forever." In doing so, the majority discounts two clearly applicable Missouri contract-
interpretation principles in favor of an arguable public policy exception. I would
apply traditional Missouri contract principles and affirm the district court's
determination that H & R Block drafted and entered into enforceable, perpetual
agreements with Franklin.
"The guiding principle of contract interpretation under Missouri law is that a
court will seek to ascertain the intent of the parties and to give effect to that intent."
Triarch Indus., Inc. v. Crabtree, 158 S.W.3d 772, 776 (Mo. 2005) (en banc). Thus,
"[t]he intent of the parties to a contract is presumed to be expressed by the ordinary
meaning of the contract's terms." Id. But, "[i]f ambiguous, [the contract] will be
construed against the drafter, as is the case with other contracts under Missouri law."
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Id. Here, we should interpret the contracts "to ascertain the intent of [H & R Block
and Franklin] and to give effect to that intent." Id. "[Missouri] law discourages
perpetuities, and does not favor covenants for continued renewals, but, when they are
clearly made, their binding obligation is recognized, and will be enforced."
Diffenderfer, 25 at 544.
On appeal, H & R Block argues that the district court erred in finding that the
franchise agreements with Franklin are enforceable, perpetual contracts. Specifically,
it argues that the district court ignored Missouri's strong public policy against
interpreting automatically-renewable contracts to be perpetual agreements.
The agreements state in relevant part:
The initial term of this Agreement shall begin on the date hereof and,
unless sooner terminated by [H & R] Block [for cause] as provided in
paragraph 6, shall end five years after such date, and shall automatically
renew itself for successive five-year terms thereafter (the "renewal
terms"); provided, that Franchisee may terminate this Agreement
effective at the end of the initial term or any renewal term upon at least
120 days[,] written notice to [H & R] Block prior to the end of the initial
term or renewal term, as the case may be.
As the district court noted, the franchise agreements in this case expressly
allow the franchisee, Franklin, to terminate the agreements upon 120 days' notice at
the end of any five-year period. Conversely, the agreements only allow H & R Block
to terminate the agreements for cause. H & R Block could have included a reciprocal
at-will-termination provision in the franchise agreements but did not. Rather, it
expressly limited its own right to cancel the agreements by requiring cause. The
franchise agreements' plain language expressly contemplates continuous renewals.
In Missouri, "[t]he cardinal rule in the interpretation of a contract is to ascertain the
intention of the parties and to give effect to that intention." Peterson v. Cont'l Boiler
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Works, Inc., 783 S.W.2d 896, 901 (Mo. 1990) (en banc) (quotation and citation
omitted). Because the franchise agreements expressly grant Franklin an exclusive
right to terminate the agreements upon notice and only permit H & R Block to
terminate for cause, in my view, I would not rewrite the contract to give H & R Block
a contract right that it did not bargain to receive based on a public-policy exception.
Monterosso v. St. Louis Globe-Democrat Publ'g Co., 368 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Mo.
1963) ("The courts cannot make contracts for litigants or rewrite contracts by judicial
interpretation." (internal citation omitted)).
By rewriting the franchise agreements, the majority not only gives H & R
Block a right that it did not have under the contracts, but it also takes away rights that
Franklin had as a franchisee. In the agreements, H & R Block included a clause that
requires Franklin to relinquish to H & R Block customer information gained during
the franchise period, and abide by a non-compete agreement upon termination. That
provision states:
Franchisee recognizes that the services to be furnished to Franchisee by
[H & R] Block in connection with Franchisee's use of the licensed marks
and the reputation and goodwill associated with such marks, will be
principal factors in obtaining customers for Franchise, and Franchisee
further recognizes [that] he will acquire confidential business
information of [H & R] Block and acknowledges that all such
information constitutes trade secrets of [H & R] Block, the disclosure of
which would cause it substantial loss. Accordingly, in the event of
termination of this Agreement for any reason whatsoever, or upon its
transfer or assignment as permitted herein, all rights of Franchisee
hereunder shall thereupon terminate, and Franchisee shall . . .
immediately return to [H & R] Block copies of all customer tax returns
and all materials, data and property of [H & R] Block including all sets
and copies of the Manual and all books, records, customer lists,
customer names, forms and files, and shall assign whatever right, title[,]
or interest Franchisee may have in and to all leases covering equipment
or real property then used in connection with Franchisee's tax return
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preparation operations as [H & R] Block may require . . . . [H & R]
Block shall thereafter have the sole right and privilege to use any
information appearing on file copies of customer tax returns in
connection with the preparation of subsequent years' tax returns for such
customers.
By allowing H & R Block to terminate the agreements at will, the majority punishes
Franklin and leaves him without contractual protection from a potentially abusive
franchisor. Under the majority's view of the agreements, H & R Block could receive
the benefit of Franklin's work and simply decide to terminate the contracts without
any compensation to Franklin. These contracts contain no buy-out provision as in
Armstrong.
We should not presume that H & R Block erroneously drafted the contracts.
Giving Franklin an exclusive right to terminate the relationship makes sense in light
of "the situation of the parties." Paisley, 143 S.W.2d at 270. Continually renewable
agreements give incentives to prospective franchisees to enter a business with the
assurance of predictably continuing in that business unless they fail to meet their
obligations under the agreement.
In reaching the conclusion that H & R Block and Franklin did not enter into an
enforceable perpetual agreement, the majority relies on the reasoning of two Missouri
Appellate Court decisions, Preferred Physicians and Armstrong. The agreements in
those cases are materially distinguishable from the agreements present here. Unlike
in those cases, the agreements here expressly grant the franchisee an exclusive right
to terminate the agreements at will upon sufficient notice. H & R Block, the
agreements' drafter, reserved no such right. Rather, the agreements in this case only
allow H & R Block to terminate the agreements for cause. In those cases the courts
relied, in part, on the conclusion that one party could coerce another party into
continuing the agreement into perpetuity. See Armstrong, 96 S.W.3d at 878 ("To
enforce the automatic renewal provision would enable one party to coerce the other
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into a perpetual cycle of five-year obligations and would render the five-year
provisions of the duration provision meaningless."); Preferred Physicians, 961
S.W.2d at 103 ("Management Group, under a literal reading of the contract, could
have coerced Risk Retention Group, against its will, into another five-year period of
obligations. This is hardly mutual assent, and we refuse to enforce the contract's
renewal provisions without assurance of mutual assent."). In both of those cases, the
automatic renewal provision seemed more a matter of oversight than intention. In this
case, on the other hand, the parties expressly contracted for that result. H & R Block
purposely drafted a franchise agreement that allowed the franchisee to maintain
perpetually renewable contracts with H & R Block except upon the franchisee's
breach. If this has proven unwise, H & R Block should not be rescued from its
imprudence by a public policy exception to Missouri contract law.
Moreover, the majority overlooks a recent case deciding the same issue under
similar facts and law. In Southern Wine & Spirits of Nevada v. Mountain Valley
Spring Co., this court found that "[t]he Agreement clearly provides for a perpetual
duration unless one of two specific events occurs—mutual consent to end the
Agreement . . . or default." 646 F.3d 526, 532 (8th Cir. 2011). We reasoned that "[i]f
we were to interpret the Agreement to be terminable at will by either party, . . . we
effectively would nullify the contractual provisions regarding the conditions for
termination—a result rejected by Nevada law." Id. (footnote omitted).2
2
Nevada law is similar to Missouri law. In reaching our conclusion in Southern
Wine and Spirits, we relied on the Nevada Supreme Court's opinion in Bell v. Leven,
90 P.3d 1286 (Nev. 2004). In Bell, the Nevada Supreme Court noted "that as a matter
of public policy, courts should avoid construing contracts to impose a perpetual
obligation. However, when the language of a contract clearly provides that the
contract is to have a perpetual duration, the courts must enforce the contract
according to its terms." Id. at 1288. In noting this rule, the Nevada Supreme Court
cited favorably Preferred Physicians. Id. at 1288 n.4.
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Finally, interpreting these contracts to be enforceable, perpetual agreements
does not raise serious public policy concerns. These are not adhesion contracts or the
obvious result of negligent drafting. Rather, H & R Block drafted the contracts and
specifically afforded Franklin the right to terminate the agreements at will upon
notice, while giving itself only the right to terminate for cause. Further, the contracts
do not place burdensome affirmative obligations on H & R Block. Franklin simply
uses H & R Block's trademark and materials, but prepares the tax returns himself.
H & R Block receives passive income from Franklin's efforts. Finally, if Franklin
does not comply with the agreements, H & R Block can terminate the agreements for
cause.
Because I would affirm the district court's well-reasoned decision, I
respectfully dissent.
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