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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-11439
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 3:11-cv-00149-TJC-JRK
RICHARD B. GOODIN, SR.,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FIDELITY NATIONAL TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(October 4, 2012)
Before BARKETT, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Richard B. Goodin, Sr., proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal of his
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complaint and the denial of his motion for declaratory action for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. On appeal, Goodin argues that his
claims met the jurisdictional amount enumerated in § 1332, and the district court,
therefore, should not have dismissed his complaint or denied his motion for
declaratory action. Fidelity National Title Insurance Company (“Fidelity”) argues
that we should strike Goodin’s brief because he failed to identify errors in the
district court’s order. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the district court’s
dismissal of Goodin’s complaint and denial of the motion for declaratory action.
I.
Goodin purchased a house in Hawaii, for which he obtained title insurance
through Fidelity. Soon after purchasing the insurance policy, Goodin asked
Fidelity to represent him in Hawaii state court lawsuits regarding a dispute over
the title. Fidelity refused to represent Goodin. Nonetheless, Goodin ultimately
prevailed in the state court lawsuits, and Goodin was awarded title to the property.
Goodin subsequently filed a complaint in the Federal District Court for the
District of Hawaii, case number 07-cv-74-DAE-BMK, in which he sued Fidelity,
three attorneys, and one law firm. Goodin alleged that: (1) Fidelity had breached
its contract with Goodin by refusing to represent him; (2) two of the attorneys had
committed legal malpractice; and (3) two of the attorneys and the law firm had
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each committed fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud when attorney Jade Lynne
Ching had filed a Notice of Pendency of Action (“NOPA”), which would prevent
Goodin from selling the house. Goodin alleged that the court had jurisdiction
under § 1332.
At a hearing, Fidelity moved to dismiss the action before the district court in
Hawaii for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. In a written order, the court
dismissed the action, without prejudice, for lack of jurisdiction. The District Court
of Hawaii found that Goodin’s damages as to his breach of contract claim totaled
$34,705.40. That total included attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses.
Goodin had not alleged any consequential damages, and neither damages for
emotional distress nor punitive damages were recoverable for a breach of contract
claim. Additionally, as Goodin had not lost the house, the purchase price of the
house could not be considered in determining whether the jurisdictional amount
had been met. Next, the court found that Ching had filed a NOPA on the property
in June 2006, but the couple living in the house had filed a NOPA on the property
four months earlier, in February 2006. Thus, the NOPA that Ching filed did not
change any circumstances in the property dispute and could not have proximately
caused Goodin’s damages. Goodin also had not shown that he was entitled to
punitive damages on his malpractice or fraud claims. Accordingly, the court
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found that the amount in controversy was $34,705.40, which did not meet the
minimum required for diversity jurisdiction under § 1332.
Goodin unsuccessfully appealed to the Ninth Circuit. Goodin v. Fid. Nat’l
Title Ins. Co., 370 F. App’x 789, 790 (9th Cir. 2010) (unpublished). In affirming
the district court’s order, the Ninth Circuit did not consider the dismissal for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction because Goodin had failed to offer argument on the
issue. Id.
Following his unsuccessful appeal to the Ninth Circuit, Goodin filed a
complaint in the instant case. In this case, Goodin named only Fidelity as a
defendant. He asserted that Fidelity’s refusal to defend him in the state court
lawsuits constituted a breach of contract and bad faith. Goodin further asserted
that Fidelity had recommended Ching as an attorney for Goodin and that Ching’s
filing of the NOPA constituted fraud, legal fraud, and legal malpractice. Goodin
asserted that the court had jurisdiction under § 1332, and he noted that the value of
his insurance policy with Fidelity was $125,000.
Fidelity filed a motion to dismiss, arguing, among other things, that Goodin
had failed to state a claim that the jurisdictional amount enumerated in § 1332 was
satisfied. Goodin responded that he met the amount in controversy requirement
because the value of his insurance policy was $125,000, which exceeded the
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$75,000 minimum in § 1332. Goodin then filed a motion for declaratory action
under 28 U.S.C. § 2201.
The district court granted Fidelity’s motion to dismiss and denied Goodin’s
motion for declaratory action. The court explained that the District Court of
Hawaii had determined that Goodin suffered $34,705.40 in damages on his breach
of contract claim. Since that time, Goodin had not lost his house or suffered other
damages. Thus, his out-of-pocket expenses remained $34,705.40, and he had not
met the $75,000 amount in controversy threshold. The district court rejected
Goodin’s argument that the value of his policy with Fidelity—$125,000—satisfied
the amount in controversy requirement because Goodin did not seek the value of
the policy. Rather, he sought only damages resulting from Fidelity’s failure to
defend him.
Additionally, the court rejected any claim for mental anguish damages
because Goodin’s allegations of mental anguish were “impermissibly vague.” The
court noted that it closely scrutinized claims of jurisdiction based on intangible
damages. Here, Goodin had won his property action in state court, and he had not
alleged a specific injury related to mental anguish. Goodin also had not identified
any financial costs. As to the NOPA, the District Court of Hawaii had determined
that there was no evidence that Ching had intended to injure Goodin, there was no
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evidence that the NOPA had injured Goodin, and any limitations on Goodin’s
ability to sell the house were not caused by the NOPA that Ching filed because
another NOPA had been filed four months earlier. In the instant case, Goodin had
not alleged any new facts that would require a different conclusion. Finally, the
court determined that Goodin’s allegations did not support a claim for punitive
damages under Florida law.
As to the motion for declaratory action, the court found that the motion
sought the same relief as the amended complaint. Therefore, the court also did not
have subject matter jurisdiction over the declaratory judgment action. Based on
the above, the court dismissed the amended complaint and denied the motion for
declaratory action because the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over both
matters. Goodin timely appealed.
II.
We review rulings on subject matter jurisdiction de novo and factual
findings for clear error. See MacGinnitie v. Hobbs Grp., LLC, 420 F.3d 1234,
1239 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v.
Osting-Schwinn, 613 F.3d 1079, 1085 (11th Cir. 2010). We may affirm on any
ground supported by the record. Lanfear v. Home Depot, Inc., 679 F.3d 1267,
1275 (11th Cir. 2012). A pro se litigant’s brief is read liberally, but issues not
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briefed on appeal are abandoned. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th
Cir. 2008).
A federal court has diversity jurisdiction over an action where: (1) the
amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs; and
(2) the parties are citizens of different states. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). When a
federal court in a diversity case considers the effect of issue preclusion, based on a
prior federal judgment, the court applies federal common law. CSX Transp., Inc.
v. Bhd. of Maint. of Way Emps., 327 F.3d 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2003). Issue
preclusion prevents parties from relitigating an issue that has already been
litigated and decided. Id. at 1317. Four requirements must be met for issue
preclusion to apply: (1) the issue is identical to the issue from the prior litigation,
(2) the issue was actually litigated in the prior case, (3) the prior determination of
the issue was “a critical and necessary part of the judgment in that action,” and
(4) the party against whom issue preclusion is asserted “had a full and fair
opportunity to litigate the issue in the earlier proceeding.” Id. (quotations
omitted).
In Napper v. Anderson, Henley, Shields, Bradford & Pritchard, 500 F.2d
634 (5th Cir. 1974), the plaintiffs first filed an Arkansas state court lawsuit against
Texas defendants. Id. at 635. The defendants removed the case to federal court in
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Arkansas, and the plaintiffs subsequently filed a second lawsuit, raising the same
claims and relying on diversity jurisdiction, against the defendants in federal court
in Texas. Id. The federal court in Arkansas determined that there was no diversity
of citizenship and, therefore, remanded the case to the state court. Id. at 635-36.
The federal court in Texas then dismissed the plaintiffs’ suit in that court for lack
of jurisdiction. Id. at 637. That dismissal was proper under the doctrine of issue
preclusion. Id. at 636-37. Neither the legal standards applied by, nor the factual
findings of, the federal court in Arkansas could be relitigated. Id. at 636 n.4. To
sustain federal jurisdiction in federal court in Texas, the plaintiffs were required to
prove that they had become diverse from the defendants between the date when
the Arkansas case was removed and the date when they filed their complaint in
Texas. Id. at 637. Because the plaintiffs had not shown a change of citizenship
during that time period, despite having the opportunity to do so, the federal court
in Texas had properly dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. Id.
As an initial matter, we decline to strike Goodin’s brief. Reading Goodin’s
pro se brief liberally, he sufficiently raised and addressed the district court’s
dismissal for lack of jurisdiction based on a failure to meet the amount in
controversy requirement. See Timson, 518 F.3d at 874.
The district court did not err in dismissing Goodin’s case for lack of subject
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matter jurisdiction. The question of whether Goodin has met the amount in
controversy requirement of § 1332 has already been litigated, and it is, therefore,
barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion. See CSX Transp., Inc., 327 F.3d at
1317. First, the amount in controversy issue in the instant case is identical to that
issue in the case before the federal district court in Hawaii. See id. In his federal
case in Hawaii, Goodin raised claims for breach of contract, legal malpractice,
legal fraud, and conspiracy to commit fraud, all arising out of the defendants’
actions in Goodin’s state court cases regarding the title to his house. In the instant
case, arising out of the same state court lawsuits in which Goodin defended his
right to the title, Goodin alleged that Fidelity was liable for breach of contract, bad
faith, fraud, legal fraud, and legal malpractice. Although Goodin has limited the
instant lawsuit to a single defendant, Fidelity, and amended the labels given to his
claims, the substance of his claims has not changed since his first federal lawsuit.
Nor has Goodin alleged new wrongs that might have caused him to suffer
increased damages. Accordingly, the district court’s consideration of whether
Goodin met the amount in controversy required by § 1332 was identical to the
consideration of that issue by the federal court in Hawaii.
Second, the amount in controversy was actually litigated in the prior case
during a hearing, after which the court issued a written order. See CSX Transp.,
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Inc., 327 F.3d at 1317. Third, the prior determination as to the amount in
controversy was critical to the Hawaii federal court’s judgment because it was on
that basis that the court dismissed the suit. See id. Finally, Goodin had a full and
fair opportunity to litigate the jurisdictional issue at the hearing held by the
District Court of Hawaii. See id.
Because all four requirements for issue preclusion have been met, Goodin
could not relitigate the amount in controversy issue unless he could prove a change
in that amount between the filing of his first federal lawsuit and the filing of the
instant lawsuit. See Napper, 500 F.2d at 637. Goodin offered no proof that he
incurred additional damages since he filed his first federal lawsuit. Therefore, the
amount in controversy remains $34,705.40, as the federal court in Hawaii originally
found. As $34,705.40 does not exceed $75,000, Goodin did not meet the amount in
controversy requirement of § 1332, and the district court did not err in dismissing the
case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
III.
The Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, does not confer jurisdiction
upon a federal court. Borden v. Katzman, 881 F.2d 1035, 1037 (11th Cir. 1989).
Thus, a suit brought under the Declaratory Judgment Act must have an independent
source of jurisdiction, such as diversity jurisdiction. Id.; see also Fed. Election
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Comm’n v. Reform Party of the U.S., 479 F.3d 1302, 1307 n.5 (11th Cir. 2007).
The district court properly denied Goodin’s motion for declaratory action.
Goodin’s action relied on diversity jurisdiction, which, as discussed above, did not
exist due to his failure to meet the amount in controversy requirement. Therefore, just
as the court lacked jurisdiction to consider Goodin’s claims, the court lacked
jurisdiction to consider Goodin’s request for relief under the Declaratory Judgment
Act. See Borden, 881 F.2d at 1037.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Goodin’s
complaint and denial of the motion for declaratory action.
AFFIRMED.
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