Tracy Broadcasting Corporation v. Spectrum Scan, LLC

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

October 16, 2012
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

In re: TRACY BROADCASTING
CORPORATION,

Debtor,
___________________________ No. 11-1453
VALLEY BANK AND TRUST
COMPANY,

Appellant,

v.

SPECTRUM SCAN, LLC; JOLI A.
LOFSTEDT, Chapter 11 Trustee,

Appellees.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
(D.C. NO. 1:10-CV-02522-WYD)

Donald D. Allen (Devi C. Yorty and James T. Markus, with him on the briefs),
Markus Williams Young & Zimmermann LLC, Denver, Colorado, for Appellant.

Christian Onsager, Onsager, Staelin & Guyerson LLC, Denver, Colorado, (J.
Brian Fletcher, Andrew D. Johnson, Onsager, Staelin & Guyerson LLC; John H.
Bernstein, Jeremy D. Peck, Kutak Rock LLP, Denver, Colorado, and David M.
Cantor, Seiller Waterman LLC, Louisville, Kentucky, with him on the brief), for
Appellees.

Before MURPHY, HARTZ, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
HARTZ, Circuit Judge.

Does a creditor with a security interest in the general intangibles (and their

proceeds) of a federally licensed broadcasting company have a priority over

unsecured creditors in the proceeds of the sale of the license after the company

declares bankruptcy? The bankruptcy court and the district court held that it did

not. We respectfully disagree. Federal law permits a licensee to grant a security

interest in the economic value of its license, and Nebraska law recognizes that a

security interest in the proceeds of a license sale attaches when the licensee enters

into the security agreement, regardless of whether a sale is contemplated at that

time.

I. BACKGROUND

Tracy Broadcasting is a Nebraska corporation that operated an FM radio

station in Wyoming under a license issued by the Federal Communications

Commission (FCC). On May 5, 2008, Tracy Broadcasting executed a promissory

note for a $1,596,100 loan from Valley Bank & Trust Company (Valley Bank).

The note was secured by an agreement dated December 13, 2007, which granted

Valley Bank a security interest in various assets, including Tracy Broadcasting’s

general intangibles and their proceeds.

On January 23, 2009, Spectrum Scan, LLC obtained a judgment in

Nebraska federal court against Tracy Broadcasting in the amount of $1,400,000.

-2-
Seven months later, Tracy Broadcasting filed a petition under Chapter 11 in

Colorado bankruptcy court. It listed assets of $1,223,242.00 and liabilities of

$3,045,417.60. The two primary creditors of Tracy Broadcasting were Valley

Bank and Spectrum Scan, which was unsecured. The most valuable asset listed

was the broadcasting license, with an estimated worth of $950,000. The

schedules state that the “proceeds” of the license are “secured to Valley Bank.”

Aplt. App. at 23. No agreement for sale or transfer of the license was pending at

the time (nor does it appear that it was transferred before the bankruptcy court’s

decision in this case).

Spectrum Scan brought an adversary action to determine the extent of

Valley Bank’s security interest. The bankruptcy court ruled that Valley Bank had

no priority in the proceeds of the sale of Tracy Broadcasting’s license. The

United States District Court for the District of Colorado affirmed.

Under the Bankruptcy Code, property acquired by Tracy Broadcasting after

it filed for bankruptcy (such as proceeds of the sale of its FCC license) would not

be subject to Valley Bank’s lien unless the property was proceeds of property

acquired by Tracy Broadcasting before filing and the security agreement

“extend[ed] to [the] property . . . acquired before [filing] and to proceeds . . . of

such property.” 11 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1) (2005); see id. § 552(a) (stating general

rule rejecting liens on after-acquired property). According to the bankruptcy

court, Tracy Broadcasting lacked a sufficient prepetition property interest in the

-3-
license for § 552(b)(1) to apply. The court relied on the provision of the Federal

Communications Act (FCA) barring the transfer or assignment of an FCC license,

“or any rights thereunder,” without FCC permission. 47 U.S.C. § 310(d).

Because of this provision, reasoned the court, the only security interest in the

license that Tracy Broadcasting could convey was a “right to receive proceeds

upon an FCC-approved transfer of its license.” Corrected Order Granting Pls.’

Mots. for Summ. J. & Den. Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 6, Spectrum Scan LLC v.

Valley Bank & Trust Co., Adversary No. 10-01130 ABC (In re: Tracy Broad.

Corp., Debtor, Case No. 09-27059 ABC ch. 7) (Bankr. D. Colo. Oct. 19, 2010)

(Order) (Aplt. App. at 326). This right, however, “did not exist prior to the filing

of its Chapter 11 case because any such ‘right’ was too remote and was subject to

two contingencies”: an agreement to transfer the license and FCC approval of the

transfer. Order at 8 (Aplt. App. at 328). Because neither contingency had

occurred before Tracy Broadcasting filed for bankruptcy, Tracy Broadcasting “did

not have a sufficient property interest in this contingency in order to transfer a

security interest in it to [Valley Bank].” Id. The court concluded: “If such an

agreement to transfer the License occurred and was approved by the FCC post-

petition, [Valley Bank’s] security agreement could attach to any fruits of such

transfer, but for § 552(a)’s prohibition on security

interests in after-acquired property.” Id. (footnote omitted). The district court

adopted the bankruptcy court’s reasoning.

-4-
II. DISCUSSION

Although the appeal before us is from a judgment of the district court, that

court acted as an appellate court and our review amounts to review of the

bankruptcy court’s decision. See Sovereign Bank v. Hepner (In re Roser), 613

F.3d 1240, 1243 (10th Cir. 2010). “Because this case presents no disputed factual

issues but only matters of law, our review is de novo.” Id.

Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we must determine what, if any,

interest Tracy Broadcasting could convey in its broadcast license before it filed

its bankruptcy petition. We conclude that despite the FCA restrictions on license

transfers, Tracy Broadcasting could grant a security interest in its right to the

proceeds of the sale of the license. We then must determine whether such a

security interest is a property interest that can attach before a sale of the license is

contemplated. 1 Under the Bankruptcy Code, property-rights issues of this sort are

ordinarily a matter of state law. See Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. Pacific

Gas & Elec. Co., 549 U.S. 443, 450–51 (2007) (“[W]e have long recognized that

the basic federal rule in bankruptcy is that state law governs the substance of

claims, Congress having generally left the determination of property rights in

assets of a bankrupt’s estate to state law.” (internal quotation marks omitted));

1
Although Valley Bank’s security interest would need to be perfected, as
well as attach, for it to have priority over unsecured creditors, perfection is not an
issue on appeal. Spectrum Scan does not argue that even if the security interest
attached, it was not properly perfected.

-5-
Miller v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co. (In re Miller), 666 F.3d 1255, 1262 (10th

Cir. 2012) (state law determines whether a party has a “right to payment” under

the Bankruptcy Code because “within the context of a bankruptcy proceeding,

state law governs the determination of property rights” (brackets and internal

quotation marks omitted)). The parties agree that the law of Nebraska controls.

See Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-301(1) (2001). We therefore examine Nebraska

law, concluding that it recognizes that a security interest in the right to proceeds

from the sale of a license whose transfer is subject to government approval

attaches when the licensee enters into the security agreement, regardless of

whether a sale is contemplated at that time.

A. Private Interests in Broadcast Licenses

Section 301 of the FCA “provide[s] for the use of [radio] channels, but not

the ownership thereof, by persons for limited periods of time, under licenses

granted by Federal authority.” 47 U.S.C. § 301. In furtherance of that end it

states that “no such license shall be construed to create any right, beyond the

terms, conditions, and periods of the license.” Id. Similarly, § 304 states:

No station license shall be granted by the Commission until the
applicant therefor shall have waived any claim to the use of any
particular frequency or of the electromagnetic spectrum as against
the regulatory power of the United States because of the previous use
of the same, whether by license or otherwise.

Of particular relevance, § 310 limits the transfer of rights in a license:

-6-
 No . . . license, or any rights thereunder, shall be transferred,
assigned, or disposed of in any manner, voluntarily or involuntarily,
directly or indirectly, or by transfer of control of any corporation
holding such permit or license, to any person except upon application
to the Commission and upon finding by the Commission that the
public interest, convenience, and necessity will be served thereby.

Id. § 310(d).

We begin our analysis by reviewing the FCC’s view of what these

provisions, and the purposes of the FCA as a whole, say about the rights of

license holders to grant security interests. We will then defer to that

interpretation under the doctrine of Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources

Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–44 (1984).

The FCC has consistently declared that a licensee cannot give a private

party a lien on its license that would enable the lienholder to foreclose on the lien

and obtain the licensee’s rights without FCC approval. See In re Walter O

Cheskey, 9 FCC Rcd. 986, 987 ¶ 8 (Mobile Servs. Div. 1994) (“The Commission

has a policy against a licensee giving a security interest in a license. The reason

for the policy is that the Commission’s statutory mandate requires it to approve

the qualifications of every applicant for a license. 47 U.S.C. § 310(d). If a

security interest holder were to foreclose on the collateral license, by operation of

law, the license could transfer hands without the prior approval of the

Commission.” (citation omitted)), aff’d, In re Walter O’Cheskey, 13 FCC Rcd.

10656 (1998). On the other hand, for some time the FCC has said that “[a]

-7-
security interest in the proceeds of the sale of the license does not violate

Commission policy.” Walter O Cheskey, 9 FCC Rcd. at 987 ¶ 7, aff’d, In re

Walter O’Cheskey, 13 FCC Rcd. at 10659–60. It has explained:

[G]iving a security interest in the proceeds of the sale of a
license does not raise the same concerns [as granting a lien that
would allow the lienholder to obtain the license upon the debtor’s
default without FCC approval]. When a licensee gives a security
interest in the proceeds of the sale of the system, including the
license, the licensee’s creditor has rights with respect to the money
or other assets the licensee receives in exchange for the system and
license. The creditor has no rights over the license itself, nor can it
take any action under its security interest until there has been a
transfer which yields proceeds subject to the security interest. Thus,
when the creditor exercises his security interest, the licensee will no
longer be holding the license.

In re Walter O Cheskey, 9 FCC Rcd. at 987 ¶¶ 8, 9 (citations omitted). The FCC

has emphasized that permitting such security interests will improve licensees’

access to capital. See Facilitating the Provision of Spectrum-Based Services, 69

Fed. Reg. 75,144, 75,151 (Dec. 15, 2004) (codified at 47 C.F.R. pts. 1, 22, 24, 27

& 90). As for the prohibition on granting a security interest in the license itself,

the FCC has “not yet taken a position on whether its policy . . . is statutorily

mandated or solely dictated by regulatory policy.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

Courts and commentators have referred to the licensee’s present interest in

the right to the proceeds of a future sale of the license as a private right or

interest, or an economic right. See MLQ Investors, L.P. v. Pac. Quadracasting,

-8-
Inc., 146 F.3d 746, 749 (9th Cir. 1998); In re Ridgely Commc’ns, Inc., 139 B.R.

374, 379 (Bankr. D. Md. 1992); David Isenberg & Michael Reisz, Toward a

Compromise on Collateralizing Loans to Broadcasters, 45 Fed. Comm. L.J. 541,

546, 557 (1993). These terms are appropriate because they contrast the right of

the licensee to make money on a license (or at least recoup all or part of the

licensee’s investment in the license) with what the government controls—the use

of the electromagnetic-wave spectrum. Under §§ 301 and 304 of the FCA, a

licensee has no ownership rights in a channel of radio transmission or a frequency

of the electromagnetic spectrum; the use of the channel (or frequency) is within

the regulatory power of the FCC. The FCC’s task is to ensure that the spectrum is

used in the public interest. But the FCA does not prohibit a licensee from making

money from its license—say, when a licensee sells a license (albeit only with

FCC approval) and realizes a profit because of the value of listener loyalty to the

frequency used by the licensee. In other words, the FCA does not prohibit private

interests or rights in value created by the licensee’s use of the airwaves. See In re

Appls. of Various Subsidiaries & Affiliates of Geotek Commc’ns, 15 FCC Rcd.

790, 799 & n.49 (2000) (In approving assignment of licenses to creditors of

bankrupt licensee, the Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, notes that

“the vast majority of wireless licensees operate for-profit ventures using their

licenses, and maximizing profits and returns are, no doubt, a high-ranking

objective of these operators,” and “find[s] that the Creditors’ desire to maximize

-9-
the return on their investment and their intention to assign the licenses to [another

private party] are not in and of themselves inconsistent with their ability or

intention to fulfill their responsibilities as licensees.”).

It is important to understand precisely what rights are recognized by the

FCC’s policy. The FCC recognizes that one of the rights acquired by a licensee

when it obtains a license is the right to receive money from a future transferee of

the license. This right has value upon acquisition of the license, regardless of

whether a prospective purchaser is in sight. And the FCC permits the licensee to

grant a security interest in that right. Although the FCC speaks in terms of a

“security interest in the proceeds of the sale of the license,” In re Walter O

Cheskey, 9 FCC Rcd. at 987 ¶ 7, the security interest is more precisely described

as one in the licensee’s right to the proceeds of a license sale and in the proceeds

of that right (which are simply the sale proceeds). If the security interest were

only in the sale proceeds, it could not attach before those proceeds existed (that

is, before the sale was consummated), giving the holder of the security interest no

priority over other creditors if the sale occurred after the licensee declared

bankruptcy. A security interest of that sort would be of little value to a creditor

and would hardly increase the licensee’s access to capital. The security interest

can, however, attach as soon as the licensee acquires the license if the security

interest is in the right to receive proceeds from any future sale, a right that exists

as soon as the licensee acquires the license. The FCC apparently uses the

-10-
terminology “security interest in the proceeds of the sale” merely to emphasize

that the secured party cannot realize any money on its security interest until the

license has been transferred and that it has no right to use the license’s

broadcasting privilege.

The Ninth Circuit recognized the nature of the security interest when it

rejected a claim that tax liens took priority over a security interest with respect to

the proceeds of the sale of an FCC license. Although we might have preferred a

different nomenclature in describing the security interest, the court’s analysis is

clear. It wrote:

[It is argued] that even if MLQ had a security interest in the
proceeds from the sale of the licenses, this interest did not arise, and
therefore could not be perfected, until the licenses were sold. As a
result, MLQ’s security interest was junior to the IRS tax liens created
prior to the sale of the licenses. We disagree.
Government licenses, as a general rule, are considered to be
“general intangibles” under the Uniform Commercial Code, “i.e.,
personal property interests in which security interests may be
perfected.” In re Ridgely [Commc’ns, Inc.], 139 B.R. [374,] 379
[Bankr. D. Md. 1992]. . . . In re Ridgely makes it clear that license
holders have no property rights in the “actual broadcast frequencies
themselves as against the federal government,” 139 B.R. at 376,
(citing In re Bill Welch, 3 F.C.C.R. 6502 (1988)). However, In re
Ridgely and In re Cheskey stand for the proposition that licensees do
have a proprietary right in the proceeds from a sale of a license, and
may grant a security interest in those proceeds. See also In re Beach
Television Partners, 38 F.3d 535, 537 (11th Cir.1994) (holding that a
creditor has a valid security interest in the proceeds of an
FCC-approved sale of a broadcast license).
Since the licensee has rights and interests in the license
proceeds which include a limited right to pledge those proceeds as
collateral, we see no reason why the proceeds should not be
considered “general intangibles,” therefore subject to perfection prior

-11-
 to sale. Indeed, a contrary outcome would mean that the distinction
between private and public interests in FCC license proceeds,
outlined in In re Ridgely and In re Cheskey, would have no meaning,
and the private interests would be devoid of value. A security
interest in proceeds that could not be perfected until after
foreclosure and sale of the license would, in almost every
circumstance, be primed by IRS liens and claims of other creditors.
The fact that in the present case the actual dollar proceeds from the
sale of the licenses were generated only after the sale—and thus after
the tax lien filing, as well—is immaterial. “[N]early all forms of
security must be reduced to cash before they pay off the debt secured
thereby.” See Peter F. Coogan, Tax Liens and the UCC, 81
Harv.L.Rev. 1369, 1385 (1968).

MLQ Investors, 146 F.3d at 749 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted); see Sprint

Nextel Corp. v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n (In re Terrestar Networks, Inc.), 457 B.R.

254, 261–70 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011) (similar); id. at 264 (collecting cases). The

FCC cited MLQ Investors with approval in In re Gresham Commc’ns, 26 FCC

Rcd. at 11900 & n.36.

As Spectrum Scan argues, however, the FCC is not the last word on

whether liens are permitted under the FCA. The FCC cannot override a statutory

mandate. Spectrum Scan asserts that the FCA unambiguously prohibits liens that

can attach before sale of a license and that therefore this court should not grant

Chevron deference to FCC policy on this matter. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at

842–44 (court should grant deference to agency in construing ambiguous

language of statute administered by agency).

Spectrum Scan asserts that § 301 “made clear that the federal government

maintains control of the airwaves,” and that § 310 “manifested the intent of § 301

-12-
and ensured the federal government’s control of the airwaves by prohibiting the

transfer, assignment or disposition of any portion of an FCC license except upon

specific application to and express consent from the FCC.” Aplee. Br. at 8. It

concludes that the FCA prohibits private parties from possessing any “private

rights” in FCC licenses, arguing:

Under the plain language of §§ 301 and 310, a ‘private right’ cannot
[exist in] an FCC license because a license confers no ownership and
the holder of an FCC license has no authority to unilaterally (i.e.,
without the FCC’s prior approval) transfer, assign, or dispose of it
either directly or indirectly.

Id. at 9.

We disagree. We would likely interpret the FCA to support the FCC’s

position allowing liens on the right to the proceeds of license sales. But in any

event, insofar as the FCA is ambiguous, the FCC’s determination that the Act

permits liens on the licensee’s right to the proceeds of a license sale is not an

unreasonable construction of the Act. To begin with, § 301 does not forbid such

liens because it states only that the licensee has no ownership interest in the

electromagnetic spectrum. The liens approved by the FCC convey no interest in

the spectrum. As for § 310(d), it speaks of a “station license, or any rights

thereunder,” and it restricts the assignment of such rights. 47 U.S.C. § 310(d).

But it does not forbid such assignments. On the contrary, it simply states that

such rights cannot be assigned “except upon application to the Commission and

upon finding by the Commission that the public interest, convenience, and

-13-
necessity will be served thereby.” Id. Thus, if a licensee wishes to make such an

assignment, it must enter into an assignment agreement and then seek approval.

In other words, any assignment must be conditional. But that does not mean that

a conditional assignment conveys no rights as between the private parties before

the assignment is approved. If such a conditional assignment conveyed no rights

(under the reasoning that § 310(d) bars any transfer or assignment without prior

FCC approval), then the same reasoning would compel the conclusion that a

contract for sale of the license conveys no rights from the licensee to the

purchaser because the sale must be approved by the FCC. That being the case,

the licensee, after executing the sales contract with the purchaser but before FCC

approval, could negotiate and execute a more attractive sale with another

purchaser at no risk of liability to the original purchaser (and, presumably, the

purchaser would likewise not be bound because it would have received no

consideration for entering into the contract). To give such a construction to

§ 310(d)—which, after all, certainly contemplates that licenses can be

sold—would be absurd. Not only would it be unreasonable to read that section to

say that the FCC must approve the sales contract before the parties have any

rights as between themselves under the contract, but we suspect that the FCC

would refuse to consider a request to approve an unenforceable contract. Indeed,

the FCC form for license-transfer applications requires submission of agreements

that “embody the complete and final understanding between assignor/transferor

-14-
and assignee/transferee.” FCC Form 316, item 6. (June 2010), see Instructions

for FCC 316 at 4–5 (June 2010). The right conveyed by a security interest in the

proceeds of a license sale is the right to share in those proceeds if a sale approved

by the FCC takes place. Recognition of that right is not inconsistent with

§ 310(d).

The point was explained by the FCC in its 1988 opinion in In re Welch,

3 FCC Rcd. 6502, which held that the for-profit transfer of a construction permit

(which is subject to the same restrictions in § 310(d) as is a station license) is

permissible. It wrote:

If there were a statutory limitation on the ability of a permittee to
transfer its construction permit for profit, it would logically fit in this
section of the [FCA]. But Section 310(d) contains no such
restriction. It requires that all transfers and assignments are simply
to be judged by this Commission under the general public interest,
convenience and necessity test. The fact that the Commission is
required to undertake such review, and that no permit can be
assigned or transferred prior to Commission approval, ensures that
the Federal Government retains control over use of the spectrum,
consistent with Sections 301 and 304.

Id. at 6504. A footnote in the opinion stated:

The distinction between rights between private parties and the
Commission and rights between only private parties is a critical one:
“The jural relationships that attach from the relationship between
transferor and transferee must be distinguished and differentiated
from those in relationship to the regulatory authority. There is a
qualitative difference in the rights and obligations which an assignor
asserts against the assignee as compared to the assertion of rights by
transferor and transferee against the Commission’s regulatory
powers.” H. Warner, Radio and Television Law at 828 (1948).

-15-
Id. at 6503 n.28. In our view, it is reasonable to construe §310(d) as permitting

the assignment of an interest in a license (such as the right to a portion of the

proceeds of the sale of the license) conditional on FCC approval of the sale.

Then, once the sale is approved and consummated, the proceeds of the sale can be

disbursed in accordance with the assignment. Because the FCC interpretation of

§ 310(d) is a reasonable one, Chevron requires our deference to that

interpretation.

In sum, we hold that the holder of an FCC license has the right to the

proceeds of a sale of that license and may grant a security interest in that right

and in the proceeds of that right (that is, the proceeds of a future sale). Arriving

at that holding does not, however, end our task in this case. There remains the

question whether Nebraska law permits a security interest in the right to the

proceeds of the sale of an FCC license, conditional on FCC approval of the sale,

to attach to that right before the licensee has entered into a contract for sale of the

license.

B. Property Rights Under Nebraska Law

The bankruptcy court “presumed” that “it is possible to grant a security

interest in the ability to receive value upon an FCC-approved sale of a broadcast

license.” Order at 7 (Aplt. App. at 327). Nevertheless, it rejected Valley Bank’s

claim to a priority in the postpetition proceeds of a sale of the license. It based

its decision on Bankruptcy Code § 552(a), which states the general rule that

-16-
“property acquired by the estate or by the debtor after the commencement of the

case is not subject to any lien resulting from any security agreement entered into

by the debtor before the commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. § 552(a). The

bankruptcy court considered the exception to that general rule stated in

§ 552(b)(1), which provides:

[I]f the debtor and an entity entered into a security agreement before the
commencement of the case and if the security interest created by such
security agreement extends to property of the debtor acquired before the
commencement of the case and to proceeds . . . of such property, then such
security interest extends to such proceeds.

(emphasis added). But it held the exception inapplicable because, it said, Tracy

Broadcasting’s interest in the proceeds of the future sale of the license was too

speculative to constitute property before Tracy Broadcasting filed for bankruptcy.

The issue, in the court’s view, was

whether [Tracy Broadcasting’s] ability to receive value, contingent
both on the existence of an agreement to transfer the License and
upon the FCC’s approval of that transfer, where there was in fact no
agreement of any kind for transfer of the License prior to the filing
of the Bankruptcy Case, was “property of the debtor acquired before
the commencement of the case.”

Order at 7 (Aplt. App. at 327). It then restated the question as, “[D]id [Tracy

Broadcasting] have sufficient ‘rights in the collateral or the power to transfer

rights in the collateral to a secured party,’ such as would be necessary for any

security interest to attach under § 9-203 of the U.C.C., prior to filing its Chapter

11 case?” Id. at 8 (Aplt. App. at 328). It answered its question no, reasoning that

-17-
“[Tracy Broadcasting’s] right to receive value for transfer of its License did not

exist prior to the filing of its Chapter 11 case because any such ‘right’ was too

remote and was subject to two contingencies”: an agreement to transfer the

license, and approval of the transfer by the FCC. Id.

We respectfully disagree with the bankruptcy court’s analysis. Whether

Tracy Broadcasting had sufficient rights in the collateral to support the

attachment of a security interest in those rights is a question of Nebraska property

law. The leading decision on what law governs is the Supreme Court’s opinion in

Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48 (1979). The dispute in that case was

whether it was the bankruptcy trustee or a second mortgagee who had the right to

collect rents from the time the mortgagor declared bankruptcy until the

foreclosure sale. The question before the Supreme Court was whether the answer

was “determined by a federal rule of equity or by the law of the State where the

property is located.” Id. at 49. The Court held that state law applies. It wrote:

Property interests are created and defined by state law. Unless some
federal interest requires a different result, there is no reason why
such interests should be analyzed differently simply because an
interested party is involved in a bankruptcy proceeding. Uniform
treatment of property interests by both state and federal courts within
a State serve to reduce uncertainty, to discourage forum shopping,
and to prevent a party from receiving a windfall merely by reason of
the happenstance of bankruptcy. The justifications for application of
state law are not limited to ownership interests; they apply with equal
force to security interests, including the interest of a mortgagee in
rents earned by mortgaged property.

-18-
Id. at 55 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he federal

bankruptcy court,” it concluded, “should take whatever steps are necessary to

ensure that the mortgagee is afforded in federal bankruptcy court the same

protection he would have under state law if no bankruptcy had ensued.” Id. at 56

(emphasis added). Although Butner was decided before enactment of the present

Bankruptcy Code, the underlying principle—that state law governs the

recognition of property interests in bankruptcy proceedings, unless a federal

interest (such as one expressed in a particular provision of the Bankruptcy Code)

requires otherwise—still applies. See Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co., 549 U.S. at

450–51. Thus, to determine whether Valley Bank had a property interest (an

interest in the right to proceeds of a future sale of Tracy Broadcasting’s license)

that attached upon execution of the security agreement, we look to Nebraska law.

In our view, Nebraska law recognizes the attachment of an interest in the

right to proceeds of a sale of an FCC license when the licensee enters into a

security agreement. 2 There can be no dispute that if a licensee’s right to the

proceeds of a sale of a license is a property interest, it is a general intangible

under Nebraska law. See Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-102(42) (“‘General intangible’

means any personal property, including things in action, other than accounts,

2
If the security interest attaches to the collateral before filing of the
bankruptcy petition, then the secured party may have a lien on postpetition
proceeds of the collateral. See 11 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). Here, the collateral is the
right to the proceeds of the sale of a license, so the proceeds of that collateral
would be the proceeds of the license sale.

-19-
chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, goods,

instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money,

and oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction. The term includes payment

intangibles and software.”); MLQ Investors, 146 F.3d at 749 (“[W]e see no reason

why the proceeds [of sales of FCC licenses] should not be considered ‘general

intangibles,’ therefore subject to perfection prior to sale.”). The question raised

by the bankruptcy court was whether the licensee’s right to those proceeds was

sufficiently nonspeculative to constitute a property right that would support

attachment of a security interest in that right under Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-203.

Section 9-203(a) states that “[a] security interest attaches to collateral when it

becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral,” and

§ 9-203(b) states that “a security interest is enforceable against the debtor and

third parties with respect to the collateral only if . . . (2) the debtor has rights in

the collateral.” As we understand the bankruptcy court, it held that the licensee’s

right to the proceeds of a sale of a license before any agreement to purchase the

license has been reached is not a sufficient interest to constitute “rights in the

collateral.”

In our view, commercial realities require a contrary holding. Recall that

the FCC views the right to grant liens on the proceeds of the sale of a license as a

means to improve licensees’ access to capital. See Facilitating the Provision of

Spectrum-Based Services, 69 Fed. Reg. 75,144, 75,151. If the security interest

-20-
could not attach before there was a contract for the sale of the license, the interest

would have little value, particularly when the sale results from financial problems

of the licensee, the very circumstance for which a creditor desires protection. See

MLQ Investors, 146 F.3d at 749. We can see no policy reason to prevent the

attachment of a security interest in the right of the licensee (the right to proceeds

of the license’s sale) that may well be the licensee’s best tool to obtain capital.

The right to the proceeds of a potential sale of the license can be worth a great

deal. In particular, its value as collateral is that the license can be sold for a tidy

sum even if the licensee fails in the business. It is not a right too speculative to

be an article of commerce.

Our conclusion is strongly buttressed by a 2000 revision to the Nebraska

U.C.C. specifically designed to recognize and enforce such security interests. As

we shall explain below, that revision, codified as Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-408,

does not by its terms specifically address licenses issued by the federal

government. But it overrides state licensing laws that would bar the creation,

attachment, and perfection of security interests in state-issued licenses that are

essentially identical to the security interest claimed by Valley Bank; and by doing

so, it implicitly recognizes the propriety of creation, attachment, and perfection of

such security interests in federal licenses when, as here, no federal law is thereby

violated. We cannot believe that Nebraska law would prohibit the attachment and

perfection of an interest in the right to the sale proceeds of a federal license on

-21-
the ground that the interest in that right is too speculative when that law

affirmatively endorses the attachment and perfection of an interest in the right to

the sale proceeds of a state license in the same circumstances. We set forth

§ 9-408 fully in a footnote. 3

3

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), a term in a
promissory note or in an agreement between an account debtor and a
debtor which relates to a health-care-insurance receivable or a
general intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise,
and which term prohibits, restricts, or requires the consent of the
person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor to, the
assignment or transfer of, or creation, attachment, or perfection of a
security interest in, the promissory note, health-care-insurance
receivable, or general intangible, is ineffective to the extent that the
term:

(1) would impair the creation, attachment, or perfection of a
security interest; or

(2) provides that the assignment or transfer or the creation,
attachment, or perfection of the security interest may give rise to a
default, breach, right of recoupment, claim, defense, termination,
right of termination, or remedy under the promissory note,
health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible.

(b) Subsection (a) applies to a security interest in a payment
intangible or promissory note only if the security interest arises out
of a sale of the payment intangible or promissory note.

(c) A rule of law, statute, or regulation that prohibits, restricts, or
requires the consent of a government, governmental body or official,
person obligated on a promissory note, or account debtor to the
assignment or transfer of, or creation of a security interest in, a
promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general
intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise between
an account debtor and a debtor, is ineffective to the extent that the
(continued...)

-22-
3
(...continued)
rule of law, statute, or regulation:

(1) would impair the creation, attachment, or perfection of a
security interest; or

(2) provides that the assignment or transfer or the creation,
attachment, or perfection of the security interest may give rise to a
default, breach, right of recoupment, claim, defense, termination,
right of termination, or remedy under the promissory note,
health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible.

(d) To the extent that a term in a promissory note or in an agreement
between an account debtor and a debtor which relates to a
health-care-insurance receivable or general intangible or a rule of
law, statute, or regulation described in subsection (c) would be
effective under law other than this article but is ineffective under
subsection (a) or (c), the creation, attachment, or perfection of a
security interest in the promissory note, health-care-insurance
receivable, or general intangible:

(1) is not enforceable against the person obligated on the
promissory note or the account debtor;

(2) does not impose a duty or obligation on the person
obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor;

(3) does not require the person obligated on the promissory
note or the account debtor to recognize the security interest, pay or
render performance to the secured party, or accept payment or
performance from the secured party;

(4) does not entitle the secured party to use or assign the
debtor’s rights under the promissory note, health-care-insurance
receivable, or general intangible, including any related information
or materials furnished to the debtor in the transaction giving rise to
the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general
intangible;

(continued...)

-23-
 The pertinent language is as follows:

A rule of law, statute, or regulation that prohibits, restricts, or
requires the consent of a government, governmental body or official
. . . to the assignment or transfer of, or creation of a security interest
in, a . . . general intangible, including a . . . license . . . , is
ineffective to the extent that the rule of law, statute, or regulation:
(1) would impair the creation, attachment, or perfection of a security
interest. . . .

§ 9-408(c). The section states that it “prevails over any inconsistent provisions of

the law of this state.” § 9-408(e); cf. § 9-408 cmt. 9 (“This section does not

override federal law to the contrary.”). The secured party’s rights may, however,

be significantly circumscribed by § 9-408(d), which preserves non-U.C.C. law in

various respects. For example, § 9-408(d)(4) provides that the creation,

attachment, and perfection of a security interest permitted under § 9-408(c) does

not override non-U.C.C. law so as to “entitle the secured party to use or assign

the debtor’s [the licensee’s] rights under the . . . general intangible [the license].”

See § 9-408 cmt. 6 (“Subsection (c) . . . affects governmental entities that enact or

3
(...continued)
(5) does not entitle the secured party to use, assign, possess, or
have access to any trade secrets or confidential information of the
person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor; and

(6) does not entitle the secured party to enforce the security
interest in the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or
general intangible.

(e) This section prevails over any inconsistent provisions of the law
of this state.

Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-408.

-24-
determine rules of law. However, subsection (d) ensures that these affected

persons are not affected adversely.” (emphasis added)). Thus, § 9-408(c) would

not override a state law requiring government permission to transfer a license.

Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-408 comment 8 explains the purpose of

§ 9-408(c):

By making available previously unavailable property as collateral,
this section should enable debtors to obtain additional credit. For
purposes of determining whether to extend credit, under some
circumstances a secured party may ascribe value to the collateral to
which its security interest has attached, even if this section precludes
the secured party from enforcing the security interest . . . .

This is precisely the same purpose underlying the FCC decision to allow security

interests in the proceeds of a license sale. See In re Amend. of Part 1 of the

Comm’ns Rules—Competitive Bidding Proceeding, 12 FCC Rcd. 5686, 5695 ¶ 12

(1997) (“[The FCC] understand[s] that it is customary in commercial financing to

grant lenders security interests in the proceeds of the sale of FCC licenses and [it

does] not intend[] to impede or adversely affect a licensee’s ability to obtain bank

or other financing. Accordingly, debtors may grant to other parties a

subordinated security interest in the proceeds of an authorized assignment or

transfer of the license to a third party, provided however that any such security

interest shall be subordinated to and in no way inconsistent with the

Commission’s security interest in the license.”).

-25-
 Comment 7 to § 9-408 makes undeniable that the intent of the provision is

to accomplish what Valley Bank seeks in this bankruptcy proceeding. The first

paragraph of the comment states:

This section could have a substantial effect if the assignor enters
bankruptcy. Roughly speaking, Bankruptcy Code section 552
invalidates security interests in property acquired after a bankruptcy
petition is filed, except to the extent that the postpetition property
constitutes proceeds of prepetition collateral.

Neb. Rev. St. U.C.C. § 9-408 cmt. 7. The comment then continues with

Example 4, which looks a lot like our situation:

A debtor is the owner of a cable television franchise that, under
applicable law, cannot be assigned without the consent of the
municipal franchisor. A lender wishes to extend credit to the debtor,
provided that the credit is secured by the debtor’s “going business”
value. To secure the loan, the debtor grants a security interest in all
its existing and after-acquired property. The franchise represents the
principal value of the business. The municipality refuses to consent
to any assignment for collateral purposes. If other law were given
effect,[ 4] the security interest in the franchise would not attach; and
if the debtor were to enter bankruptcy and sell the business, the
secured party would receive but a fraction of the business’s value.
Under this section, however, the security interest would attach to the
franchise. As a result, the security interest would attach to the
proceeds of any sale of the franchise while a bankruptcy is pending.
However, this section would protect the interests of the municipality
by preventing the secured party from enforcing its security interest to
the detriment of the municipality.

4
The “other law” referred to is the law noted in the first sentence of the
example—law that bars assignment of the franchise. As explained earlier,
however, current federal law does not bar the type of security interest that Valley
Bank wishes to enforce .

-26-
Id. ex. 4. See Philip H. Ebling & Steven O. Weise, What a Dirt Lawyer Needs to

Know About New Article 9 of the UCC, 37 Real Prop. Prob. & Tr. J. 191, 215

(2002) (referring to the section as “a useful device for secured lenders of

borrowers who require governmental permits to operate their businesses”). One

commentator has specifically referred to the congruence between § 9-408 and the

FCC policy permitting assignment of proceeds of a future license sale:

Numerous cases have arisen in the context of FCC broadcast
licenses. Early cases took the view that in light of the FCC’s anti-
assignment policy, no security interest could be created in such a
license. As a result, even if the license were assigned to a new
owner with the FCC’s permission, the lender would have no security
interest in the proceeds generated by the assignment. In 1994, the
FCC modified its position to clarify that no security interest could be
created in a license because that might interfere with the FCC’s
ability to regulate the licensee. However, a security interest could be
created in the proceeds of the assignment of a license to an FCC-
approved third party because the security interest in the proceeds did
not interfere with FCC regulation of the licensee.

[The U.C.C.’s] treatment of security interests in non-
assignable intangibles is similar to the current treatment of FCC
licenses. The revision distinguishes between non-economic rights
and the payment rights and proceeds that might be generated by the
intangible asset. The basic policy of free assignability is tempered to
the extent necessary to protect the other party to the contract,
franchise, license, etc., from most adverse effects arising from the
granting of a security interest.

G. Ray Warner, The Anti-Bankruptcy Act: Revised Article 9 and Bankruptcy,

9 Am. Bankr. Inst. L. Rev. 3, 49 (2001) (footnote omitted). See generally Alvin

C. Harrell, The Relationship Between Revised Uniform Commercial Code Article

9 and the Bankruptcy Code: Points of Intersection and Conflict, 28 Okla. City U.

-27-
L. Rev. 511, 528–30 (2003) (stating that revisions to Article 9 reflected a strong

policy favoring assignability of intangible property interests).

In short, § 9-408 does for Nebraska state licenses what the FCC’s policy

does for FCC licenses. Section 9-408 implicitly recognizes (and the comments to

the section explicitly endorse) that a lien on the right to sale proceeds of a

government license can attach when a lender extends credit to a licensee. The

drafters of the U.C.C., like the FCC, recognize the substantial advantages in the

flow of credit to licensees that result from giving the lender a priority (in

bankruptcy and otherwise) in the right to proceeds of the sale of a license so long

as the governmental interest in regulation of the license is not infringed.

We find it particularly noteworthy that nothing in the text of § 9-408 or the

commentary to it hints at the possibility that a security interest in the right to

proceeds of a license sale would not attach before there is a contract for the sale.

After all, surely the great majority of such security interests are granted when

neither party anticipates a sale. The need for the lien is not that the parties expect

the licensee’s debt to be repaid by a future sale of the license to some purchaser.

They ordinarily expect it to be paid from the licensee’s income. The lien’s

purpose is to protect the creditor if the wished-for outcome does not materialize.

In this context, we are confident that Nebraska law would not say that, absent a

pending sale of a license and governmental approval, a licensee’s interest in the

-28-
right to proceeds of the sale of its license is too speculative to support the

attachment of a lien on those proceeds.

One might argue that § 9-408 does not concern the type of security interest

before this court because it relates to a security interest in a license—a security

interest prohibited by the FCC, which permits only a security interest in the right

to proceeds of a license sale. But the apparent difference between the two types

of security interests is merely semantic. A licensee’s rights in the license, as is

generally true of property rights, encompass a number of separate, specific rights.

See United States v. Craft, 535 U.S. 274, 278 (2002) (“A common idiom describes

property as a ‘bundle of sticks’—a collection of individual rights which, in

certain combinations, constitute property.”). Among those constituent rights is

the right to the proceeds of a sale of the license. When the FCC bans liens on the

license as a whole but authorizes liens on the right to sale proceeds, it is doing

nothing more than isolating one of the constituents of the bundle of rights

encompassed by a license and allowing liens only on that constituent right.

Hence, that lien is truly a lien on a license.

Section 9-408 reaches the same result, but reaches it from the opposite

direction; it begins with a lien on the license but then pares back the security

interest so that it resembles the security interest permitted by the FCC. Although

§ 9-408(c) permits the creation and attachment of a lien on a license, § 9-408(d)

strictly limits the secured party’s rights. In particular, the secured party cannot

-29-
“use or assign the [licensee’s] rights under the . . . [license]” if such use or

assignment is barred by non-U.C.C. law. § 9-408(d)(4). It is precisely to prevent

enforcement of a security interest that would entitle a secured party to use or

assign a broadcasting license that the FCC bars a lien on the entirety of a

licensee’s rights. See In re Walter O Cheskey, 9 FCC Rcd. at 987 ¶ 8 (“The

Commission has a policy against a licensee giving a security interest in a license.

The reason for the policy is that the Commission’s statutory mandate requires it to

approve the qualifications of every applicant for a license. 47 U.S.C. § 310(d). If

a security interest holder were to foreclose on the collateral license, by operation

of law, the license could transfer hands without the prior approval of the

Commission.” (citation omitted)). In other words, the combination of subsections

(c) and (d) of § 9-408 would lead to a lien on a state license that is essentially the

same as the type of lien approved by the FCC. Indeed, Example 4 in comment 7

to § 9-408 emphasizes the point. In stating that the section permits recognition of

a security interest in a cable television franchise even though the franchise cannot

be assigned without the municipal franchisor’s consent, it focuses on the principal

commercial value arising from recognition of that security interest—that “the

security interest would attach to the proceeds of any sale of the franchise while a

bankruptcy is pending.” U.C.C. § 9-408 cmt. 7 ex. 4.

Also, in relying on § 9-408 we recognize that it does not “determine[]

whether a debtor [the licensee] has a property interest.” § 9-408 cmt. 3. As

-30-
comment 3 states: “Ordinarily, a debtor can create a security interest in collateral

only if it has ‘rights in the collateral’. . . . Other law determines whether a debtor

has a property interest (‘rights in the collateral’) and the nature of that interest.”

But we have not relied on § 9-408 as the source of a licensee’s right in the

proceeds of a license sale—the collateral at issue here. The recognition of that

right is by the FCC, which has interpreted the FCA to permit that right and has

authorized that right as a matter of policy. The issue of Nebraska property law

before us is whether the licensee’s right in the sale proceeds—the “rights in the

collateral” addressed in § 9-203(b)—is too speculative to support attachment of a

security interest in that right when no license sale is in the offing. We think that

§ 9-408 and its comments speak directly to that issue and emphatically support

attachment.

III. CONCLUSION

We REVERSE the judgment of the district court with directions to

REMAND this matter to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

-31-