McDonald's Corp v. Watson

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

Nos. 94-60614, 95-60255.

MCDONALD'S CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Joe L. WATSON and Lashon Enterprises, Inc., Defendants-Appellants.

Nov. 17, 1995.

Appeals from United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi.

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and WISDOM and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

STEWART, Circuit Judge:

This is a contract case in which the district court granted partial summary judgment in favor

of plaintiff McDonald's Corporat ion, holding that the defendants, Joe L. Watson and Lashon

Enterprises, infringed McDonald's trademark between the date McDonald's served its complaint on

the defendants and the date the defendants surrendered the McDonald's restaurants. The district

court also enjoined the defendants from interfering with the operations of the restaurants and

submitted the issue of damages to the jury. The jury awarded McDonald's $45,946.00 in

compensatory damages and attorneys' fees based on its claims that the defendants breached their

franchise agreement and infringed McDonald's trademark. The district court subtracted the

$30,000.00 security deposit McDonald's held and entered judgment in favor of McDonald's in the

amount of $15,946.00. The defendants have filed two separate appeals, which have been

consolidated, challenging the partial summary judgment, the injunction, declaratory judgment and the

resulting damages. Because we are convinced that the district court did not err with respect to the

disposition of any of the issues raised on appeal, we AFFIRM the judgment in favor of the plaintiff,

McDonald's.

FACTS

Joe Watson and Lashon Enterprises, the defendants/appellants in both appeals, operated two

McDonald's franchise restaurants in Carthage and Canton, Mississippi under separate, but identical,
pre-printed licensing agreements1 (the "Agreement") with the plaintiff/appellee, McDonald's

Corporation. The Agreement authorized the defendants "to adopt and use ... the [McDonald's] trade

names, trademarks and service marks" on the condition that they complied with the obligations

specified in the Agreement. Almost from the beginning of their operation, Watson and Lashon

experienced financial difficulties and were unable to honor their financial obligations to McDonald's

in a timely fashion.

Unfortunately for the defendants, the McDonald's Agreement did not tolerate untimely

payments from franchisees/licensees. The Agreement listed several situations that constituted

material breaches which would give McDonald's the option to terminate the Agreement. Several

occurrences specifically addressed the Licensee's financial health and specifically denounced

untimeliness of payments to McDonald's, judgment creditors, the IRS, or suppliers. Those provisions

stipulated t hat a material breach occurred (1) when the Licensee becomes insolvent, (2) when the

Licensee fails to pay any service fee owed to McDonald's within thirty days after the date the payment

is due, (3) when any judgment(s) aggregating more than $5,000 have been rendered against the

Licensee, (4) when any federal, state, or local tax lien totaling over $5,000, which has been placed

against Licensee's property, remains unsatisfied or unbonded for more than thirty days, or (5) when

the Licensee "fail[s] to make or ... delays [repeatedly] in the prompt payment of undisputed invoices

from his suppliers or in the remittance of rent and service fees[.]" The Agreement also specified the

means through which McDonald's had to give notice of termination if it opted to terminate a

franchise. The notice provision read as follows:

Notices. Any notice hereunder shall be in writing and shall be delivered by personal service
or by United States certified or registered mail, with postage prepaid, addressed to Licensee
at the Restaurant....

On three occasions between July 1991, and December 1992, McDonald's sent letters, titled

"Notice of Default/Termination," to the defendants demanding payment of overdue obligations and

1
There were three separate agreements: a general trademark agreement and two referenced
and incorporated supplemental agreements providing for operating and trademark licenses. All of
the agreements are interrelated and termination of one agreement terminated the other two
agreements. Thus, they will be considered in globo for purposes of this appeal.
further warning the defendants that if they did not stay current on their payments, the franchise

agreement would be terminated. The defendants always paid the overdue charges within the times

allowed in the demand letters, but generally failed to stay current afterwards. By January 5, 1993,

McDonald's decided to terminate the franchise agreement. Although there were numerous oral

communications between the parties, McDonald's did not send a written notice of the termination to

the defendants. McDonald's apparently believed that the eighteen months of correspondence,

including several demand letters sent prior to filing of suit, had provided sufficient notice.2

On March 8, 1995, McDonald's filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the franchise agreement between the parties had been

terminated as of January 5, 1993. McDonald's alleged numerous breaches of the Agreement and the

existence of several tax liens against the defendants' restaurants. The complaint sought the surrender

of the two restaurants, an injunction against further interference by the defendants, and damages for

trademark infringement, rents, service fees, repair costs, and attorneys' fees.

The defendants received the complaint via personal service on March 15, 1993. The

complaint specifically said that the franchises were terminated. In Watson's deposition, he testified

that he believed the complaint reflected McDonald's position that the franchises had been terminated.

However, the complaint was not addressed or sent to either restaurant, and the complaint was not

preceded by a demand letter. Thus, despite the filing of the complaint, the defendants continued to

sell products from the McDonald's restaurants using the McDonald's name and trademark.

At the time the suit was filed, another suit regarding the two franchises was pending in

Mississippi state court. That suit was one of several filed against the defendants by OPNAD Fund,

2
The demand letters provided a deadline for payment and explicitly warned as follows: "If you
fail to timely cure this default, then your Franchises will automatically terminate at 12:01 a.m.
E.S.T...., without further notice to you or action on our part." The letters also warned that the
failure to remain current during the next twelve month period would result in termination of the
franchise without further notice, and that McDonald's would then apply to the court to reacquire
the premises and obtain relief. Moreover, the last letter from McDonald's corporate attorney to
the defendants' counsel, dated February 15, 1993, noted that "[w]e further remind you that
McDonald's asserts that your clients' franchises for the McDonald's restaurants ... were
automatically terminated on January 5, 1993. Your clients did not cure the Notice of Default,
dated December 1992."
an organization formed and controlled by McDonald's for the purpose of providing national

advertising for the chain. OPNAD sought payment of fees owed by the defendants. The defendants

filed a counterclaim against McDonald's in that suit, alleging that McDonald's was responsible for the

defendants' financial difficulties. McDonald's answered the counterclaim but did not assert any

additional claims against the defendants.

The defendants filed a motion in federal district court asserting that the federal case should

be either stayed or dismissed because the claims asserted in it by McDonald's should have been raised

in the state court case in a compulsory counterclaim. The district court denied their motion holding

that the two cases were not identical.

On March 22, 1993, the defendants surrendered the Carthage restaurant back to McDonald's,

and on March 29, 1993, the defendants surrendered the Canton restaurant to the Internal Revenue

Service.

In April 1993, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that McDonald's

never gave the defendants an effective notice of termination, as required by their licensing agreement,

and they therefore could not have infringed the McDonald's trademark. The district court initially

agreed, finding that neither the demand letters nor the other communications between the parties met

the notice of termination requirements of the Agreement. The district court concluded further that

the Agreement had never been terminated, and no use of the McDonald's mark had been

unauthorized. On McDonald's motion for reconsideration, however, the district court reversed itself,

holding that the complaint served as notice and was effective against the defendants immediately upon

service.3

The district court later determined that McDonald's terminated the Agreement for cause

because the defendants materially breached the Agreement. First, the IRS issued a tax lien against

3
When reviewing this issue during its initial consideration, the district court misread the general
notice provision as requiring (1) documents addressed to the Licensee at the restaurant AND (2)
delivery by personal service or service by certified or registered mail. On reconsideration, the
court appropriately read the address requirement as necessary for the mail service method, but not
necessary for the personal service method. Thus, personal service of the complaint on the
defendants accomplished notice regardless of where the service occurred.
Lashon on Sept ember 22, 1992 in the amount of $5,653.01, and on December 9, 1992 it issued

another tax lien against Watson in the amount of $30,069.24. Neit her tax lien had been released,

bonded or paid as of the date the district court rendered its judgment. Further, Watson had a civil

judgment totaling $69,898.32 rendered against him on May 1, 1992. Although McDonald's

knowingly waived previous breaches by expressly allowing the defendants to cure the breaches by

paying the debts by a specified deadline, McDonald's did not know of the tax lien breaches when it

accepted the defendants' January 4, 1993 payment. Further, the Agreement did not obligate

McDonald's to provide the defendants an opportunity to cure the tax lien breach. Therefore, t he

district court held that McDonald's did not waive its rights regarding the tax lien breaches, and that

McDonald's terminated the Agreement for cause.

On the basis of these rulings, the district court then granted partial summary judgment to

McDonald's, holding that the defendants infringed on McDonald's trademark between the date the

complaint was served and the dates that the defendants surrendered the two restaurants. The district

court also enjoined the defendants from interfering with the operations of the Canton and Carthage

franchises.

On March 6-8, 1995, the district court held a jury trial to determine McDonald's damages.

Because the district court offset the $45,946.00 jury award by the $30,000.00 security deposit held

by McDonald's, McDonald's received a final judgment of $15,946.00. The defendants appealed.

DISCUSSION

I. THE FIRST APPEAL

In the first of two separate appeals which have been consolidated, the defendants challenge

the district court's finding that the complaint served as adequate notice of termination under the terms

of the franchise agreement. They also appeal the ruling that the termination was effective immediately

upon service of the complaint, and contest the grant of injunctive relief.

A. NOTICE OF TERMINATION

The district court granted partial summary judgment in favor of McDonald's holding that the

complaint served as adequate notice of termination of the Agreement. We review the partial grant
of summary judgment under the parameters established by rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. Rule 56 governs t he pro priety of summary judgment. Summary judgment shall be

granted if the record, taken as a whole, "together with the affidavits, if any, show[s] that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. We review the district court's summary judgment de novo. Lee v. Wal-

Mart Stores, Inc., 34 F.3d 285, 288 (5th Cir.1994). However, we resolve factual controversies in

favor of the nonmoving party, but only when there is an actual controversy; that is, when both parties

have submitted evidence of contradictory facts. Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th

Cir.1994).

This case does not involve a factual controversy. It is undisputed that the defendants

engaged in activities that constituted material breaches of the Agreement, for which McDonald's

could terminate the Agreement. Instead, the issue is whether the terms of the Agreement allowed

McDonald's to terminate the franchises merely by personally serving a complaint on the defendants

or whether the Agreement required McDonald's, prior to filing suit for trademark infringement, to

send notice of termination in a separate document containing the signature of a McDonald's officer

or its licensing director. We must review this legal issue de novo.

The defendants argue that Illinois contract law requires exact compliance with contractual

provisions regarding both form and method of service in order for McDonald's to effect notice of

termination. The defendants do not contest the district court's conclusion that McDonald's

demonstrated "exact compliance" with the service requirement by personally serving the defendants

with the complaint. However, the defendants contend that McDonald's did not "exactly" comply with

the form requirements because it was not signed by an officer or the licensing director. In a section

entitled "Scope and Modification of License," the Agreement provides as follows:

The License (including any appendices hereto) constitutes the entire agreement between the
parties and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous, oral or written, agreements or
understandings of the parties. No interpretation, change, termination or waiver of any of the
provisions hereof shall be binding upon the Licensor unless in writing signed by an officer
of the Licensor or its Licensing Director. No modification, waiver, termination, rescission,
discharge or cancellation of this License shall affect the right of any party hereto to enforce
any claim or right hereunder, whether or not liquidated, which occurred prior to date of such
modification, waiver, termination, rescission, discharge or cancellation.
The defendants claim that the "Modification" requirements applied to the form requirements for the

entire contract; however, at a minimum, the "Modification" provision applied to termination of the

specific provision regarding the conveyance of the license to use the trademark or trade name

"McDonald's."

By contrast, McDonald's contends that exact compliance is not necessary. Further,

McDonald's maintains that the "Modification" provision is an integration clause that relates only to

changes in the License or its provision; it has nothing to do with termination of the entire contract.

The district court concluded that Illinois law does require exact compliance with contractual

provisions regarding notice of termination. The district court, citing McCann v. Frank B. Hall & Co.,

609 F.Supp. 627, 629, vacated on other grounds, 624 F.Supp. 98 (N.D.Ill.1985), explained as

follows: "There must be exact compliance with the terms of the provision for notice." (Emphasis

in original). On reconsideration, the court concluded that personal service of the complaint on the

defendants complied exactly with the notice of termination provision articulated in the Agreement.

Our review of Illinois law indicates that Illinois law is not settled on the issue of whether

"exact" compliance is indeed necessary or whether compliance is satisfied when the party receives

actual notice although served via a method other than the one imposed in the Agreement.4 In any

event, we need not decide whether Illinois law requires exact compliance because we agree with the

district court that McDonald's complied exactly with the notice provision articulated in the

Agreement. The Agreement requires only two things to effectuate notice of termination: (1) a

written statement of termination, and (2) service of this written statement either by personal service

4
Compare McCann v. Frank B. Hall & Co., 609 F.Supp. 627, 629 (N.D.Ill.1985) (when ruling
that oral notice was insufficient to cancel the contract, the court explained: "it is a general rule of
contract construction which specifies that the requirements of a contract as to notice, as to the
time of giving, the form, and the manner of service thereof, must be observed in canceling the
contract. There must be exact compliance with the terms of the provision for notice") with Owens
v. Second Baptist Church of La Grange, 163 Ill.App.3d 442, 114 Ill.Dec. 557, 560, 516 N.E.2d
712, 715 (1987) ("the object of notice is to inform the party notified, and if the information is
obtained in any way other than by formal notice, the object of notice is attained") (citations and
quotations omitted); and Schumacher v. Wolf, 125 Ill.App. 81, 84 (1905) (explaining that if the
"object of notice is attained," then exact compliance is not required). Several cases suggest that
exact compliance is not needed if the spirit and purpose of the notice provision is satisfied (i.e.,
the party needing notice received notice). The Illinois Supreme Court is the ultimate arbiter of
this apparent conflict in state law, not the federal court.
OR by mailing it, addressed to the defendants, to either the Carthage or Canton restaurant. Here,

paragraph 17 of the complaint stated in writing that "the Canton Franchise and Carthage Franchise

are t erminated," and the complaint was personally served on the defendants on March 15, 1993.

Accordingly, the McDonald's complaint satisfies both requirements.

The defendants' proposed interpretations of the notice provision are onerous in light of the

literal wording of the Agreement's notice provision. First, the Agreement did not expressly require

the signature of a McDonald's officer or licensing director on a notice to cancel the entire Agreement.

The defendants maintain that the "Modification" provision applied to the entire contract; therefore,

the notice needed the signature of an officer or licensing director. The defendants apparently realized

the flaw in their briefed argument. During oral argument, the defendants softened their position and

instead claimed that the "Modification" provision applied because the termination would effect the

viability of the specific provision regarding conveyance of the license t o use the McDonald's

trademark or trade name. The defendants' new argument is just as uncompelling as their original one.

We agree with McDonald's that the "Modification" provision addresses changes made to a

particular provision of the Agreement rather than elimination of the entire contract. Cancellation of

the contract effects all of the Agreement's provisions. The defendants cannot carve out the licensing

provision from among all the Agreement's provisions and identify this provision as the one impacted

by McDonald's termination. When all provisions are impacted, a party cannot single out one

provision for the sole purpose of evoking the "Modification" requirement of obtaining signatures from

either a McDonald's officer or its licensing director. The "Modification" procedure is the "exception,"

not the "rule." It is absurd to refer to an exceptional provision expressly designed to detail notice for

limited purposes (i.e., interpreting, modifying, or terminating a particular contractual provision) when

none of the specified purposes have occurred under the given facts. A particular provision would

not be terminated with McDo nald's notice because all provisions are terminated by the contract

termination. Accordingly, the exception in the "Modification" provision does not apply to the case
at bar. By default, we must resort to the general rule regarding notice.5 Thus, there is no reason to

look beyond the general notice provision when determining the requirements for providing notice of

termination of the entire McDonald's Agreement.

Second, the Agreement did not require a particular form to term inate the contract. The

defendants argue that the complaint is ambiguous regarding termination because of the language

employed. Further, they contend that the complaint couches the termination in terms of an historic

fact rather than a termination that is occurring simultaneously with receipt of the complaint.

Paragraphs 27 and 32 of the complaint indicate that "on termination ... [the defendants] lost all rights

to use the McDonald's trade names or marks" and that the defendants continued to operate the

restaurants "even though the franchise agreements had been lawfully terminated " (emphasis added).

The defendants assert that instead the notice should have used phrases such as the following: "the

franchise agreements are hereby terminated " or "shall be terminated upon service of this complaint."

It is no secret that McDonald's believed its previous correspondence satisfied the notice requirement.

The complaint's use of past tense verbs is consistent with McDonald's belief that notice of termination

already had been given to the defendants. Because the Agreement did not require any magic language

to effect termination, wording that conveyed to the recipient that the franchise either was or is

terminated accomplishes the purpose of notice. Watson testified in his deposition that he understood

that the complaint reflected McDonald's position that the franchises were terminated. The complaint

therefore conveyed to the defendants the intended message of termination. Thus, the use of past verb

tense is not fatal to McDonald's notice of termination sent via the complaint. The defendants'

arguments are completely without merit.

Finally, the defendants argue, under § 2-607 of the Uniform Commercial Code, that the

franchise agreement contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, similar to the implied

covenant that the Illinois courts have found in breach of warranty cases. They contend that this

5
The defendants' argument becomes untenable when applied to other situations that could have
arisen. If the defendants have decided to terminate the Agreement, their interpretation of the
contract would require them to obtain the signature of either a McDonald's officer or licensing
director before they could send notice of termination. Surely, the Agreement does not
contemplate such a curious and cumbersome procedure.
implied covenant precludes McDonald's from using its complaint as notice of termination. In effect,

the defendants are saying that McDonald's had to send them notice in the form of a letter or a similar

document prior to filing suit.

By contrast, McDonald's argues that the defendants failed to raise this issue below.

Additionally, McDonald's asserts that unlike the cases cited by the defendants, McDonald's made

repeated written attempts to notify the defendants that they were jeopardizing their franchises with

their overdue financial obligations. Further, McDonald's contends that the Illinois Uniform

Commercial Code does not apply to the parties' relationship.

We will address the issue of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing because the

defendants made this argument to the district court in their motion for reconsideration. At the outset,

we note that the parties' franchisor/franchisee relationship is not governed by the Illinois Uniform

Commercial Code, which governs the rights and responsibilities of buyers and sellers. We conclude

that a party cannot be guilty of bad faith and unfair dealings when acting in compliance with the terms

of a contractual agreement. See, e.g., Hubbard Chevrolet Co. v. General Motors Corp., 873 F.2d

873, 878 (5th Cir.1989); and Corenswet, Inc. v. Amana Refrigeration, Inc., 594 F.2d 129, 138 (5th

Cir.1979). In Corenswet, this court held that in the absence of positive state law, the UCC's

provisions regarding good faith obligations cannot override or strike express contract terms.

Corenswet, 594 F.2d at 138. The issue in Corenswet involved the defendant's right to terminate,

without cause, a distributorship relationship pursuant to its contract which authorized "at will

termination." Because Iowa law did not address the applicability of the UCC's good faith obligation

on distributorships and franchises, this court refused to extend the obligation to the realm of

distributorships. Similarly, we refuse to speak where Illinois has been silent. The UCC's good faith

and fair dealing obligation cannot override the express terms of the McDonald's Agreement, which

requires only that notice be in writing and then be served. Thus, because no Illinois law or

contractual provision imposes the UCC's good faith obligation on the franchise relationship, we refuse

to extend the UCC policy beyond the buyer/seller context.

Even if we were inclined to impute the UCC's good faith obligation on the franchise
relationship, we cannot say that McDonald's has breached its obligation by using the complaint as

notice under the present facts. The defendants rely on an Illinois Supreme Court case, Board of

Educ., City of Chicago v. A.C. & S., Inc., 131 Ill.2d 428, 137 Ill.Dec. 635, 546 N.E.2d 580 (1989),

to support their position that using a complaint to provide notice of termination is never a fair

business practice. However, the concerns articulated by the Illinois Supreme Court when applying

the implied covenant are inapplicable to the present facts. In A.C. & S., the court held that, in a

Uniform Commercial Code case, a complaint cannot serve as notice of a breach of implied warranty

when the plaintiff is a body politic rather than a consumer with personal injuries. When making this

pronouncement, the court acknowledged the existence of an Illinois appellate case supporting the

"complaint as notice" proposition; however, the court in A.C. & S. did not criticize the Illinois

appellate case.6 Further, the A.C. & S. court noted that "[s]ome form of notice that the transaction

is troublesome is a prerequisite to recovery." A.C. & S., 137 Ill.Dec. at 651, 546 N.E.2d at 596. The

A.C. & S. court did no t issue a blanket prohibition against using a complaint to provide notice,

especially when the plaintiff has given several communications indicating that the parties' transaction

was "troublesome."

If we assume for the sake of argument that the same policy considerations operating in a

buyer/seller relationship also operate in a franchisor/franchisee relationship, we must determine

whether the present defendants had prior notice of trouble in the franchise relationship, such that the

complaint served as fair notice of termination. Given the many warnings from McDonald's which

threatened termination if the defendants did not cure their financial defaults, the defendants cannot

claim that they were oblivious to McDonald's impending termination. Each demand letter expressly

threatened automatic termination. McDonald's patient and repeated demands for the defendants to

fulfill their obligations did not amount to bad faith or unfair dealings. Thus, because McDonald's did

not breach any implied covenant of good faith or fair dealing under the particular facts of this case,

McDonald's was free to send notice of termination via personal service of its complaint.

6
In Goldstein v. G.D. Searle & Co., 62 Ill.App.3d 344, 19 Ill.Dec. 208, 213, 378 N.E.2d 1083,
1088 (1978), the court held that under the UCC there is a less stringent notice policy for
consumers, and suggested that a complaint could serve as notice.
 We hold that based upon the history of written communications detailing the problems with

the defendants' franchises and based upon the language of the McDonald's franchise agreement (which

operates as t he law between these parties), the complaint which was personally served on the

defendants satisfied the notice of termination requirements. Therefo re, service of the complaint

effectively terminated the McDonald's franchise agreement on March 15, 1993.

B. EFFECTIVE DATE OF TERMINATION

The defendants assert that the Mississippi Franchise Act entitles them to 90 days advance

notice of termination. A 90 day delay would not terminate the Agreement until June 13, 1993.

Unfortunately, McDonald's correctly points out that the defendants' did not present these arguments

to the district court. The Agreement expressly provided that Illinois law would be used to construe

the contract. When the district court ruled that Illinois law governed the case, the defendants simply

acquiesced in the holding. Therefore, because this issue was not properly preserved for appeal, and

because no miscarriage of justice will occur with our refusal to consider it, we will not address this

issue. See, e.g., Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 225 (5th Cir.1993); and In re Goff, 812 F.2d 931,

933 (5th Cir.1987).

C. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

The defendants claim that the dist rict court improperly enjoined the defendants from

interfering with the operation of the Carthage and Canton McDonald's restaurants. They assert that

the lack of evidence that they were interfering with or that they were threatening to interfere with the

restaurants precludes the issuance of an injunction. McDonald's argues that the defendants failed to

make this argument to the district court and consequently did not preserve it for appeal. We agree.

Therefore, we will not address this issue. See, e.g., Yohey, 985 F.2d at 225; and In re Goff, 812 F.2d

at 933.

II. THE SECOND APPEAL

In the second appeal, the defendants contest the district court's grant of declaratory relief that

the defendants no longer had an interest in the restaurants because a genuine issue existed regarding

the adequacy of the contract termination. The defendants also appeal the court's award of damages
because McDonald's did not present evidence that the defendants intended to violate the trademark

or present evidence of consumer confusion. Finally, the defendants challenge the award of lost profits

and attorneys' fees as well as the denial of their motion to dismiss or stay the federal action pending

a disposition in the state litigation.

Because we hold, with respect to the first appeal, that the complaint served as adequate notice

of termination, the issue of whether the district court erred in declaring the defendants' interests in

the restaurants ceased with the cont ract termination is now moot. Our decision regarding the

contract termination also obviates the need to decide whether the court erred in granting partial

summary judgment on the defendants' liability for trademark infringement damages. Further, our

decision moots the issue of whether the district court erred in refusing to either stay or dismiss the

federal action pending the outcome of the related litigation in state court. Accordingly, we will not

address any of these arguments.

A. PROFITS

The defendants argue that the district court should not have allowed McDonald's to recover

lost profits in the absence of evidence that the defendants were intentionally deceptive. McDonald's

argues that the defendants failed to make this argument to the district court and consequently did not

preserve it for appeal. We agree that this issue is being raised for the first time on appeal. Because

refusal to review this issue will not result in grave injustice, we decline to address this issue. See, e.g.,

Yohey, 985 F.2d at 225; and In re Goff, 812 F.2d at 933.

B. ATTORNEYS' FEES

The defendants argue that the district court should have granted their peremptory instruction

denying McDonald's request for attorneys' fees, in spite of a valid contractual provision allowing

McDonald's to recover its fees. The defendants assert that the claim for attorneys' fees should not

be upheld. They contend that the case was completely unnecessary because McDonald's held their

$30,000.00 security deposit. McDonald's counters that its suit was not frivolous. Suit was necessary

to remove the defendants from the restaurants. Further, McDonald's maintains that it received

$15,946.00 above the $30,000.00 security deposit as well as declaratory and injunctive relief.
 We review an award of attorneys' fees authorized by statute for an abuse of discretion.

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 963 F.2d 746, 751 (5th Cir.1992);

and Thomas v. Capital Sec. Services, Inc., 836 F.2d 866, 884 n. 25 (5th Cir.1988) (en banc).

Similarly, we review an award or denial of attorneys' fees provided by contract for abuse of

discretion. Cable Marine, Inc. v. M/V Trust Me II, 632 F.2d 1344, 1345 (5th Cir.1980). However,

the district court's discretion to deny the award is much more limited when the contract provides for

attorneys' fees. Id. ("Where attorney's fees are provided by contract, a trial court does not possess

the same degree of equitable discretion to deny such fees that it has when applying a statute allowing

for a discretionary award."); see also Perry v. Stewart Title Co., 761 F.2d 237, 238 (5th Cir.1985)

(remanding on the issue of the district court's denial of attorneys' fees and instructing the district court

to weigh whether the award would be inequitable or unreasonable in this case). The district court

abuses its discretion if it awards contract ually-authorized attorneys' fees under circumstances that

make the award inequitable or unreasonable or fails to award such fees in a situation where inequity

will not result.

We have held that the district court in its discretion may decline to award reasonable

attorneys' fees when the plaintiff pursues a claim unnecessarily. Cable Marine, 632 F.2d at 1345.

In Cable Marine, the defendant made several generous settlement offers several months before trial.

The defendants' settlement figure was slightly below the amount requested by the plaintiff. This court

affirmed the district court's conclusion that the plaintiff incurred needless expense in continuing the

suit beyond the settlement offers. Id. at 1346. Inequity would have resulted if the district court in

Cable Marine had awarded the contractually-authorized fees.

Accordingly, the issue before us is whether the award of attorneys' fees was inequitable or

unreasonable under t he circumstances of the case at bar. Here, McDonald's did not receive any

reaso nable settlement offers. Further, when McDonald's attempted to compromise a consent

judgment, the defendants allegedly demanded that McDonald's pay them $1,700,000.00. In light of

the defendants' unwillingness to settle the case and in view of the recovery McDonald's received

beyond its $30,000.00 security deposit, McDo nald's initiation and continuation of its suit was
necessary. Further, the award of the attorneys' fees is not inequitable or unreasonable because the

defendants provoked the need to file suit, and the defendants' obstinate stance regarding the proposed

consent judgment ultimately increased the cost of litigation. We find, therefore, that the district court

did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendants' peremptory instruction and in awarding

McDonald's attorneys' fees pursuant to the Agreement.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.