This is au application! for a writ of habeas corpus, filed in this Court on the 19th day of March, 1902, by one Leong Sai, alias Ah Sai.
The petition alleges that the petitioner is a- citizen of the United States; that he was born in Manoa Valley, Island of *235Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, on the 21st day of October, 1882; that the names of his parents are Leong Chun, his father, (now-deceased.) and. Wong See, his mother, now living in the Empire of China; that petitioner is a resident of Honolulu. That he left thei Territory of Hawaii on or about the 22nd day of July, 1901, sailing on the steamer “Nippon Mara” from the port, of Honolulu for China,, where he remained until the 31st day of December, 1901, when he left China and returned to the Territory of Hawaii, arriving at the port of Honolulu on tho steamship “China” on or about the 19th, day of January, 1902.
The petition further alleges that he is unlawfully restrained of his liberty by E. R. Stackable, Collector of Customs a.t Honolulu, by being detained at the H. S. Quarantine Station, and that the said E. R. Stackable threatens to deport the petitioner from this country on the ground that he is not entitled to land under the laws of the United States.
The petition alleged that the said Leong Sai, alias Ah Sai, was and is a citizen of iihe United States. The writ was issued, made returnable on the 21st day of March, 1902, at the, hour of ten o’clock a. m., at which time the said E. R. Stackable produced the body of the petitioner in Court and made a sworn return to’ the writ served upon him, in which hei denies that the petitioner is a citizen of the United States, or that he was born in the Islands, and admits that he has petitioner in custody and alleges that he detains him for the reason that he is a person of Chinese descent, 'and that he has refused to permit him to bo landed in accordance with the provisions of tire' law in such ease made and provided, and that he intends to> depart him to China.
The single question for this Court to consider upon the facts in this case, is whether the petitioner was born in thei Hawaiian Islands and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, and thus a citizen of tibie United States. Sec. 1, Art. 17, Const. Hawaii, Civil Laws 1897, P. 6; Section 4 of “An Act to provide a Government for the Territory of Hawaii;” United States v. Ching Tai Sai and Ching Tai Sun, decided by this Court Aug. 13, 1901.
*236The petitioner occupies the affirmative in this class of cases, and be must prove by a preponderance! of tbe evidence that he was born in these Islands. In re Jew Wong Loy, 97 Fed. 240; In re Louie You,, 97 Fed. 580; Lee Sing Far v. U. S., 94 Fed. 834; U. S. v. Chung Hoy, 111 Fed. 899, C. C. A.
While the petition alleges that the petitioner was bom On the 21st day of October, 1882, in Manea Valley, near Honolulu, Island of Oahu, in tibia Territory, tibe witness testified in -his own behalf that he was bom in November, 1882; that he went to. China when ha was two years old with his brother 'and his parents; that his father is dead and his mother and one brother mow live in China; that he remained there until he was twelve years old when he returned to Honolulu; this would be in 18-94 or 1895; that hei stayed here until 1901 when he again went to China in July of that year, returning to Honolulu on the 19th day of January -of this year when tibe Collector of Customs refused to' 'allow him to enter*.
He testified further that he lived in this territory from the time he was twelve years of agie (in 1894 or 1895) until 1901, and yet he speaks mo English, dresses like a Chámese and has every appearance of a Chinaman.
One Noah K-auhan-e, an Hawaiian native of the Islands, was called for the petitioner, and testified that he remembers the birth of tire petitioner im the Islands; that the petitioner’s father was a cook for the witness's father, and being absent from his duties some time in 1882, the witness was sent to find out the reason why; that upon inquiry tih'ei cook said to. him that a boy baby had been born to him.; that he, witness, did not see the child; that afterwards hei used -to cióme to> Honolulu with his father and he saw this boy and knew it was the same boy; that in 1887, witness1 came to' Honolulu to attend the Ejamebameha School, and during that time saw the father and child on the street. When asked by tihei Oo-urt if this China boy was mot in China from 1884 to 1894 continuously, he1 said in reply “he was in Honolulu in 1887, in 1890 and in 1893, the. boy tlxat I am giving, testimony about.”
*237All of which is in oontimhction of the testimony of the petitioner himself who swore that he did not come back to Honolulu from China until he was twelve years old, which would be either in 1894 or 1895, if his allegation as to his birth was true.
The only other witness for petitioner was one Ah Lam, a Chinaman who testified only that he had known petitioner as a waiter for three years prior to> his departure for China in 1901.
Ait thei time the petitioner was alleged to have befen born in these Islands1, the law made it a penal offense for any parent not -to report for registration the birth of a child. (Sec. 6, Act of 1878, Compiled Laws of Hawaii, 1884 P. 212). It is1 pre: sumed that all births of children were registered in accordance with this law. No proof of any compliance with such law was introduced on behalf of the petitioner in this case. This is a somlewhat significant fact. As waei said in the very recent case of United States v. Chung Hoy, affirmed on appeal from this Court, 111 Fed. Rep, 899, the means of showing that he doles not come .within the restricted classes “is presumably under his own control.”
“The testimony of the petitioner as to Ms birth, founded alone upon statements made toi him by Ms mother, and uncorroborated by any but one witness, who in all other respects absolutely contradicts tbe petitioner, is entirely unconvincing to this Court, who' is therefore compelled to hold that hei has not proven his birth in the' Islands or that hei is a citizen of the United States.
It is ordered that petitioner be remanded ti> tbe custody of the Collector of thei Customs with directions to deport Mm to the country from whence he came.