1. At certain tax sales made by the authorities oí Washington county, Kansas, the plaintiff hid in numerous tracts of land in that county for delinquent taxes, and, having paid the sums hid, received from the treasurer of the county certificates of said sales. The plaintiff, and those under whom he claims, subsequently paid accruing taxes upon the same lands, amounting in the aggregate to a large sum. It is alleged by the plaintiff, that, for some of the lands so purchased, the county clerk, after the time for redemption had expired, refused to execute deeds, upon the .ground that he had discovered that, for errors and irregularities in the sales, the said lands ought not to bo conveyed. For the remainder of the lands purchased by plaintiff deeds were executed, hut the complainant alleges that the sales were invalid, and that, under the statute of Kansas, to he presently mentioned, ho is entitled to a return of the money paid .by him, and interest, for all the lands bid in by him, whether deeded or not. The answer denies the material allegations of the petition, except as to the fact that plaintiff purchased the lands in question at tax sales. The statutory provisions to be considered are as follows: At the time of the tax sales, sections 120 and 121,- Gen. St. 1868, were in force. These sections are as follows:
“Section 120. If the county treasurer shall discover, before the sale of any land for taxes, that on the account of any irregular assessment, or from any other error, such lands ought not to be sold, he shall not offer the same for sale; and if, after any certificate shall have been granted upon such sale, the county clerk shall discover that for any error or irregularity such land ought not to he conveyed, he shall not convey the same; and the county treasurer shall, on the return of the tax certificate, refund the amount paid therefor on such sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns, out of the county treasury, with interest on the whole amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum.
“Section 121. If, after the conveyance of any land sold for taxes, it shall be discovered or adjudged that the sale was *358invalid, the county commissioners shall cause the money paid therefor on the sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns, to be refunded, with interest on the whole amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum, upon the delivery of the deed to be cancelled; and in all such cases, where the county treasurer shall have offered to the person entitled thereto his money as aforesaid, and such person shall refuse to receive it and cancel the deed, he shall not be entitled to receive any interest on the money so paid by him after the day of such offer and refusal, nor shall any recovery ever be had against the county on the covenants of such deed.”
These sections remained the law unchanged until 1876, when they were respectively amended' as sections 145 and 146 of chapter 34, Laws 1876, and all the old sections were repealed. Section 145 is as follows:
“Section 145. If the county treasurer shall discover, before the sale of any lands for taxes, that, on account of any irregular assessment, or from any "other error, such lands ought not to be sold, he shall not offer the same for sale; and if, after any certificate shall have been granted upon any sale, the county clerk shall discover that, for any -error or irregularity, such land ought not to be conveyed, he shall not convey the same. And the county treasurer shall, on the return of the tax certificate with the refusal of the county clerk indorsed thereon, refund the amount paid therefor on each sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser, or his assigns, out of the county treasury, with interest on the whole amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum.”
Section 146 is as follows;
“Section 146. If, after the conveyance of land sold for taxes, it shall be discovered or adjudged that the sale was invalid, the county commissioners shall cause the money paid therefor on the sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns, to be refunded, with interest on the whole amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum, upon the delivery of a quitclaim deed from *359the party claiming under the tax deed, executed to such person or persons as the commissioners ma'y direct. In all such eases no interest shall be allowed after the person claiming under the tax deed shall have received notice that such deed has been discovered or adjudged invalid.”
This remained the law until 1879, when said sections wero respectively changed and repealed by chapter 40, Laws 1879. Section 2 of that chapter is as follows:
“If the county treasurer shall discover, before the salo of any lands or lots for taxes, that on account of any irregular assessments, or from any other error, such lands ought not to be sold, he shall not offer the same for sale; and if, after any certificate shall have been granted upon any sale, the board of county commissioners shall discover that, for any error or irregularity, such lands or lots ought not to be conveyed, they may order the county clerk not to convey the same; and the county treasurer shall, on the return of the tax certificate with a certified copy of such order of the board of county commissioners, refund tbe amount paid therefor on such sale, and such of the subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser, or his assigns, as may be so ordered by the board of county commissioners, out of the county treasury, with interest on the amount so ordered refunded at the rate of 1Ü per cent, per annum; and in all cases in which actions shall be now pending, or may be hereafter commenced, the refusal of tho county clerk to convey any lands or lots indorsed on any tax certificate shall not be deemed or held to con.. stitute prima facie evidence of any irregular assessment or other erren■ for whieh such lands or lots aught not to be conveyed, nor shall any judgment be recovered against such county, or the board of county commissioners thereof, or liability held to attach therefor, under or by virtue of the provisions of said section 145, as theretofore and hereafter existing, or of section 120, c. 107, Gen. St., except in cases in which the board of county commissioners shall have made an order for tho refunding thereof, and then only for the amount specified in the order for such refunding, and in all cases in which invalid taxes shall be included in such certificate, and only to the *360extent of such invalid taxes, with 10 per cent, interest there- ■ on.”
Section 3 is as follows:
“If, af(er the conveyance of lands or lots sold for taxes, it' shall be discovered or adjudged that the sale was invalid, the board of county commissioners may, by proper order, cause the money paid therefor on the sale, together with such subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns as they may judge proper, to be refunded, with interest on such amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum, upon the delivery of a quitclaim deed from the party holding under the tax deed, executed to such person or persons as the commissioners may direct in such order. In all such cases no interest shall be allowed after the person claiming under the tax deed shall have received notice that such tax deed has been discovered or adjudged invalid. ”
Upon these facts the defendant moves for judgment on the pleadings. If the last-named act (act of 1879) is valid and effectual for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of the remedy given by the pre-existing acts, then the motion must be sustained, otherwise the case must be heard upon the proofs. The decision of the present case depends upon the question whether the acts of 1868 and 1876, and what was done under them, amounted to a contract, the obligation of which was impaired by the act of 1879. The first and second acts are substantially alike. They differ only as to details, and not in any substantial matter. The former was in force at the time of the tax sales, and the latter at the expiration of the time for redemption. They each provide for refunding to the purchaser .at the tax sale the money paid by him, in all cases where it is discovered, before a deed is made, that for any error or irregularity the land ought not to be conveyed; and in all cases where, after a deed is made, it is discovered that the sale was invalid. It is distinctly provided that in the former case the county treasurer “shall refund the amount paid therefor on such sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns, out of the county treasury, with interest on the whole amount at *361the rate of 10 per cent, per annum;” and, in cases of the latter kind, that “the county commissioners shall cause the money paid therefor on the sale, and all subsequent taxes and charges paid thereon by the purchaser or his assigns, to be refunded, with interest on the whole amount at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum,” etc.
These provisions are found in the revenue law of the state. Their purpose is manifest. The state is largely interested in. the prompt collection of its revenue. Where the owner of property fails to pay the taxes due thereon, it becomes a matter of interest to the state to induce others to come forward and make the payment, taking a lien upon the property, which, in default of redemption, may ripen into a title. But tax titles are very uncertain, and investments in them are often precarious, because of errors and irregularities which may not he known to the purchaser, and which may vitiate the sale. In order, therefore, to induce capitalists to come forward and invest their means in such manner as to replenish the treasury, the state of Kansas, by the acts of 1868 and 1876, said to all such, “If you will bid at tax sales and pay your money, the amount invested, with interest, shall be refunded from the county treasury, in case the sale is after-wards discovered to bo irregular or void.” This legislation did not of itself amount to a contract, hut I think it did amount to a proposition on the part of the state, which, when, accepted and acted upon, became a contract binding upon the state, as well as upon the other party. In the present case, the proposition embodied in the statute was accepted by the plaintiff. Upon the faith of it ho invested his money.
I know of no element of contract that is wanting. There was a stipulation, by the agreement of minds, upon a sufficient consideration, that the plaintiff, having bid off the lands at tax sale, and paid his money therefor, should be entitled to receive his money and interest from the county treasury, if, by reason of irregularity or invalidity, the sale could not be consummated. Farrington v. Tenn, 95 U. S, 679.
I am of the opinion, therefore, that the acts of 1868 and 1876, and wliat was done under them, amounted to a contract, *362within the meaning of the contract clause of the constitution of the United States. Constitution, art. 1, § 10.
It only remains to be determined whether the act of 1879, passed after this suit was brought, impairs the obligation of the pre-existing contract. Upon this point there can scarcely be a doubt. The last act repeals the former, and substitutes for it a provision which, if valid, absolutely deprives the plaintiff of his vested rights. By the law under which plaintiff invested his money he was to have a return of his money and interest if the sale was found to be irregular or invalid. By the act .of 1879 he has no right to the return of his money in any ease, unless the board of supervisors shall see proper to so order. It requires no argument to show that, where a valid debt exists under a contract, an act of the legislature declaring that it shall be paid only at the option of the debtor is a void act.
The general doctrine that a state may, by legislative enactment, enter into a binding contract, the obligation of which cannot be impaired, by subsequent legislation, is well settled. Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87; New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cranch, 164, 166; Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 518; Bank v. Knoop, 16 How. 369; Davis v. Gray, 16 Wall. 203; Tennessee v. Sneed, 96 U. S. 69; Keith v. Clark, 97 U. S. 454.
In Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U. S. 595, it was held that the remedy subsisting in a state when and where the contract is made, and is to be performed, is a part of the obligation; and any subsequent law of the state, which so affects that remedy as substantially to impair and lessen the value of the contract, is forbidden by the constitution of the United States, and therefore void. The act of 1879, now under consideration, certainly impairs, substantially, if it does not absolutely destroy, the remedy given by the previous law, and it must, therefore, be held to be void, in so far as it purports to apply to pending cases and to affect existing vested rights. It is competent for the legislature to modify, but not to destroy or impair, the remedy. Tennessee v. Sneed, supra.
2. Section 146, c. 34, Laws 1876, quoted above, provides that if, after the conveyance of land sold for taxes, it shall *363be discovered or adjudged that the sale was invalid, the county commissioners shall cause the money paid therefor on the sale, and all subsequent taxes, etc., to he refunded, etc., “upon the delivery of a quitclaim deed from-the party claiming under the tax deed, executed to such person or persons as the commissioners may direct.” This provision, although enacted after the tax sales, is a reasonable and proper exercise of the power of the genera] assembly to modify without impairing the.remedy; and before plaintiff can recover upon so much of his claim as is based upon sales and deeds executed, he must allege and show that he offered to quitclaim “to such persons as the commissioners might direct,” and that the offer -was refused.
The allegation in the petition that plaintiff offered to quitclaim to defendants is not sufficient. Plaintiff may have leave to amend in this respect.
3. It is insisted by defendants’ counsel that, after the refusal of the county clerk to make deeds as alleged in the first cause of action, he reconsidered his action and tendered in writing such deeds. The clerk has no power to reconsider his action in such a case, unless it ean be shown that *it was taken under a mistake. If the defendants can now show that the sales were regular and valid, and that the refusal of the clerk was in ignorance of the facts, then the plaintiff cannot recover, but must accept the deeds. If the clerk refused to make deeds, as alleged, then the burden is upon the defendants to show the validity and regularity of the sales.
The motion for judgment for defendant on the pleading is; overruled.