The point decided on the assignee’s petition was the responsibility of stockholders for unpaid subscriptions. No distinction was recognized between the 30 per cent., liable to assessment under the article of association, and the remaining 50. The company’s insolvency being shown, the whole was declared due,—the failure of the company to assess, being treated as immaterial. The effect of outstanding attachments was not considered, the question being expressly reserved, unprejudiced by anything done or said. As the opinion filed shows, the decree rests upon the conclusion that *326unpaid subscriptions are assets, available for the payment of debts ; that while the company, during solvency, could recover only in pursuance of the articles of association, the limitations of this instrument became inoperative when insolvency occurred; and this latter fact appearing, and the entire amount being necessary to satisfy creditors, its payment should be required. The general subject is fully discussed in the opinion; and little need be added to what is there said, in disposing of the question now in hand.
On behalf of the general creditors it is asserted that the garnishees owned nothing when the attachments issued, that they were subject to no liability whatever, and that there was nothing, therefore, upon which the writs could operate. No other question is raised, and no other will, therefore, be considered.
My, judgment is against the position stated. The obligation of the stockholders, enforced in the decree referred to, did not commence with the decree. It arose out of the act of subscribing, and continued from that time. To the .extent of his subscription the stockholder at once became, and thereafter remained, contingently responsible. It was possible payment might never be required, but to all who dealt with the company it was-an existing obligation, liable to enforcement when other means of payment should fail. The obligation (as respects creditors) was similar to that of guaranty. An assessment by the company, or decree by the court, was required to determine the necessity for resorting to it. If the company failed in its duty to assess, when it should, the assistance of the court might be invoked. Usually such assistance is invoked by bill. Why may it not be by this statutory attachment ? In every method 'of proceeding (in such cases) the stockholder is treated as a debtor of the corporation. The obligation is directly to it, though for the benefit of creditors. Recovery, it is true, cannot be had without proof of insolvency; but this fact can as readily be determined in such proceeding, by attachment, as by bill. It need not be determined in advance of the writ. The process will bind whatever is embraced in the obligation, and upon proof of insolvency, recovery ma,y be had. As before stated, this fact can safely and readily be determined in this proceeding. The attachment is of the nature of equity process, and the practice under it embraces the amplest means of discovery, and the fullest opportunity for administering justice to the parties. I cannot doubt, therefore, that the obligation of the stockholders might have been ascertained, declared, and enforced, in that proceeding, nor that it would have been, had not the company gone into bankruptcy, and thus transferred the inquiry to this court. I am at a loss to understand what defense the garnishees, or defendant, could have raised, with any prospect of success. The corporation, being insolvent, the money was not simply owing, but presently due. I do not see any other question than the latter, that they could have presented; and this would have involved only the liability to immediate *327payment. Money owing under every description of contractual obligation is subject to attachment. As before observed, the writ and practice under it, are of the nature of equity process and practice, devised for the purpose of reaching what a common-law writ will.not, and thus avoiding the necessity of resorting to equity proceedings in such cases. I have said the company was insolvent. The fact does not seem open to doubt. The unsatisfied judgments and outstanding executions might well be regarded as sufficient prima facie evidence of it; but subsequent events, and the investigation of the court, put it beyond doubt. What constitutes insolvency, and how it must be shown, under the Pennsylvania statute of 1886,1 relating to execution, are not questions in this case; and what the courts of this state have said on that subject is, therefore, unimportant. The term “insolvency,” as here involved, signifies insufficiency of property to satisfy creditors; and this fact may be shown by any evidence that will satisfy the court, and, for the purposes of this case, at any time while the money is undisposed of.
Whether, however, the company was insolvent and the money presently due when the writs issued, I incline to think is unimportant. If it was not due, this fact, I am disposed to believe, would not affect the result. The liability, at least, existed, and-this the writs probably attached, entitling the creditors to recovery when the money was subsequently declared due. This, however, need not be decided.
The denial of judgment in the assignee’s suits at law, and in Patterson v. Lynde, 106 U. S. 519, [S. C.1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 432,] was because of the absence of privity between the parties—without which, of course, such an action would not lie. In Patterson v. Sinclair, 2 Norris, 250, the supreme court of Pennsylvania recognizes the right to recover by attachment under circumstances such as exist here. I would refer also to Ogilvie v. Ins. Co. 22 How. 387.
The money covered by the attachment must be appropriated to them.
The Pennsylvania act of June 16. 1836, § 35, provides that an attachment, sur judgment may issue in the same manner and with like effect as in cases of foreign attachment; and the act of Juno 13, 1836, relating to foreign attachments, provides for the attachment of the goods and chattels, lands and tenements, of the defendant, in whose hands or possession soever the same may bo.—[Rf,p.