FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 3, 2012
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
NATHAN L. HILL,
Petitioner - Appellant, No. 12-1162
v. (D. Colorado)
WARDEN DANIELS, (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-00590-LTB)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before MURPHY, ANDERSON, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
Federal prisoner Nathan Hill appeals from the dismissal by the United
States District Court for the District of Colorado of his application for a writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. His application identifies six claims for
relief, all of which he admits to having raised without success in three prior
habeas actions. Given these earlier adjudications, we hold that Hill’s current
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
application is barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(a). The prior decisions were on the
merits and the ends of justice do not require our review. We therefore affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 1999 Hill was convicted in federal district court in Illinois on charges of
conspiracy, see 21 U.S.C. § 846, operating a continuing criminal enterprise, see
id. § 848, and money laundering, see 18 U.S.C. § 1956. He was sentenced to life
in prison. Hill appealed to the Seventh Circuit, which affirmed his conviction in
2001. See United States v. Hill, 252 F.3d 919 (7th Cir. 2001). A petition for writ
of certiorari to the Supreme Court was denied in 2002. See Hill v. United States,
536 U.S. 962 (2002). Hill then filed in Illinois federal court a motion attacking
his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The motion was denied in 2004.
About two months after the district court’s denial of this first § 2255
motion, Hill received word from the government that IRS Special Agent Laurence
Hlista—who had played a role in investigating Hill’s case and who testified
against Hill at trial—had been involved before and during Hill’s trial in a secret
relationship with another government witness, Hill’s former girlfriend Rachael
Wines. According to Hill, this revelation confirmed, among other things, that
Wines had lied at Hill’s trial in testifying that she had accepted no money or other
favors from the government.
Armed with this new evidence, Hill filed an application with the Seventh
Circuit in early 2006 seeking permission to file a second or successive § 2255
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motion in which he could challenge the government’s nondisclosure of Wines’s
relationship with Hlista. (Hill asserted that he had attempted to file such an
application at least twice previously, beginning in the fall of 2005, but each time
the Seventh Circuit clerk had returned his correspondence unfiled.) The circuit
court denied the application on alternative grounds: first, the new evidence was
not sufficient “to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable
factfinder would have found [him] guilty of the offense,” as required by
§ 2255(h); and second, because the application had been filed more than one year
after the government’s disclosure to Hill, the application was time barred under
§ 2255(f). See Order, Hill v. United States, No. 06-1344 (7th Cir. Feb. 7, 2006).
As Hill moved to different prisons during his sentence, he filed subsequent
habeas applications in two other federal courts—first in Florida, see Hill v.
Warden, FCC Coleman - USP II, 364 F. App’x 587 (11th Cir. 2010), then in
California, see Hill v. Warden of Victorville, No. CV 10-1924-VAP (MAN), 2010
WL 2605733 (C.D. Cal. May 25, 2010). Both of these petitions were brought
under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (not under § 2255), and both were denied. See Hill, 364
F. App’x at 589–90; Hill v. Warden of Victorville, No. CV 10-1924-VAP (MAN),
2010 WL 2605732, at *1 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 2010).
On March 8, 2012, Hill, by this point an inmate of the federal penitentiary
at Florence, Colorado, filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus under
§ 2241 in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. The
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petition asserts the following grounds for relief: (1) Hlista’s secret relationship
with Wines created a conflict of interest that rendered Hill’s trial structurally
unfair, depriving him of his right to due process of law under the Fifth
Amendment; (2) the government’s nondisclosure of the relationship between
Hlista and Wines amounted to an impermissible suppression of exculpatory
material and deprived Hill of his Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine
government witnesses; (3) Hill was actually innocent; (4) Hill’s conviction was
invalid because Hlista and Wines’s behavior had violated several federal
anticorruption statutes; (5) Hlista and other agents had threatened Hill’s family
with prosecution if they continued to help Hill pay his attorney fees, thereby
depriving Hill of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel; and (6) Hill’s claims
must be heard in order to avoid the serious constitutional questions arising from
the statutory barriers that had repeatedly prevented him from raising claims based
on the new evidence.
The district court denied Hill’s application. See Hill v. Daniels,
No. 12-cv-00590-BNB, 2012 WL 1229976, at *3 (D. Colo. Apr. 12, 2012). It
reasoned that under § 2255(e) a federal prisoner cannot file a § 2241 application
challenging the legality of his detention without first carrying “the burden of
demonstrating that the remedy in § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective.” Id. It held
that Hill had failed to show the inadequacy or ineffectiveness of § 2255 within the
narrow bounds delineated by Prost v. Anderson, 636 F.3d 578 (10th Cir. 2011).
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After his motion for reconsideration under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) was
denied, Hill brought this appeal. He claimed (1) that the district court erred by
dismissing his § 2241 application on the ground that the § 2255 remedy was not
“inadequate or ineffective” under Prost, and (2) that even if the district court’s
interpretation of Prost was correct, the courts must still adjudicate Hill’s claims
on the merits to avoid “serious constitutional questions and manifest injustice.”
Aplt. Br. at 18 (capitalization omitted).
We ordered Hill to show cause why, in light of our opinion in Stanko v.
Davis, 617 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2010), his application should not be dismissed as
either successive (because it contains only claims that have already been
adjudicated in earlier habeas proceedings) or abusive (because it contains claims
that could have been raised in such earlier proceedings but were not). See Order
to Show Cause at 2–3, Hill v. Daniels, No. 12-1162 (10th Cir. Oct. 3, 2012). In
his response Hill admits that he has brought “precisely the same claims” in three
prior habeas actions: his application to file a second or successive § 2255 motion
in the Seventh Circuit, his § 2241 application in the Middle District of Florida,
and his § 2241 application in the Central District of California. Response to
Order to Show Cause at 3, Hill, No. 12-1162 (10th Cir. Oct. 22, 2012). He
argues, however, that his claims were never actually adjudicated because they
were not decided on the merits. Alternatively, he contends that regardless of the
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outcome of the three previous habeas proceedings, we must reach the merits in
this appeal to serve the ends of justice.
II. DISCUSSION
We need not decide whether Hill’s application under § 2241 is barred by
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e) on the ground that the remedy by motion under § 2255 was
neither inadequate nor ineffective. That is because relief under § 2241 is barred
in any event by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(a). We therefore affirm the district court’s
dismissal.
Although “the usual principles of res judicata are inapplicable to
successive habeas corpus proceedings,” Smith v. Yeager, 393 U.S. 122, 124
(1968) (per curiam), a “prior adjudication [bears] vital relevance to the exercise
of the court’s discretion in determining whether to consider [a habeas] petition,”
McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 482 (1991). As we observed in Stanko, a
longstanding doctrine governing successive petitions “authorized a federal court
to decline to consider a habeas petition presenting a claim that was previously
raised and adjudicated in an earlier habeas proceeding, unless the court
determined that hearing the claim would serve the ends of justice.” 617 F.3d at
1269 (footnote omitted). This doctrine is codified at § 2244(a). See id. & n.6;
George v. Perrill, 62 F.3d 333, 334 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Under [an earlier version
of] § 2244(a), . . . a section 2241 petition which present[ed] no new grounds for
relief [was] subject to dismissal as a successive petition unless the ends of justice
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require[d] consideration of the merits.”). In its present form § 2244(a) allows a
court to refuse to entertain a federal habeas petition “if it appears that the legality
of such detention has been determined by a judge or court of the United States on
a prior application for a writ of habeas corpus, except as provided in section
2255.” 1 28 U.S.C. § 2244(a) (1996).
Hill’s claims have been presented and rejected in three different federal
habeas actions before this one. The Seventh Circuit ruled that Hill could not file
a second or successive § 2255 motion raising the claims because he could not
satisfy § 2255(h)’s gatekeeping standards and because the motion was time barred
by § 2255(f). The Eleventh Circuit ruled that § 2241 was unavailable because
Hill could not show that the § 2255 remedy was inadequate or ineffective, as
§ 2255(e) requires. See Hill, 364 F. App’x at 589–90. And although the Central
District of California adopted a magistrate judge’s opinion that contained some
debatable language invoking issue preclusion, the opinion also clearly ruled that
Hill had failed to meet § 2255(e)’s statutory prerequisite to filing a § 2241
petition. See Hill, 2010 WL 2605733, at *5–7.
It thus plainly appears that “the legality of [Hill’s] detention has been
determined by a judge or court of the United States on a prior application for a
writ of habeas corpus.” 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a). Hill nevertheless presents two
1
Hill does not contend that his § 2241 application satisfies the requirements
for a successive motion under § 2255(h).
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arguments why his claims must be heard. First, he contends that the legality of
his detention was not “determined” in any of the prior proceedings because his
claims were not actually adjudicated on the merits, having been dismissed on
procedural grounds. Second, he contends that the ends of justice require review.
The basis for his arguments can be found in a Supreme Court decision construing
the original version of what is now § 2244(a). The Court wrote:
Controlling weight may be given to denial of a prior application for
federal habeas corpus or § 2255 relief only if (1) the same ground
presented in the subsequent application was determined adversely to
the applicant on the prior application, (2) the prior determination
was on the merits, and (3) the ends of justice would not be served by
reaching the merits of the subsequent application.
Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 15 (1963) (emphases added) (footnote
omitted); see id. at 11–12 (stating that § 2244 did not “change the law as
judicially evolved”).
We are not persuaded. Hill’s first argument is based on a misunderstanding
of the term on the merits. To say that a claim was adjudicated on the merits is
simply to say that it was not dismissed without prejudice; that is, a claim is
dismissed “on the merits” when the ruling—whether it is based on the substance
of the claim or a procedural bar such as a statute of limitations—prohibits the
party from bringing the same claim before the same court again. See Semtek Int’l
Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 502–06 (2001) (construing Fed. R.
Civ. P. 41(b)). Thus, shortly before the 1996 enactment of the Antiterrorism and
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Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), we held that a disposition on procedural-
default grounds is an adjudication on the merits for purposes of the bar on
successive § 2254 applications because the dismissal for procedural default was a
ruling “that the underlying claims will not be considered.” Hawkins v. Evans, 64
F.3d 543, 547 (10th Cir. 1995) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted).
Other courts have since confirmed that this proposition was left undiluted by
AEDPA, see Henderson v. Lampert, 396 F.3d 1049, 1053 (9th Cir. 2005), and that
it applies no differently to habeas actions challenging the legality of federal
confinement, see Carter v. United States, 150 F.3d 202, 205–06 & n.5 (2d Cir.
1998). These authorities convince us that when the Seventh Circuit, Eleventh
Circuit, and Central District of California dismissed exactly the same claims that
Hill raises now—for failure to comply with the procedural requirements of
§ 2255(h), § 2255(f), or § 2255(e)—the dismissals constituted adjudications on
the merits of those claims.
Similarly, Hill’s second argument fails to appreciate the limited scope of
the ends-of-justice exception. As explained by the Supreme Court in McCleskey,
the ends-of-justice exception is to afford relief only when there is “a colorable
showing of factual innocence.” 499 U.S. at 495 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Hill has made no such showing here. As the Seventh Circuit observed
in rejecting his request to proceed on a second § 2255 motion, the evidence
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against him “was overwhelming.” Order, Hill, No. 06-1344, at 2 (7th Cir. Feb. 7,
2006).
III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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