This version icludes the errata dated 4May04 -e
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS
NO . 01-710 (E)
MABEL A. AKERS, APPELLANT ,
V.
ANTHONY J. PRINCIPI,
SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.
Before KRAMER, Chief Judge, and FARLEY, IVERS, STEINBERG,
GREENE, KASOLD, and HAGEL, Judges.
ORDER
On September 26, 2003, in a single-judge order, the Court denied the appellant's
November 14, 2001, application for attorney fees and expenses filed pursuant to the Equal Access
to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). On October 16, 2003, the appellant filed a timely motion for
a panel decision. On December 2, 2003, the Court denied the motion for a panel decision. On
December 19, 2003, the appellant filed a timely motion for a full-Court decision. "Motions for a
full-Court decision are not favored. Ordinarily they will not be granted unless such action is
necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the Court's decisions or to resolve a question of
exceptional importance." U.S. VET . APP . R. 35(c).
Upon consideration of the foregoing and the prior pleadings of the parties, it is
ORDERED that the motion for a full-Court decision is denied.
DATED: April 30, 2004 PER CURIAM.
STEINBERG, Judge, concurring: I find much to agree with in the perceptive separate
statements of Judges Kasold and Hagel. As to the denial of the application for attorney fees and
expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 42 U.S.C. § 2412(d), I believe that Judge
Hagel’s analysis is generally correct under our existing caselaw. In addition, I believe that it would
set a troublesome precedent for the full Court at the EAJA stage, as the appellant's motion essentially
suggests, to rewrite, in essence, a merits decision, including the basis for a vacatur of a Board of
Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision.1 If we were to go that route, I would be concerned, as I was in
1
See McCormick v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 407, 411 (2002) (noting that "Court need not, and in fact should not,
investigate at the EAJA prevailing-party stage the validity, type, or nature of the administrative error" and that Court
should not "revisit at the EAJA stage the logic of the merits decision") (citing also concurring opinion of Kramer, C.J.,
Flemming v. Principi, that we would be risking "creat[ing] a fractured judicial review, wherein
prevailing-party analysis and substantial-justification analysis could be conducted in isolation from
one another". Flemming, 16 Vet.App. 52, 61 (2002) (Steinberg, J., concurring in part and dissenting
in part). We would also be risking
the further anomaly that at the EAJA stage the Court could be re-
reviewing the merits of the case long after the Court had remanded
the case to the Board, and perhaps even after some adjudication on
remand had already taken place, and that such a secondary judicial
merits determination of error would be without binding effect in the
merits adjudication at the administrative [(Department of Veterans
Affairs (VA))] level.
Ibid.
At the same time, I believe that Judge Kasold has raised an important issue regarding the
apparent inconsistent disposition of cases with similar facts; on the one hand, under 38 U.S.C.
§ 7104(a), the Court has vacated a Board decision and remanded a matter based on a determination
of Board error in failing to consider "a VA regulation . . . made potentially applicable through the
assertions and issues raised in the record", Schafrath v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 589, 593 (1991), and,
on the other hand, under Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2000), the Court has
vacated a Board decision and remanded a virtually identical matter without any Court determination
of Board error. Compare, e.g., Wanner v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 4, 13 (2003) (holding that Board's
failure to discuss potential applicability of 38 C.F.R. § 4.25(b) in its determination that tinnitus
Diagnostic Code 6260 (in 38 C.F.R. § 4.87) allowed only one 10% rating (and thus precluded rating
higher than 10%) constituted reasons-or-bases error pursuant to section 7104(a), (d)(1)), with, e.g.,
Gibson v. Principi, No. 00-2155, 2002 WL 337542 (Vet. App. Feb. 13, 2002) (remanding under
Maggitt, supra, for Board to address in first instance essentially same issue that precipitated finding
of Board error in Wanner, supra – that is, whether appellant is entitled to 10% rating for each ear).2
I believe that a reexamination of the propriety of the apparent disparate treatment is in order,
including the possibility that that disparity may lead to different outcomes for EAJA applications
with substantially similar underlying facts, and that such a reexamination should be done at the
full-Court level in an appropriate case.
in Cullens v. Gober, 14 Vet.App. 234, 248 (2001) (en banc) (Kramer, C.J., concurring), for proposition that Court should
not involve itself with extensive relitigation at the EAJA stage)); cf. Flemming v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 52, 61 (2002)
(Steinberg, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (expressing agreement with concurring opinion of Kramer, C.J.,
in Cullens, supra, expressing view that at EAJA stage Court should not re-review merits of case and "it is the Court's
remand order or decision and any joint motions underlying that order or decision (as well as any concessions or error
made in the parties' pleadings) that properly should be the focal point of any substantial-justification determination").
2
My concern at this point is based on policy and prudential considerations and not on the lack of authority that
Judge Kasold finds for a Maggitt-type remand. I am open to further consideration of the proper application of 38 U.S.C.
§§ 7104, 7252, and 7261, but would require briefing on the issues involved before reaching a conclusion on them.
2
HAGEL, Judge, concurring: I write separately to address Ms. Akers' argument regarding 38
U.S.C. § 7104(a). In her motion for full-Court consideration, she argues, relying on Gordon v.
Principi, 15 Vet.App. 124 (2001) [hereinafter Gordon I], that a "Maggitt-type remand . . . is
tantamount to a finding that the remand was 'predicated on administrative error.'" She reasons that
"most 'Maggitt-type remands' involve the failure of the [Board] to . . . consider on behalf of the
claimant a provision of law which might have been beneficial to the claim" and asserts that "[s]uch
failures violate 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a)." As discussed below, I believe that, in certain circumstances,
a violation of section 7104(a) would serve as the basis for a remand predicated upon administrative
error. However, given the Court's decision in Gordon I, I agree with the Court's subsequent
determination in Gordon v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 221, 224-25 (2003) [hereinafter Gordon II] that
Ms. Gordon was not a prevailing party for purposes of the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA).
Consequently, I will deny Ms. Akers' motion for a full-Court decision.
Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a), the Board must consider "applicable provisions of law and
regulation." The Board's responsibility to consider applicable regulations under section 7104(a) is
not of little consequence, especially at a stage when proceedings are considered nonadversarial. If
the Court, in an underlying decision or through the granting of a motion for remand, vacates a Board
decision and remands a matter based upon a violation of section 7104(a), then that appellant would
generally be afforded prevailing-party status for EAJA purposes. See Cycholl v. Principi, 15
Vet.App. 355, 359 (2001). However, the Board's failure to consider a regulation, such as § 1.942,
is not, by itself, an administrative error that would enable an appellant to attain prevailing-party
status. For an appellant to attain such status, not only must the Board fail to consider a regulation,
but that regulation must be "applicable" within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a), as determined
by the Court or conceded to by the Secretary. Moreover, the Board's failure to consider that
regulation must be either recognized by the Court in its remand order, conceded to by the Secretary
in a motion for remand, or both. See Sumner v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 256, 265 (2001) (en banc),
aff'd, Vaughn v. Principi, 336 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (appeal consolidated with appeal in
Sumner); see also Gordon II, 14 Vet.App. at 224.
In Gordon I, the Court noted that "the Board [had] not address[ed 38 C.F.R. § 1.942]."
Gordon I, 15 Vet.App. at 127. However, the Court went on to express doubt regarding the
applicability of that regulation to Ms. Gordon's claim. See id. at 128-29. Nevertheless, the Court
ultimately remanded the matter for "consideration of the argument by [the Board] in the first
instance." Id. at 128. The Court, in Gordon II, subsequently denied Ms. Gordon's EAJA application
after determining that the Court, in its remand order in Gordon I, "[had] not conclude[d] that the
Board [had] erred in not considering § 1.942." Gordon II, 14 Vet.App. at 224.
Here, Ms. Akers and the Secretary agree that the Board did not address § 1.942; however,
that was not the basis for their joint motion for remand. Instead, they advised the Court that "[t]he
reason for [that] motion [was] this Court's opinion in Gordon I." Because the parties based their
joint motion for remand solely on Gordon I, the doubts expressed by the Court in that case regarding
the applicability of § 1.942 to Ms. Gordon's claim apply with equal force to Ms. Akers' claim. It
follows that the parties' reliance on Gordon I cannot be seen as a concession of error by the
3
Secretary. Additionally, because the Court order granting the joint motion contained no analysis,
that order cannot serve as a basis for a Court recognition of error.
In cases involving joint motions for remand, the parties exercise exclusive control over a
document that will have significant bearing on, and potentially provide the sole basis for, the Court's
determination regarding prevailing-party status for EAJA purposes. Here, Ms. Akers, through
counsel, joined in a motion for remand that did not articulate a violation of section 7104(a) or any
other basis for a finding of administrative error. The motion merely cited to Gordon I, a case in
which the Court did not find error. Had the motion done more than cite to Gordon I, by, for
example, clearly articulating that the remand was predicated on a violation of section 7104(a) as Ms.
Akers now argues, then the Court would have had a basis for determining that Ms. Akers was a
prevailing party. However, under the existing circumstances, I am unable to conclude that she is a
prevailing party for EAJA purposes or that she has raised any argument that would warrant full-
Court review.
KASOLD, Judge, dissenting: This case involves an application for attorney fees under the
EAJA that was denied because the Court found that the underlying vacatur of the Board decision and
remand of the matter was not predicated on error. This resulted in a finding in the case now before
us that the veteran lacked prevailing-party status for EAJA purposes. See Sumner v. Principi,
15 Vet.App. 256, 260-61 (2001) (en banc), aff'd sub nom. Vaughn v. Principi, 336 F.3d 1351 (Fed.
Cir. 2003).
Under the statutory scheme in chapter 72 of title 38, U.S. Code, this Court can vacate a Board
decision and remand a matter only if, pursuant to section 7261(a), the Court finds error below or
finds that the decision is not in accordance with law. The underlying order in this case that vacated
the Board decision so that the Board could consider a regulation not previously considered was, and
indeed must have been,1 predicated on error. Specifically, the remand and vacatur order was issued
so that a regulation addressing the processing of bad debts that had not been previously considered
by the Board could be reviewed for its applicability to a request for waiver of a debt.
There should be little doubt that it is error for the Secretary to fail to consider a regulation
potentially applicable to a veteran’s claim. See Schafrath v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 589, 593 (1991)
(holding that it is arbitrary and capricious for the Board not to acknowledge a regulation that "is
made potentially applicable through the assertions and issues raised in the record" (emphasis
added)). Indeed, "[the] Board is required to consider a . . . claim . . . under all applicable provisions
of law and regulation whether or not the claimant specifically raises the applicable provision," Beatty
v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 532, 536 (1994), and "may not ignore or disregard a claim merely because the
veteran did not expressly raise the appropriate legal provision which corresponds to the benefit
sought," Fanning v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 225, 229 (1993) (citing Akles v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App 118,
1
The Court is presumed to have acted within its authority and the action will be construed, if possible, to
provide that result. See Old Wayne Mut. Life Ass'n v. McDonough, 204 U .S. 8, 20 (1907) (noting general rule that a
court, "when proceeding within the general scope of its powers, is presumed to act rightly within its jurisdiction").
4
121 (1991)). This duty has not diminished over time. See Szemraj v. Principi, 357 F.3d 1370, 1376
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (discussing VA's duty to "give a sympathetic reading to the veteran's filings to
determine all claims for recovery supported by a liberal construction of those allegations"); Hodge
v. West, 155 F.3d 1356, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (the Secretary has the duty to "fully and
sympathetically develop the [veteran’s] claim to its optimum before deciding it on the merits.”).
Accordingly, because I believe that the underlying vacatur and remand order had to have been
and was predicated on error, I would reverse the holding in the case before us that the appellant
veteran lacked prevailing-party status under the EAJA. This would not necessarily lead to an award
of attorney fees under the EAJA because there would remain the issue of whether the Secretary’s
action was substantially justified. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (d)(1)(B); Cullens v. Gober, 14 Vet.App.
234, 237 (2001) (en banc). I would therefore send the case back to the single judge for determination
of this issue.
More pointedly, however, this case (1) presents an exceptionally important issue whether we
can vacate a Board decision and remand a matter without finding the Board decision faulty in some
way, and (2) highlights a growing lack of uniformity in the Court’s decisions. Both are bases for
granting a full-Court decision. U.S. VET . APP . R. 35 (c).
1. Authority to Vacate and Remand
Our vacatur authority is contained in section 7261(a),2 which allows us to "hold unlawful and
set aside"3 decisions, findings, or conclusions of the Board when they are found to be "arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law" (section 7261(a)(3)(A)),
"contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity" (section 7261(a)(3)(B)), "in excess
of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or in violation of a statutory right" (section
7261(a)(3)(C)), "without observance of procedure required by law" (section 7261(a)(3)(D)), or, as
to factual determinations, "clearly erroneous" (section 7261(a)(4)). None of the grounds for vacatur
allows this Court to vacate a final Board decision without a finding that the Board decision is in
some way deserving of being set aside.4
2
In contrast, our authority to “affirm, modify, or reverse a decision of the Board or to remand the matter, as
appropriate,” is contained in section 7252(a) and, although generally circumscribed by our scope of review, our authority
to “remand the matter, as appropriate” is not as limited as our authority to vacate. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), (b), 7261;
infra n.5.
3
"Set aside" is defined as "to annul or vacate (a judgment, order, etc.)." B LACK 'S L AW D ICTION ARY 1376 (7th
ed. 1990) (emphasis added).
4
In addition to being appropriate when there is error below, vacatur is appropriate when a Board decision is
rendered no longer "in accordance with law" as a result of some intervening cause. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A). See, e.g.,
Luyster v. Gober, 14 Vet.App. 186 (2000) (vacatur and remand for application of recently passed law with retroactive
application); Landicho v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 42 (1994) (vacatur and dismissal when an appellant dies during the
pendency of his case before this Court). Because there is no error below in these cases, there would be no prevailing-
party status under the EAJA. See, e.g., Sumner v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 256, 260-61 (2001) (en banc), aff'd sub nom.
5
The concept of vacating a Board decision and remanding the matter5 without a finding either
of error or that the decision was not in accordance with law first came to fruition in Gordon v.
Principi, 17 Vet.App. 221, 223 (2003) [hereinafter Gordon II], when a panel of this Court, relying
on Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2000), effectively stated that we could vacate a Board
decision and remand the matter without a finding of Board error. The single judge in the case now
before us, relying on Gordon II, determined that the underlying court-approved joint remand and
vacatur request, which did not specifically recognize a Board error, was not based on error.
The Federal Circuit in Maggitt, however, did not grant, nor does it appear that that court
intended to or could grant, authority inconsistent with or in contravention of our existing authority
under title 38 to vacate a Board decision and remand the matter. It "is axiomatic that the language
in [any case] must be read in light of the facts and issues that were before the court when the
language was written." Grantham v. Brown, 114 F.3d 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The issue confronting
the Federal Circuit in Maggitt was whether this Court had jurisdiction to address an issue not raised
below. Maggitt, 202 F.3d at 1376-77. The Federal Circuit held that we did, as long as we had
jurisdiction over the claim. Id. Anything beyond that finding is dicta. See Lasovick v. Brown,
6 Vet.App. 141, 153 (1994) (Ivers, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) ("The danger of . . .
dicta is that, although theoretically and technically not binding, practically, [it] give[s] the
appearance of carrying the cloak of judicial acceptance.").
Moreover, although Maggitt did address the benefits of a remand (i.e., (1) so that the matter
can be resolved in the first instance below, or (2) so that a later reviewing Court can have the benefit
of the Board’s analysis on the issue, Maggitt, 202 F.3d at 1377), Maggitt never said that these
benefits were themselves the bases or authority for remand, let alone vacatur. Vacatur is not
warranted unless, upon our review, we find the necessary basis for such an order. This is fully
consistent with the statutory mandate that a Board decision is final, subject only to reconsideration
by the Board Chairman (section 7103(a)), reopening by the Board itself to correct obvious error
Vaughn v. Principi, 336 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
5
It appears that our remand authority, when exercised alone, although also tied largely to our scope-of-review
authority in section 7261, is not necessarily so limited. Section 7252(a) is a general statement of our judicial authority,
which is tied to our exclusive jurisdiction to review decisions of the Board. Section 7252(b) states that our review is to
be on the record below and limited to the scope of review provided in section 7261. Nevertheless, there are instances
when a remand might be appropriate without review. In Cerullo v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 195, 196 (1991), this Court
sanctioned the relinquishment of our jurisdiction at the request of the Board, so that it might reconsider its decision.
There is no review of the record in such cases, only action upon a request by the Board (brought to this Court via either
a motion by the Secretary or a joint motion). This relinquishment of jurisdiction has been effectuated by both remand,
see Lematta v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 504, 506 (1996) (EAJA case, but noting that underlying merits disposition had been
remanded pursuant to Secretary's Cerullo motion), and vacatur and remand, Miller (John D.) v. Principi, No. 02-287,
2002 W L 31477648, at *2-3 (Vet. App. Oct. 31, 2002) (granting Secretary's Cerullo motion and vacating and remanding)
(not cited as precedent, see infra n.7). I question the appropriateness of vacating the Board decision in such cases; a
vacated decision leaves nothing to be reconsidered by the Board, vacatur is not necessary, and our vacatur authority is
clearly tied to our review, which is not being conducted in such cases. I also recognize that a vacatur order in these cases
likely carries little or no practical impact. This is not so in the instant case, where prevailing-party status is denied even
in the face of error below.
6
(section 7103(b)(3)), or order of the Court (consistent with our jurisdictional statute) (sections
7252(a), 7261). See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7103(a), (b)(3), 7252(a), 7261; Hayslip v. Principi, ___ F.3d ____,
____, Nos. 03-7101, 03-7102, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 6971, at *11-14 (Fed. Cir. Apr. 9, 2004)
(discussing finality of Board decision and noting that finality is only vitiated in a few, narrow ways).
If we could vacate a Board decision and remand for consideration of any newly raised issue, even
one not potentially applicable, it would weaken or render meaningless the finality provisions of the
statute.
2. The Growing Conflict
We now have at least four cases addressing an identical issue; in two cases, the Board
decisions have been vacated and the matter remanded without a finding of error, whereas the other
two Board decisions were vacated and the matter remanded based on a determination that the
regulation not addressed below should have been considered and addressed. Compare Wanner v.
Principi, 17 Vet.App. 4, 13 (2003) (remanding argument for 10% rating in each ear for bilateral
tinnitus because of Board's error in failing to consider and address 38 C.F.R. § 4.25(b)) and
Chamblin v. Principi, No. 00-2305, 2003 WL 1559893 (Vet. App. Mar. 21, 2003) (same), with
Pardue v. Principi, No. 00-2124, 2002 WL 549938 (Vet. App. Mar. 11, 2002) (remanding, under
Maggitt, argument for 10% rating in each ear for bilateral tinnitus for Board to consider in the first
instance), and Gibson v. Principi, No. 00-2155, 2002 WL 337542 (Vet. App. Feb. 13, 2002) (same).6
Besides the question whether we are acting in accordance with our statutory authority, the further
import of these differing bases for remand becomes manifest in any associated EAJA application,
with prevailing-party status clearly present in one situation, yet, under Gordon II, found lacking in
another. Compare Chamblin v. Principi, No. 00-2305 (Vet. App. Aug. 5, 2003) (order granting
EAJA application), with Pardue v. Principi, No. 00-2124, 2002 WL 31941518 (Vet. App. Dec. 4,
2002) (order denying EAJA application). Left unaddressed, this lack of uniformity in the application
of our remand and vacatur authority is certain to grow; we should issue a full-Court decision in this
case to prevent that from happening.
3. An Appropriate Case for En Banc Consideration
With regard to whether this is the appropriate case to address the issues raised above, I
respectfully suggest it is. Reviewing this case would not lead to a rewrite of the underlying merits
decision, nor, obviously, would it lead to any of the anomalies that could arise if such a merits
rewrite were conducted. We need only apply the well-settled legal principle that the Court is
presumed to have acted within its jurisdiction, see n.1, supra, note that the underlying decision
vacated the Board decision and remanded the matter so that a regulation could be considered that
was not previously considered, and find that the vacatur must have been predicated on error below.
A reversal of the decision finding no error (including implicit error) and denying prevailing-party
status is all that is required. Effectively, we would be overruling Gordon II, supra.
6
I am not citing the nonprecedential cases as authority. See U.S. V ET . A PP . R. 30(a). Rather, I am citing them
to show how the Court has applied the law inconsistently to identical arguments and factual scenarios.
7
Finally, although the underlying order in this case that vacated the Board decision and
remanded the matter to the Board was requested by the parties in a joint motion that did not contain
an admission of error by the Secretary, this does not end the matter.7 Although Sumner, supra,
recognizes an admission of error by the Secretary as one prong leading to prevailing-party status, it
clearly notes that even absent such admission a Court finding of error in support of the remand action
is another prong that will lead to prevailing-party status. Id. at 265. In the underlying merits
decision in this case, the Court not only remanded the matter, it vacated the Board decision. As
discussed above, the decision to vacate the matter could only have been based on error; since such
error was not explicitly found, it necessarily must have been implicit. To hold otherwise means that
the vacate order was improvident and/or ultra vires; such a result is not necessary.
For the above reasons, I respectfully dissent from the decision to deny en banc review.
7
As the Supreme Court has stated, in the context of its own review: "All Members of the Court are agreed that
we 'should [not] mechanically accept any suggestion from the Solicitor General that a decision rendered in favor of the
Government by a United States Court of Appeals was in error.'" Lawrence v. Chater, 516 U.S. 163, 170-71 (1996)
(quoting Mariscal v. United States, 449 U.S. 405, 406 (1981) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)). See also Chiarella v. United
States, 341 U.S. 946 (1951) (remand based on consideration of the record as well as confession of error by the Solicitor
General); Penner v. United States, 399 U.S. 522 (1970) (remand based on an independent review of the record and
confession of error by the Solicitor General). Nor has the agreement of the parties been deemed sufficient to set aside
a valid judgment. See, e.g., U.S. Bancorp Mortgage Co. v. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 U.S. 18, 26-27 (1994) (setting
aside a valid judicial judgment should not turn solely upon agreement of the parties); Grantham v. Brown, 114 F.3d
1156, 1158 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (agreement of the parties that decision below was improper "may not be resolved by consent
and must be addressed on the merits").
8