Slip Op. 08‐141
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
NUCOR CORP. and STEEL DYNAMICS, INC.,
Plaintiffs,
and
THYSSENKRUPP STEEL AG, THYSSENKRUPP STEEL
N.A., INC. and SALZGITTER AG STAHL UND
TECHNOLOGIE,
Consolidated Plaintiffs,
BEFORE: GREGORY W. CARMAN,
and
JUDGE
AK STEEL CORP. and UNITED STATES STEEL CORP.,
Consol. Court No. 07‐00071
Plaintiff‐Intervenors,
Public Version
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendants,
and
JFE STEEL CORP.; KOBE STEEL, LTD.; NIPPON STEEL
CORP.; NISSHIN STEEL CO., LTD.; SUMITOMO METAL
INDUS., LTD.; BLUESCOPE STEEL AMERICAS LLC;
BLUESCOPE STEEL LTD.; ARCELORMITTAL USA INC.;
and ARCELORMITTAL DOFASCO INC.,
Defendant‐Intervenors.
[Held: Plaintiffs’ motions for judgment on the agency record are DENIED; U.S. International
Trade Commission’s Five Year Sunset Determination is AFFIRMED.]
Wiley Rein LLP, (Alan H. Price; Timothy C. Brightbill; Robert DeFrancesco) for Plaintiff,
Nucor Corporation and Steel Dynamics, Inc.
King & Spalding LLP, (Joseph W. Dorn; Elizabeth E. Duall; Jeffrey M. Telep) for Plaintiff‐
Intervenor AK Steel Corporation.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (Stephen J. Narkin; Robert E. Lighthizer; John
J. Mangan; James C. Hecht; Stephen P. Vaughn) for Plaintiff‐Intervenor United States Steel
Corporation.
Sharretts, Paley, Carter & Blauvelt, PC, (Gail T. Cumins; Beatrice A. Brickell; Donna L.
Shira) for Consolidated Plaintiffs ThyssenKrupp Steel AG, ThyssenKrupp Steel N.A., Inc.
and Salzgitter AG Stahl und Technologie.
James M. Lyons, General Counsel; Neal J. Reynolds, Assistant General Counsel, Office of
the General Counsel, United States International Trade Commission (June B. Brown;
Andrea C. Casson; David B. Fishberg), for Defendant, United States.
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP (Daniel J. Plaine; J. Christopher Wood; Gracia M. Berg;
Dave M. Wharwood) for Defendant‐Intervenors JFE Steel Corporation, Kobe Steel, Ltd.,
Nippon Steel Corporation, Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd., and Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.
Leonard M. Shambon, Esq. (Leonard M. Shambon) and Fischer Fox Global PLLC (Lynn M.
Fischer Fox, Esq.; Gracia M. Berg, Esq.) for Defendant‐Intervenors BlueScope Steel
Americas LLC and BlueScope Steel Limited.
Stewart and Stewart (Terrence P. Stewart; Patrick J. McDonough; Elizabeth A. Argenti) for
Defendant‐Intervenor ArcelorMittal USA Inc.
Hunton & Williams LLP (William Silverman; Douglas J. Heffner; Richard P. Ferrin) for
Defendant‐Intervenor ArcelorMittal Dofasco Inc.
Hogan & Hartson, LLP (Mark S. McConnell; Jonathan T. Stoel; Lewis E. Leibowitz) for
Chrysler LLC, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, Honda of America
Mfg., Inc., Honda Trading America Corporation, Mercedes‐Benz U.S. International, Inc.,
Nissan North America, Inc., and Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Amici Curiae.
OPINION & ORDER
Dated: December 23, 2008
CARMAN, JUDGE: This consolidated matter is before the Court on several motions for
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 3
judgment upon the agency record brought by plaintiffs/plaintiff‐intervenors Nucor
Corporation (“Nucor”), Steel Dynamics, Inc. (“SDI”), AK Steel Corporation (“AK Steel”)
(together the “Joint Plaintiffs”), and United States Steel Corporation (“USS”), along with
consolidated plaintiffs ThyssenKrupp Steel, AG, ThyssenKrupp N.A., Inc., and
Salzgitter AG Stahl und Technologie (together the “German Plaintiffs”) pursuant to U.S.
CIT Rule 56.2.
Joint Plaintiffs, USS, and German Plaintiffs respectively challenge particular
aspects of the final determination by the United States International Trade Commission
(“ITC” or “Commission”) in certain five‐year sunset reviews pursuant to 19 U.S.C.
§§ 1675(c), 1675a(a) (2000) concerning corrosion‐resistant carbon steel products from
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and Korea. JFE Steel Corporation, Kobe
Steel, Ltd., Nippon Steel Corporation, Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Metal
Industries, Ltd., BlueScope Steel Limited, BlueScope Steel Americas LLC, ArcelorMittal
Dofasco Inc., and ArcelorMittal USA Inc. participated as Defendant‐Intervenors in this
consolidated action. Finally, Chrysler LLC, Ford Motor Company, General Motors
Corporation, Honda of America Mfg., Inc., Honda Trading America Corporation,
Mercedes‐Benz U.S. International, Inc., Nissan North America, Inc., and Toyota Motor
North America, Inc. (together, the “Auto Producers”) participated as Amici Curiae in
support of the ITC’s determination pertaining to its decision on Australia, Canada,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 4
France and Japan.
JURISDICTION
The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000) and 19 U.S.C.
§ 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) and (B)(iii) (2000).
BACKGROUND
This consolidated matter stems from several appeals of the ITC’s second sunset
review determination, for the period of review (“POR”) 2000 to 2005, concerning
corrosion‐resistant carbon steel products (“CoRe steel” or “subject imports”) from
Australia, France, Japan, Germany, Korea and Canada. Certain Carbon Steel Products
From Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea,
Mexico, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom, Inv. Nos.
AA1921‐197 (2d Review); 701‐TA‐319, 320, 325‐327, 348, and 350 (2d Review); and 731‐
TA‐573, 574, 576, 578, 582‐587, 612, and 614‐618 (2d Review), USITC Pub. No. 3899
(January 2007) (C.R. 831 or P.R. 940) (“2007 Commission Views”).1
In 1993, the ITC found that unfairly‐traded imports of corrosion‐resistant CoRe
steel from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and Korea were causing material
injury to the domestic industry. See Certain Flat‐Rolled Carbon Steel Products from
1
The Administrative Record in this case consists of two versions, a Confidential
Record (“C.R.”) and a Public Record (“P.R.”). In this Opinion, documentary references
are made to documents drawn from either version. For example, C.R. 831 refers to the
Confidential Record, document number 831.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 5
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom, USITC Pub. 2664, Inv. Nos. 701‐TA‐319‐332, 334, 336‐342, 344
and 347‐353 (Final) and Inv. Nos. 731‐TA‐573‐579, 581‐592, 594‐597, 599‐609 and 612‐619
(Final) (Aug. 1993) (P.R. 137) (“1993 Determination”). As a result, the Department of
Commerce published countervailing duty (“CVD”) orders on CoRe steel from France
and Korea and antidumping duty (“ADD”) orders on CoRe steel from Australia,
Canada, France, Germany, Japan and Korea. See 2007 Sunset Review Information at
OVERVIEW‐3 (P.R. 941).
In 2000, the ITC conducted its first five‐year sunset reviews of these orders. In
this first sunset review, inter alia, the ITC exercised its discretion to cumulate all subject
imports together. See Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and The United Kingdom, USITC Pub. 3364, Inv.
Nos. AA 1921‐197 (Review), 701‐TA‐231, 319‐320, 322, 325‐328, 340, 342, and 348‐350
(Review), and 731‐TA‐573‐576, 578, 582‐587, 604, 607‐608, 612, and 614‐618 (Review)
(Nov. 2000) at 47 (P.R. 124) (“2000 Sunset Determinations”). The ITC also found that
revocation of the ADD/CVD orders would result in the continuation or recurrence of
material injury. Id. at 58. Consequently, the ADD and CVD orders continued.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 6
On November 1, 2005, the ITC instituted a second five‐year sunset review of
these orders. See Certain Carbon Steel Products From Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Spain,
Sweden, Taiwan, and United Kingdom, 70 Fed. Reg. 62,324 (Oct. 31, 2005); see also 2007
Sunset Review Information at OVERVIEW‐1 (P.R. 941).
On February 6, 2006, the ITC decided to conduct full reviews pursuant to section
751(c)(5) of the Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S.C. § 1675(c)(5). See Certain Carbon Steel
Products From Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan,
Korea, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom, 71
Fed. Reg. 8,874 (Feb. 21, 2006). All parties engaged in this lawsuit actively participated
in all stages of these reviews.
On December 14, 2006, the Commission voted, and by a vote of four to two (4 to
2) determined that revocation of the orders on CoRe steel from Australia, Canada,
France and Japan would not be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material
injury to the domestic industry (i.e., a negative determination). 2007 Commission
Views at 1 (P.R. 940). The ITC unanimously decided, however, that revocation of the
orders on CoRe steel from Germany and Korea would be likely to lead to a continuation
or recurrence of material injury to the domestic industry (i.e., an affirmative
determination.) Id. The ITC also decided on a subsidiary preliminary issue, by a vote
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 7
of four to two (4 to 2), to cumulate the subject imports into two groups: (i) Australia,
France and Japan; and (ii) Germany and Korea. Id. at 106. With respect to Canada, the
ITC decided not to cumulate Canadian CoRe steel imports with any of the subject
imports from the other countries. Id. These final determinations were published in the
Federal Register on January 31, 2007. Certain Carbon Steel Products From Australia,
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom, 72 Fed. Reg. 4,529 (Int’l
Trade Comm’n Jan. 31, 2007) (P.R. 932) (“Final Sunset Determination”).
Plaintiffs/Plaintiff‐Intervenors/Consolidated Plaintiffs subsequently filed
separate appeals to the U.S. Court of International Trade (“CIT”) (Case Nos. 07‐00071,
07‐00075, 07‐00076, and 07‐00087), which were consolidated under this action (Consol.
Case No. 07‐00071) on September 7, 2007, challenging, inter alia, the following agency
determinations: (1) the ITC’s decision to cumulate the subject imports into two separate
groups—Australia/France/Japan and Germany/Korea; (2) its negative determination
with respect to CoRe steel from Australia, France & Japan; (3) its negative determination
with respect to CoRe steel from Canada, particularly its determination that the volume
of Canadian imports would not be significant if the orders were revoked; (4) the ITC’s
decision to cumulate German CoRe steel imports with Korean CoRe steel imports; (5)
the ITC’s affirmative determination with respect to imports of CoRe steel from
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 8
Germany and Korea; and finally (6) whether the ITC was required to apply an analysis
pursuant to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s (“CAFC”) opinion in
Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
Oral argument on these motions was held before this Court on November 5, 2008
in a partially‐closed, partially‐public session, due to the abundance of business
proprietary information throughout the parties’ argument.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court is required to uphold a sunset review determination by the ITC unless
it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (2000). A party “challenging the ITC’s
determination under the substantial evidence standard ‘has chosen a course with a high
barrier to reversal.’” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1358 (Fed. Cir.
2006) (internal citations omitted). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla,”
it is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Consol. Edison Co. v. N.L.R.B., 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938) (citing
Appalachian Elec. Power Co. v. N.L.R.B., 93 F.2d 985, 989 (4th Cir. 1938)). There must
be “[a] rational connection between the facts found and the choice made” in an agency
determination if it is to be characterized as supported by substantial evidence and
otherwise in accordance with law. Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 9
U.S. 156, 168 (1962).
In determining the existence of substantial evidence, a reviewing court must
consider “the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence
that ‘fairly detracts from the substantiality of the evidence.’” Huaiyin Foreign Trade
Corp. v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting Atl. Sugar, Ltd. v.
United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). Moreover, the court must not
“displace the [agency’s] choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though the
court would justifiably have made a different choice had the matter been before it de
novo.” Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S. 474, 488 (1951). “[I]t is not the
province of the Court to reweigh the evidence before the agency.” Comm. for Fair
Beam Imports v. United States, 31 CIT __, __, 477 F. Supp.2d 1313, 1326 (2007), aff’d 260
Fed. Appx. 302 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 11, 2008). That said, “the agency must examine the
relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a ‘rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made.’” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n
of United States v. State Farm Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (quoting Burlington
Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)). However, the ITC is “presumed
to have considered all of the evidence on the record” and “is not required to explicitly
address every piece of evidence presented by the parties.” Nucor Corp. v. United
States, 28 CIT 188, 234, 318 F. Supp.2d 1207, 1247 (2004) (citation omitted), aff’d, 414
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 10
F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The ITC need not “make an explicit response to every
argument made by a party, but [current law] instead requires that issues material to the
agency’s determination be discussed so that the ‘path of the agency may reasonably be
discerned’ by a reviewing court.” Timkin U.S. Corp. v. United States, 421 F.3d 1350,
1354 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting Uruguay Round Agreements Act (“URAA”), Statement of
Administration Action (“SAA”), accompanying H.R. Rep. No. 103‐826, at 892); see also
Ceramica Regiomontana, S.A. v. United States, 810 F.2d 1137, 1139 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
Where granted statutory discretion, ITC determinations remain subject to review
for abuse of discretion. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402,
416 (1971) (The standard is “whether the decision was based on a consideration of the
relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.”).
On questions of law, the Court is guided by U.S. Supreme Court precedent
holding that, unless contrary to the “unambiguously expressed intent of Congress,” the
agency’s interpretation of the statute it administers must be upheld if that interpretation
is “permissible.” Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843
(1984). Consequently, a degree of deference is owed to the agency when it interprets
the statute it administers and “[w]hether we would come to the same conclusion, were
we to analyze [it] anew, is not the issue.” Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v.
United States, 966 F.2d 660, 665 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 11
DISCUSSION
I. The ITC’s Cumulation Determination Is Supported by Substantial Evidence
on the Record and Is Otherwise in Accordance with Law.
A. Cumulation ~ Statutory Framework
The ITC is required to conduct a sunset review every five years after publication
of an antidumping duty order, a countervailing duty order, or a prior sunset review.
See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(c)(1). In a five year sunset review the ITC decides, inter alia,
“whether revocation of an order . . . would be likely to lead to continuation or
recurrence of material injury within a reasonably foreseeable time.” 19 U.S.C. §
1675a(a)(1) (2000). The ITC must evaluate “the likely volume, price effect, and impact
of imports of the subject merchandise on the industry if the order is revoked . . . .” 19
U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1). In making this material injury determination, the ITC, in its
discretion,
may cumulatively assess the volume and effect of imports of
the subject merchandise from all countries with respect to
which reviews under section 1675(b) or (c) of this title were
initiated on the same day, if such imports would be likely to
compete with each other and with domestic like products in
the United States market.
19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) (2000) (emphasis added); see Nippon Steel Corp. v. United
States, 494 F.3d 1371, 1374 n.4 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (ITC may cumulatively assess the volume
and effect of subject imports from several countries for purposes of the material injury
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 12
analysis, so long as certain threshold requirements are met.)
The cumulation statute does, however, limit the ITC’s discretionary authority;
the agency “shall not cumulatively assess the volume and effects of imports of the
subject merchandise in a case in which it determines that such imports are likely to have
no discernible adverse impact on the domestic industry.” 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7)
(emphasis added); see also SAA at 887 (The ITC may not “cumulate imports from any
country if those imports are likely to have no discernable adverse impact on the
domestic industry.”).2 There is no statute enumerating “factors to . . . consider[] in
determining whether subject imports from a particular country are likely to have no
discernable impact.” Usinor Industeel, S.A. v. United States, 26 CIT 1402, 1408 (2002).
Indeed the ITC “Commissioners themselves differ as to approach.” Id. at 1408.
In addressing this query, the ITC’s first question is
whether the imports are likely to have any such impact. If not,
the ITC is precluded from cumulating. If yes, then the
question remains whether that impact is also adverse. If
affirmative, the agency is permitted to cumulate; if negative,
cumulation is not permissible since any impact is not both
discernible and adverse.
Neenah Foundry Co. v. United States, 25 CIT 702, 712‐13, 155 F. Supp.2d 766, 775 (2001).
2
The SAA, by statute, “shall be regarded as an authoritative expression by the
United States concerning the interpretation and application of the Uruguay Round
Agreements and this Act in any judicial proceeding in which a question arises
concerning such interpretation or application.” 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d) (2000).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 13
Congress granted the ITC’s discretionary powers in order to account for the fact
that “competition from unfairly traded imports from several countries simultaneously
often has a hammering effect on the domestic industry [that] may not be adequately
addressed if the impact of the imports [is] analyzed separately on the basis of country of
origin.” Neenah Foundry Co., 155 F. Supp.2d at 772 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 100‐40, part
1, at 130 (1987)) (emphasis added). While the ITC’s discretion here is not unfettered, its
“exercise of discretion [must] be predicated upon a judgment anchored in the language
and spirit of the relevant statutes and regulations.” Freeport Minerals Co. v. United
States, 776 F.2d 1029, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 1985). In summary, where the ITC exercises its
discretion to cumulate subject imports it may do so, only if, the sunset review was
[(1)] initiated on the same day, [and (2)] if such imports would
be likely to compete with each other and with domestic like
products in the United States market. [However, (3)] [t]he
Commission shall not cumulatively assess the volume and
effects of imports of the subject merchandise in a case in which
it determines that such imports are likely to have no
discernible adverse impact on the domestic industry.
19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) (2000).
B. The ITC’s Cumulation Determination
In this second sunset review the ITC majority decided3 to exercise its discretion
3
Commissioners Stephen Koplan and Charlotte R. Lane both dissented from the
ITC majority’s determination. See note 8, infra. They, however, joined the majority in
“its determination regarding legal standards . . . background, domestic like product,
and domestic industry.” 2007 Commission Views at 147; 147‐175 (P.R. 940).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 14
to cumulate the subject imports from certain countries. 2007 Commission Views at 108
(C.R. 831). The ITC considered the following enumerated issues in deciding whether or
not to cumulate:
(1) whether imports from any of the subject countries are
precluded from cumulation because they are likely to have no
discernible adverse impact on the domestic industry; (2)
whether imports of corrosion‐resistant steel from the subject
countries are likely to compete with each other and with the
domestic like product according to the traditional four‐factor
test; and (3) other considerations, such as similarities and
differences in the conditions of competition of the subject
countries with regard to their participation in the U.S. market.
Id. at 106‐107. Following an analysis, the ITC determined that it would cumulate
subject goods into the following country groups: (1) Australia, France and Japan; (2)
Germany and Korea; and (3) Canada, set off by itself, not cumulated. Id. at 108. The
ITC’s initial determination was based on its finding that all subject imports would have
a discernible adverse impact on the U.S. industry, and that there was a reasonable
overlap in competition among imports from all six countries and the U.S. industry. Id.
at 108, 119.
Specifically, the ITC found that subject goods from Canada would likely compete
under different conditions of competition than those of the other countries and thus
declined to cumulate Canadian subject imports with the other subject countries. Id. at
108. With respect to Germany and Korea, the ITC found that the conditions of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 15
competition were similar to each other, but also different from the other countries and
therefore it exercised its discretion to cumulate German and Korean subject imports
separately from the other four countries. Id. Finally, the ITC decided to exercise its
discretion to cumulate Australian, French and Japanese subject imports with each other
as they face similar conditions of competition. Id.
C. Contentions of the Parties ~ Australia, France & Japan
1. Nucor, SDI, AK Steel (“Joint Plaintiffs”), and U.S. Steel (“USS”)
Joint Plaintiffs and USS4 first challenge the Commission’s decision to cumulate
subject imports from Australia, France and Japan with each other, but apart from
Canada, Germany, and Korea. They contend that such decision is not supported by
substantial evidence and is not otherwise in accordance with law. (See Joint Mem. In
Support of Pl.’s Joint Mot. For Judgment On Agency Record (“Joint Pl.’s Br.”) at 17;
Mem. In Support of Mot. for Judgment On the Agency Record by Pl.‐Intervenor USS
(“USS Br.”) at 11‐12.) Joint Plaintiffs and USS argue that the ITC erred by (1) failing to
exercise its discretion to cumulate in a manner consistent with the statute and
congressional intent; (2) failing to apply the correct “conditions of competition” analysis
4
In a letter to the Court, USS indicated that “it will be participating in this
consolidated proceeding and challenging the ITC’s negative determinations with
respect to Australia, Japan, and France, and defending the ITC’s affirmative
determination with respect to Germany.” Letter of United States Steel Corp., dated
September 14, 2007 (Docket No. 58).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 16
in its cumulation decision and failing to apply it on a counterfactual basis; and (3)
failing to cumulate subject imports from Australia, France and Japan together with
Canada, Germany and Korea. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 17‐38; USS Br. at 10‐24.)
a. Joint Plaintiffs & USS argue that the ITC’s cumulation decision
was erroneous.
Joint Plaintiffs & USS contend that the ITC failed to follow the cumulation
statute. They argue that 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) sets out the sole factors that the ITC
may consider in the exercise of its discretion of whether to cumulate subject imports.
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 17‐18; USS Br. at 11‐12.) Specifically, two of the four ITC
commissioners comprising the majority—Chairman Pearson and Commissioner
Okun—“disregarded the prescribed statutory requirements for making a cumulation
determination in favor of a test that is not in the statute, i.e., considering only the
‘conditions of competition.’” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 19; see also USS Br. 14‐18.) Further, Joint
Plaintiffs & USS argue that when Chairman Pearson’s and Commissioner Okun’s
“extra‐statutory analysis” excluded a country from cumulation, they then failed to
consider the actual statutory factors—no discernible adverse impact and the likelihood
of a reasonable overlap of competition. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 20; see also USS Br. at 15‐16.)
Joint Plaintiffs note that though the ITC has in the past “considered additional elements
. . . as part of [its] exercise of discretion, such consideration has been part of or ancillary
to the statutory criteria.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 20.) Joint Plaintiffs conclude that because the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 17
ITC disregarded the statute, the Commission’s analysis was incomplete. (Joint Pl.’s Br.
at 22.) Moreover, USS contends that the extra statutory factors that these refusenik
Commissioners employed “do not go to the question of whether imports from the
countries at issue will contribute to the hammering effect” but instead represent a
“misunderstand[ing of] the meaning of the Court’s ruling in Allegheny Ludlum5 . . .
treating it as giving the Commission carte blanche to do anything that they want in
addressing cumulation issues in five year reviews.” (USS Br. 14‐15 (emphasis in
original).)
b. Joint Plaintiffs & USS argue that the ITC’s “conditions of
competition” analysis was flawed.
Joint Plaintiffs also contend that in spite of the ITC’s “extra‐statutory analysis,”
its application of the “conditions of competition” analysis was nevertheless flawed
because it considered the conditions of competition impacting the foreign industry or
foreign producers, and not the domestic industry as the statute requires. (Joint Pl.’s Br.
at 22.) Both Joint Plaintiffs and USS cite the first sunset review as precedent where the
ITC “correctly employed the ‘conditions of competition’ analysis” and cumulated all
subject countries together. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 22‐23 (citing 2000 Sunset Determinations at
5
Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 30 CIT __, __, 475 F. Supp.2d 1370,
1376‐78 (2006) (Noting that an agency’s “exercise of discretion [must] be predicated
upon a judgment anchored in the language and spirit of the relevant statute and
regulations.”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 18
16, 49‐51 (P.R. 124)); see also USS Br. at 12‐13.) In the second sunset review, Joint
Plaintiffs and USS argue that the ITC inexplicably “departed from the [conditions of
competition] analysis used in the first [sunset] review,” which was a sharp departure
from its previous practice and was therefore “ultra vires of the [cumulation] statute.”
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 23‐24; see also USS Br. at 12‐13.) Specifically, they argue, the ITC
“erroneously focused on differences . . . in which foreign producers competed in the
U.S. market and failed to consider any conditions of competition with respect to the
domestic industry.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 24 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 8‐9, 111‐117
(P.R. 940)).) These extra‐statutory considerations employed by the ITC, Joint Plaintiffs
argue, are irrelevant to the Commission’s cumulation analysis, i.e., they have “no
bearing on what effect subject imports will have on the conditions of competition in the
U.S. market.” (Id.)
Grounding its argument in the cumulation statute’s legislative history, USS
contends that the use of the ITC’s discretion must be “guided, first and foremost, by a
consideration of the reasons why cumulation is provided for by the statute.” (USS Br. at
12‐13 (emphasis in original).) USS then compares the legislative history for the
mandatory cumulation statute for injury investigations (see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(G)) with
the legislative history for the cumulation statute at issue here, to argue that (i)
“Congress regards cumulation as a ‘critical component’ of the antidumping and
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 19
countervailing duty laws”; and (ii) that the ITC must relegate its focus to specific factors
in order to assess whether imports from a particular country are likely to contribute to
the “hammering effect”6 of imports from multiple sources. (USS Br. at 13‐14.)
USS also attacks the fact that both Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun
“never considered whether imports from all five countries [Australia, France, Japan,
Germany and Korea] were likely to compete with each other and with the domestic like
product, and never examined whether imports from each of these countries were likely
to have a discernible adverse impact on the domestic industry.” (Id. at 15‐16.)
Consequently, USS argues, neither of these commissioners followed section 1675a(a)(7),
nor cited any authority to justify their departure,7 nor were concerned with the
hammering effects of imports, and thus “plainly violated the intent of Congress.” (Id. at
15‐17 n.4.)
6
The purpose of cumulation is “to stem competition from unfairly traded imports
from several countries simultaneously [which] often has a hammering effect on the
domestic industry . . . [that] may not be adequately addressed if the impact of the
imports are [sic] analyzed separately on the basis of their country of origin.” H.R. Rep.
No. 100‐40, part 1, at 130 (1987).
7
Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun cited as authority here, their
dissent in another five year review. See Stainless Steel Bar from Brazil, India, Japan, and
Spain, USITC Pub. 3895, Inv. Nos. 731‐TA‐678, 679, 681, and 682 (2d Review) (Dec.
2006). USS argues that this citation “sheds no additional light on [the] subject.” (USS
Br. at 16.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 20
USS additionally challenges the Commission majority’s8 findings as the factual
basis for declining total cumulation. The “alleged” differences in the conditions of
competition, which USS argues were significant to the Commission, “are wholly
irrelevant to the purpose of cumulation, internally inconsistent, or both.” (USS Br. at
18.) That the majority focused on the Australian, French and Japanese producer’s “lack
of interest in the U.S. market to any significant degree” (as evidenced by the low levels
of subject imports) “is totally misplaced.” (Id.) USS dismisses the significance of the
ITC’s finding of “low levels of subject imports” since ADD/CVD orders “almost
invariably” limit imports. (Id.)
Joint Plaintiffs and USS also contend that the ITC’s finding that the French and
Japanese producers have no interest in the U.S. market because they are more likely to
supply the U.S. market from their U.S. affiliates’ production base, is erroneous. (Joint
Pl’s Br. at 35‐36; USS Br. at 23‐25.) First, they argue that the ITC rejected a similar
affiliation argument made by Japan during the first sunset review. Second, USS
proffers that the record contains no direct evidence regarding the behavior of French
8
Commissioners Koplan and Lane dissented from the majority, inter alia, on the
issue of cumulation, and voted to cumulate all the subject countries together after
finding that there were no likely “significant differences in conditions of competition”
among the subject producers. See Separate and Dissenting Views of Commissioner
Stephen Koplan and Commissioner Charlotte R. Lane with respect to Certain Carbon
Corrosion‐Resistant Steel, 2007 Commission Views at 161, 147‐161 (P.R. 940) and at 152‐
184 (C.R. 832) (“Dissenting Views”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 21
producers with U.S. affiliates, since the only such relationship, the Arcelor/Mittal
merger, was scheduled to take effect in early 2007, after the ITC’s vote on the second
review. (Id. at 24 (citing 2007 Determinations at 128‐29 (P.R. 940)).) Finally, USS cites to
the Final Staff Reports pointing out that the Japanese producers actually reduced their
U.S. presence due to the acquisition of National Steel by U.S. Steel during the current
POR. (Id. at 24‐25 (citing Final Staff Report at CORE‐III‐2 (P.R. 652)).)
2. Defendant ITC
Defendant maintains that the Commission’s exercise of discretion to cumulate
imports into three separate groups is supported by substantial evidence on the record
and is otherwise in accordance with law. The ITC argues that the Commission
cumulated certain countries because it found that the “three groups of countries ‘likely
would compete under different conditions of competition than would the other
countries.’” (Mem. of Def. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n In Opp. To Pl.s’ Mots. For Judgment
on Agency R. (“ITC Resp. Br.”) at 14 (quoting 2007 Commission Views 8‐9 (C.R. 831)).)
a. The ITC argues in response that it has statutory discretion to
cumulate, its analysis thereunder was in accordance with law, and
supported by substantial evidence.
The ITC maintains that it has been granted discretion by Congress to decide
whether to cumulate during sunset reviews. (ITC Resp. Br. at 15 (citing 19 U.S.C. §
1675a(a)(7)).) Additionally, the ITC contends that CIT precedent recognizes that the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 22
“Commission ‘has wide latitude in selecting the types of factors it considers relevant’
for that purpose.” (Id. at 16 (quoting Allegheny Ludlum, 475 F. Supp.2d at 1380).)
The ITC retorts contending that Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s cumulation arguments
are “seriously flawed.” Mainly, the Commission has statutory “discretion not to
cumulate imports from the subject countries even if it finds that the subject imports will
have a discernible adverse impact on the industry and that there is a reasonable overlap
of competition between them and the domestic like product.” (Id. at 16‐17 (emphasis in
original).) Neither does the ITC’s “conditions of competition” analysis contravene the
cumulation statute nor avoid the issue of the “hammering effects” of unfairly traded
imports because, the sunset review statute does not mandate cumulation in the first
instance. (Id.) The ITC frames the issue for the Court as thus: it is “not whether the
Commission could reasonably have cumulated all imports from the subject countries
because they might have some ‘hammering’ effect on the industry, but instead whether
the Commission’s cumulation decisions represent a reasoned exercise of its discretion
under the statute.” (Id. at 18.)
The ITC also argues that its cumulation determination was supported by
substantial evidence and that Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s arguments to the contrary
“merely reflect disagreements with how the Commission weighed the evidence.” (Id. at
24‐25; 24‐43.) As a result, because the Joint Plaintiffs and USS fail to show that the ITC’s
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 23
cumulation findings are unreasonable, the Commission decision must be upheld. (See
id.)
3. Defendant‐Intervenors ~ JFE Steel Corp., et al.
The Court finds that JFE Steel Corp.’s, et al., cumulation arguments are
substantially similar to those presented by the ITC. (Br. Def.‐Interv. JFE Steel In Opp. to
Pl.’s Mot. For Sum. Judgment Br. at 7–22.) Therefore, the Court will not recount them
one by one in this opinion, although they have been carefully considered.
D. Contentions ~ Canada9
1. AK Steel
Plaintiff AK Steel argues that the ITC’s decision not to cumulate CoRe steel from
Canada with any other subject country was not supported by substantial evidence.
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 28‐34; Reply Br. of AK Steel at 2‐9.) AK Steel contends that contrary to
the ITC’s finding—that Canadian producers compete in the U.S. market under
substantially similar conditions of competition as faced by Australia, France, Japan,
Germany, and Korea—“there is no basis not to cumulate imports from Canada with
imports from other countries.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 28‐29.) Because CoRe steel in the U.S.
competes on the basis of price, AK Steel argues, the ITC’s analysis that a [[ ]]
9
Plaintiffs Nucor and SDI did not appeal the ITC’s determination with respect to
Canada and thus did not join the arguments in their joint brief with AK Steel addressing
Canada. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 1 n.1.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 24
Canadian producer’s increased exports to the U.S. during the POR “were not due to
price competition with U.S. suppliers” is contradictory. (Id. at 29 (citing 2007
Commission Views at 115 (C.R. 831)).) AK Steel cites to the questionnaire responses of
Auto Producers as support for this argument—that price is an important factor in the
U.S. CoRe steel market—and proffers that Canadian CoRe is equally competitive in the
U.S. on price. (Id. at 29‐31.)
AK Steel also contends that the “perception” by certain Auto Producers that U.S.
and Canada are “a unified market for production and sourcing decisions” is “legally
irrelevant” to whether the ITC properly decided not to cumulate Canada’s CoRe steel
imports with the other countries. (Id. at 31.) Such a distinction, AK Steel argues, is not
recognized by the statute. (Id. at 31‐32 (citing Dissenting Views, at 2007 Commission
Views at 159 n.123 (P.R. 940)).)
AK Steel further argues that the ITC failed to consider the record evidence that
Canadian producers also export CoRe steel to the U.S. for “non‐automotive
applications.” (Id. at 33.) Thus, the ITC failed to consider the possible effects of an
order revocation and whether Canadian imports would increase in the non‐automotive
sector as well. (Id.) AK Steel cites the ITC Final Staff Report, which notes that during
the POR “the majority of Canadian mills shipments of CoRe steel is [sic] for solid non‐
automotive applications.” (Id. (referring to Final Staff Report CORE‐IV‐30 (C.R. 742).))
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 25
AK Steel asserts that since the record demonstrates that there is a “sufficient degree of
fungibility among the subject imports and with the domestic product” the ITC’s reliance
on Auto Producers’ “perception” of a unified market to differentiate Canada from the
other subject nations is unsupported by substantial evidence. (Id. at 34.)
Finally, AK Steel points out that the ITC “should have considered Canada’s
substantial excess capacity.” (Id.) AK Steel argues that Canada’s significant excess
capacity would easily permit Canadian export expansion into “other sectors and
purchasers beyond the automotive sector” if the orders were lifted. (Id. (see Final Staff
Report at Table CORE‐IV‐20 and CORE‐IV‐30 (C.R. 742)).)
2. Defendant ITC
The ITC argues in response that it exercised discretion reasonably when it
decided not to cumulate subject imports from Canada with any other country and that
this decision was supported by substantial evidence. (ITC Resp. Br. at 27‐28, 34‐36.)
The Commission found that, among the subject countries, the Canadian industry was
characterized by a condition of competition that was unique “because auto producers
and auto parts suppliers considered the United States and Canada as a unified market
for production and sourcing decisions.” (ITC Resp. Br. at 27.) Moreover, “Canada was
a net importer of corrosion‐resistant steel, with U.S. exports to Canada exceeding
exports from Canada to the United States during the period of review.” (Id.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 26
The ITC also argues that AK Steel’s position that the Auto Producers’ own
questionnaires are contradictory, falls flat. (Id.) The ITC pointed out, for example, that
[[
]] (Id.) Also since Canada did not
export CoRe to China, “any build‐up in Chinese capacity would not result in any
diversion of Canadian exports to the United States from China or Asia.” (Id. at 28
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 114‐116 (C.R. 831)).)
The Commission did not ignore Canada’s excess capacity, it argues, but
addressed this factor as but one among many. The ITC cited to “other significant
competition factors [that] warranted . . . not cumulating subject imports from Canada.”
(Id. at 35.) Such factors, the ITC argues, included the unified nature of the
U.S./Canadian CoRe auto market, Canada’s consistent supply of imports to the U.S. for
non‐price reasons, Canada’s status as a net importer of CoRe steel (mostly from the
U.S.), and the proportion of imports from Canada that were specialty automotive
products. (Id. at 35‐36 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 114‐116, 140 (C.R. 831)).)
Finally, the ITC argues that the record contains ample evidence in support of its
finding that Auto Producers treat Canada and the U.S. as a unified market. (Id. at 36
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 27
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 114, n.665, 126, n.762 (C.R. 831))) This evidence is
consistent with the ITC’s findings, it argues, that there is a growing global trend toward
consolidations and mergers in steel producers that have enabled producers to serve
their customers’ interest in obtaining CoRe steel locally or regionally. (Id. (citing 2007
Commission Views at 123, 126 (C.R. 831)))
3. Defendant‐Intervenor ArcelorMittal Dofasco, Inc.
Defendant‐Intervenor ArcelorMittal Dofasco Inc. (“Dofasco”) argued in support
of the ITC’s cumulation findings with respect to Canada. The Court finds Dofasco’s
arguments are substantially similar to those presented by the ITC and therefore, the
Court will not recount them one by one in this opinion, although they have been fully
considered.
4. Amici Curiae ~ Auto Producers
The Amici Curiae Auto Producers10 support the ITC’s negative determinations
concerning the ADD and CVD orders on CoRe steel from Australia, France, Japan and
Canada. On cumulation, Auto Producers argue that the ITC decision to not cumulate
CoRe steel imports from Canada with any other subject country, due to “different
conditions of competition,” was supported by substantial evidence. (Auto Prod. Br. at
10
The Auto Producers, which may be the largest domestic consumers of CoRe
steel, “account for approximately 87% of U.S. vehicle production” and purchased some
47.6% of CoRe steel shipments to the U.S. market. (Auto Prod. Br. at 7 & n.3.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 28
36.)
Auto Producers challenge Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s characterization of Auto
Producers’ agency testimony as “legally irrelevant.” (Id.) In testimony before the ITC
Auto Producers explained to the commissioners that the auto industry views the U.S.
and Canada as a “unified market for production and sourcing.” (Id. at 36 (citing 2007
Commission Views at 112 (P.R. 940)).) Auto Producers contend that “the statute
permits the Commission to address any conditions of competition it believes are
relevant in determining whether to cumulate subject imports.” (Id. at 37.) Moreover, as
a factual basis to its decision, the ITC considered the “way in which shipments from
Canada compete in the U.S. market [which] distinguishes them from other subject
imports.” (Id.) Auto Producers argue that the ITC correctly decided to distinguish
Canadian CoRe in its cumulation decision by relying on record evidence that
demonstrates Auto Producers’ CoRe steel sourcing preference from North American
suppliers. (Id. at 37‐38.) Finally Auto Producers note that their testimony to the ITC
demonstrated another distinguishing feature of the Canadian CoRe steel market. Auto
Producers “frequently source CoRe for their Canadian production operations from U.S.
CoRe producers, and vice versa.” (Id. at 38.) Auto Producers conclude that this record
evidence further promotes the argument that the ITC made a correct cumulation
determination. (Id.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 29
The Court finds Auto Producers’ remaining arguments on cumulation, including
those made at Oral Argument, are substantially similar to those presented elsewhere by
other parties and thus, the Court need not recount them in this Opinion, although they
have been fully considered.
E. Contentions ~ Germany & Korea
1. German Plaintiffs11
German Plaintiffs argue that the ITC’s determination to cumulate German
subject imports with subject imports from Korea is not supported by substantial
evidence or is not otherwise in accordance with law. (German Pl.’s Br. at 9‐36.)
First, German Plaintiffs focus on the ITC’s “discernible adverse impact analysis”
and argue that it is not supported by substantial evidence or is not otherwise in
accordance with law. (Id. at 9 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7)).) The German Plaintiffs
contend that the “record evidence in this review establishes an absence of available
excess capacity and export orientation, and the lack of any economic incentive to direct
German CoRe exports to the U.S. market.” (Id. at 10.) Thus, they argue, the ITC’s
conclusion that German CoRe steel imports would not be likely to have “no discernible
adverse impact” on the U.S. industry if the orders were revoked is “unreasonable.” (Id.
11
Auto Producers take no position with respect to the appeal of the German
Plaintiffs challenging the ITC’s affirmative determination over CoRe steel imports from
Germany. (Amici Br. at 2 n.2.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 30
at 10.)
Next, German Plaintiffs assert that the ITC’s exercise of discretion to cumulate
German CoRe steel imports with Korean CoRe steel imports is not supported by
substantial evidence or is otherwise not in accordance with law. (Id. at 22.) The
German Plaintiffs argue that “[c]onsidering the unique competition factors for German
CoRe in the U.S. market” the ITC’s cumulation determination was wrong. (Id. at 23, 24
(citing Neenah Foundry Co. v. United States, 25 CIT 702, 708, 155 F. Supp.2d 766, 771
(2001) (ITC justified in refusing to cumulate when “one nation’s exports developed
trends in the U.S. market that were distinct from the market patterns of other countries’
competing exports.”)).)
Third, German Plaintiffs contend that the ITC’s cumulation decision is
“inconsistent with past practice and sets precedent12 not anchored in the language and
spirit of the antidumping laws.” (Id. at 32.) The German Plaintiffs challenge the ITC’s
conclusion that German/Korean producers’ current lack of a significant U.S. presence,
12
German Plaintiffs argue that the ITC’s practice of evaluating specific
competition factors, such as differences in volume and price trends, in declining to
cumulate, “constitutes agency practice” and therefore “there is no rational basis for the
Commission to ignore such practice and cumulate Korean and German producers”
together. (German Pl.’s Br. at 30‐32 n.37 (citing e.g., Stainless Steel Wire Rod from
Brazil, France, and India, USITC Pub. 3866, Inv. Nos. 731‐TA‐636‐638, at 11–14 (July
2006) (Second Review) (“not cumulating French imports based on, inter alia, higher
prices and a closer relationship to its regional market, the EU”); Torrington Co. v.
United States, 16 CIT 220, 229‐31, 790 F. Supp. 1161, 1171–73 (1992) (“affirming the ITC’s
determination not to cumulate when, inter alia, pricing and volume trends differed”)).)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 31
through local domestic affiliations, demonstrates their inability to exercise their “strong
interest” in the U.S. market in ways that are not anti‐competitive. (Id. at 32–33.)
Germain Plaintiffs find that such a conclusion is not only speculative and unsupported
by substantial evidence but very likely prejudicial and “inconsistent with antidumping
law.” (Id. at 32‐36.)
Finally, the German Plaintiffs argue that, if cumulation is appropriate at all,
German CoRe imports “should have been cumulated with the Australian, French, and
Japanese respondents given the similarities in competition factors.” (Id. at 34.) The
German Plaintiffs then detail the similarities between themselves and the Australian,
French and Japanese producers. (Id. at 34‐36.)
2. Defendant ITC
In defense of its determination to cumulate German and Korean imports
together, the ITC stresses that a discernible adverse impact analysis “‘is relatively easy
. . . to satisfy.’” (ITC Resp. Br. at 37 (quoting Wieland‐Werke AG v. United States, No.
06‐00135, Slip Op. 07‐163 at 16‐17 (Ct. Int’l Trade Nov. 7, 2007)).)
The ITC argues that it did not ignore the fact that the German producers reported
[[ ]] capacity utilization in January to June 2006. (Id. at 38.) Instead, the ITC
“reasonably concluded” that German producers reported [[ ]] in every
other portion of the POR and that there were significant fluctuations year‐to‐year in
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 32
their [[ ]] levels. (Id.) Further, the ITC determined that “German
producers would have available capacity in the reasonably foreseeable future.” (Id.
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 109, n.629 (C.R. 831)))
The ITC also contends that it specifically addressed evidence that a significant
portion of German Plaintiffs’ CoRe shipments during the POR were to home and
regional (i.e., European Union (“E.U.”)) markets. (Id. (citing 2007 Commission Views at
109‐110 (C.R. 831))) Moreover, the ITC offers that it is the German Plaintiffs who
ignored evidence that German subject imports increased 63.5%—from 46,453 short tons
in 2000 to 75,941 short tons in 2005. (Id. (citing 2007 Commission Views at 110 (C.R.
831)))
Responding to German Plaintiffs’ criticism that the Commission failed to credit
the domestic industry’s vulnerability in its discernible adverse impact analysis, the ITC
argues that while “on occasion,” it may consider the domestic industry’s vulnerability
in conducting a discernible adverse impact analysis, doing so is neither a statutory
requirement nor a regular ITC practice. (Id. at 38‐39.)
The ITC next addresses a litany of German Plaintiffs’ arguments that it “failed to
consider” certain evidence. (Id. at 39‐41.) In sum, the ITC contends that it did not
ignore any of this evidence but “merely came to different, albeit reasonable,
conclusions.” (Id. at 39 (emphasis in original).) In the end, the ITC argues, “product
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 33
type and end uses” did not sufficiently distinguish German imports from that of any
other country. (Id. at 40.)
The ITC argues that “the salient facts underlying [its] decision to cumulate”
German and Korean imports “were each country’s interest in supplying, and ability to
access, the United States market.” (Id. at 42.) Evidence from the record indicated:
• Significant and increasing levels of CoRe during the
POR;
• Exports to Canada and Mexico;
• Thyssen’s intentions to open a U.S. facility but its
inability to do so in the reasonably foreseeable future’
• Thyssen’s affiliation with a U.S. distributor of CoRe
steel;
• Germany’s and Korea’s lack of affiliations with U.S.
producers.
(Id.)
3. Defendant‐Intervenors ArcelorMittal USA Inc., Nucor Corp. & SDI, and
USS
Defendant‐Intervenors ArcelorMittal USA Inc. (“Arcelor”) and USS argued in
support of the ITC’s findings with respect to Germany. (Arcelor’s Br. In Resp. to
German Pl’s Mot. For Jmt. On Agency R. at 10‐40; USS’s Br. In Opp. To German Pl’s
Mot. For Jmt. On Agency R. at 4‐39.) The Court finds that Arcelor’s and USS’s
arguments are substantially similar to those presented by the ITC and therefore, the
Court will not recount them in this opinion, although they have been helpful and fully
considered.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 34
Nucor Corp. and SDI, in their capacity as Defendant‐Intervenors, raise points
that are also substantially similar to many of the arguments raised by the other
defendant‐intervenors, and the Court therefore will not recount them here one‐by‐one.
(Resp. Br. of Nucor Corp. and Steel Dynamics, Inc. (“Nucor/SDI Resp. Br.”) at 6‐42.)
However, Nucor/SDI do raise a few additional arguments that warrant separate
presentation.
First, Nucor/SDI contend that German Pl.’s assertion that the E.U. is essentially
its “home market” is flawed and has previously been rejected by the ITC. (Nucor/SDI
Resp. Br. at 16‐18 (citing inter alia Usinor v. United States, 28 CIT 1107, 1135, 342 F.
Supp. 2d 1267, 1291 (2004) (upholding an ITC determination rejecting German/French
arguments that the E.U. was their home market rather than Germany and France
respectively)).)
Nucor/SDI next argue that German Plaintiffs “confuse and conflate the
cumulation and likelihood of recurrence of material injury analyses.” (Nucor/SDI Resp.
Br. at 23.) Arguing that these are two separate analyses, Nucor/SDI contend that
German Plaintiffs’ insistence that it is illogical for the ITC to find the domestic CoRe
steel industry no longer vulnerable, on the one hand, but find that “the domestic
industry is likely to bear a material negative impact” from German/Korean imports, on
the other hand, is a false choice. (Id. at 23‐25.) Moreover, Nucor/SDI contend that,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 35
notwithstanding German Plaintiffs’ conflated arguments, the ITC’s vulnerability
determination was not supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise not in
accordance with law. (Id. at 25‐27.)
Finally, Nucor/SDI argue that the Commission’s determination “to segregate”
German and Korean producers from Australian, French and Japanese producers is
unsupported by substantial evidence and is otherwise not in accordance with law. (Id.
at 28‐32.) This is because the ITC failed to appreciate the “minor distinctions between
Korean and German producers,” dismissing them as “irrelevant,” whereas the very
same distinctions were used to segregate Germany and Korea from Australia, France
and Japan. (Id. at 29.)
F. Analysis ~ The Commissions’ Cumulation Determination
The statute is clear; in order for the ITC to exercise its discretion and
cumulatively assess the volume and effect of imports in a sunset review, the
Commission must have (1) initiated all the reviews to be cumulated on the same day;
(2) find that the subject imports to be cumulated would be likely to compete with each
other and with domestic like products in the U.S. market; and (3) determine that the
subject imports to be cumulated are each likely to have a “discernible adverse impact”
on the U.S. industry. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7).
As drafted by Congress, the use of the cumulation statute in a sunset review is
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 36
discretionary. Id. Notwithstanding, even if the statutory predicates are met, there is an
express prohibition on cumulation where the ITC “determines that [subject] imports are
likely to have no discernible adverse impact on the domestic industry.” Id. This
exercise of discretion by the ITC, however, must be “predicated upon a judgment
anchored in the language and spirit of the relevant statutes and regulations.” Freeport
Minerals Co. v. United States, 776 F.2d 1029, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
At the outset, no challenge has been posed to the initial element for
cumulation—that the sunset reviews be initiated on the same day—and therefore the
Court need not address this factor in its analysis. The Court then turns to the remaining
statutory requirements/prohibitions: (1) that there is likely no discernible adverse
impact on the domestic industry from the subject imports; and (2) that the subject
imports are likely to compete both with each other and with the domestic like product
in the U.S. marketplace. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7).
1. Likelihood of No Discernible Adverse Impact
The ITC initially did not find applicable the “no discernible adverse impact”
exception to cumulation to any of the subject countries, which would have prevented
the exercise of its discretion to cumulate. See 2007 Commission Views at 108, 119 (C.R.
831)).) The ITC made specific findings with respect to the subject countries13 in order to
13
With respect to Canada, because the ITC declined to cumulate subject imports
from Canada with those of any other country, it did not find it necessary to “decide the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 37
ascertain whether the subject imports from them were likely to have a discernible
adverse impact (or not) upon the domestic industry. The ITC found that with regard to
Australia,14 France,15 Japan,16 Germany,17
issue of no discernible adverse impact” element with respect to Canada. 2007
Commission Views at 108 (C.R. 831) (The ITC “find[s] it unnecessary to decide the issue
of no discernible adverse impact” because it “decline[d] to cumulate subject imports
from Canada with those from any other subject countries on the basis of differences in
likely conditions of competition”).
14
The ITC found that with respect to Australia, the record indicated that its CoRe
steel industry has significant production capacity, which has increased since the original
investigation. Australia’s excess capacity was [[ ]] short tons in 2005 and its
January‐June 2006 capacity was [[ ]] short tons. 2007 Commission Views at 109
(C.R. 831). There were “some [minimal] imports into the U.S. market” during the POR,
reaching a maximum of 297 short tons in 2003 and dropping to 16 short tons in 2005. Id.
(citing C.R./P.R. Table CORE‐I‐1). See also Final Staff Report at Tables 110‐112 (C.R.
742).
15
The ITC found that with respect to France, the record indicated that its CoRe
steel industry has significant production capacity, which has increased since the original
investigation. France’s production capacity went from [[ ]] short tons in 1992
to [[ ]] short tons in 2005. 2007 Commission Views at 109 (C.R. 831). French
producers’ excess capacity was [[ ]] short tons in 2005 and its January‐June 2006
capacity was [[ ]] short tons. Id. (citing C.R./P.R. Table CORE‐IV‐29).
Notwithstanding the orders that were in place during the POR, there was a presence in
the U.S. market by French producers, though at a declining rate. Id. French CoRe steel
imports peaked in 2002 at 15,753 short tons and were 1,778 short tons in 2005. Id. (citing
C.R./P.R. Table CORE‐I‐1). See also Final Staff Report at Tables 110‐112 (C.R. 742).
16
The ITC found that with respect to Japan, the record indicated that its CoRe
steel industry had significant production capacity, which had increased since the
original investigation. Japan’s production capacity went from [[ ]] short tons
in 1992 to [[ ]] short tons in 2005. 2007 Commission Views at 110‐111 (C.R.
831). Japanese producers’ excess capacity was [[ ]] short tons in 2005 and its
January‐June 2006 capacity was [[ ]] short tons. Id. (citing C.R./P.R.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 38
and Korea,18 “the information on the record indicate[d] that the [CoRe steel] industry in
Table CORE‐IV‐47). Japanese CoRe maintained a presence in the U.S. market during
the POR, peaking in 2000 at 27,543 short tons to a low of 16,762 short tons in 2005. Id.
(citing C.R./P.R. Table CORE‐I‐1). See also Final Staff Report at Tables 110‐112 (C.R.
742).
17
With respect to Germany, the ITC found that the record indicated that its CoRe
steel industry had increased both capacity and production from [[ ]] short tons
of capacity in 1992 to [[ ]] short tons in 2005, and [[ ]] short tons of
production in 1992 to [[ ]] short tons in 2005. Germany’s capacity utilization
in 2005 was [[ ]]%, which was above that of the original investigation period; it had
dropped from [[ ]]% in 1999, during the first POR. 2007 Commission Views at 109
(C.R. 831). German producers’ excess capacity was [[ ]] short tons in 2005,
equivalent to almost [[ ]]% of apparent U.S. consumption and U.S. production. Id.
(citing C.R./P.R. Tables C‐7, CORE‐IV‐38). The ITC found that while CoRe imports in
this second POR were lower than in the first POR, they increased 63.5% from 2000 to
2005 from 46,453 short tons in 2000 to 75,941 short tons in 2005. Id. at 110 (citing
C.R./P.R. Table C‐7). The ITC also found that the German CoRe industry is “export‐
oriented” as exports accounted for over [[ ]]% of German shipments each year since
2000. Id. (citing C.R./P.R. Table CORE‐IV‐38). Finally, the ITC noted that the record
reflected that German exports “to markets outside the EU increased in 2005, much of
which was to the United States.” Id. at 110 n.632.
18
With respect to Korea, the ITC found that the record indicated that imports of
CoRe steel were 193,513 short tons in 1992. 2007 Commission Views at 111 (C.R. 831)
(citing C.R./P.R. at Table CORE‐I‐1). Notwithstanding the orders, Korean producers
substantially increased their exports to the U.S. during the POR “reaching a high of
330,858 short tons in 2005, or 1.5% of apparent U.S. consumption.” Id. Korean CoRe
producers reported “steady increases” in capacity from 3.1 million short tons in 1992 to
8.4 million short tons in 2005, but a drop in capacity utilization from 93.8% in 1992 to
87.0% in 2005. Id. (citing C.R./P.R. at Table CORE‐IV‐54). The ITC found that Korea’s
excess capacity was 1.1 million short tons in 2005. Id. In addition, the ITC found that
Korean producers shipped substantial volumes of CoRe (28.8% of total shipments in
2005 (2.1 million short tons)) to countries other than the U.S., of which some 900,000
short tons went to markets outside of Asia. Id. This demonstrated a willingness to
“seek out markets that are distant” from Korea. Id. at 111; see also Final Staff Reports at
110‐111, 113 (C.R. 742).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 39
each of these subject countries has significant production capacity and has increased its
capacity since the original period of investigation.” 2007 Commission Views at 111
(C.R. 831). In addition, the ITC found that the subject producers in each country have
“unused capacity,” maintained some level of exports to the U.S. market, and
“undersold U.S. producers” periodically during the original investigation, and in some
cases, during the POR as well. Id.
This Court now addresses Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s argument that two of the
four commissioners in the majority—Chairman Pearson and Commissioner
Okun—“ignor[ed] the statutory factors” and “disregarded the prescribed statutory
requirements” for cumulation, and finds them to be without merit. (See Joint Pl.’s Br. at
19; USS Br. at 16.) A review of the record demonstrates to the Court that both Chairman
Pearson and Commissioner Okun exercised their discretion well‐within the bounds of
the statute. Chiefly, Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun both explicitly stated
that they were joining the “no discernible adverse impact” analysis of their fellow
commissioners in the majority. See 2007 Commission Views at 107 n.612 (C.R. 831)
(Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun “join Vice Chairman Aranoff and
Commissioner Hillman’s discussion of the [cumulation] issues . . . and reach the same
conclusion.”). The perspective of Joint Plaintiffs and USS requires an overly narrow
reading of the cumulation statute contrary to the plain text of section 1675a(a)(7).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 40
Stripped bare, Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s argument is that Chairman Pearson and
Commissioner Okun chose to conduct their cumulation analysis in a different order
than Vice Chairman Aranoff and Commissioner Hillman. However, nothing in the
language of the cumulation statute requires the ITC to conduct its analysis in a
particular order. When this Court examines section 1675a(a)(7), it finds that the statute
does not mandate any particular sequence of analysis. Neither have Joint Plaintiffs nor
USS pointed to any authority that would require such a sequence; nor does the Court
find any such suggestion in its review of the legislative history. Cf. Nippon Steel Corp.
v. United States, 25 CIT 1415, 1421 n.12, 182 F. Supp.2d 1330, 1337 n.12 (2001) (“neither
the governing statute nor its legislative history requires adoption of any particular
analysis”) (internal citation and alteration omitted).
The Court recognizes that the ITC is vested with statutory authority to exercise
discretion when it comes to cumulation in a sunset review. See Allegheny Ludlum
Corp., 475 F. Supp.2d at 1380‐81 (The ITC “has wide latitude in selecting the types of
factors it considers relevant” in its cumulation analysis.). The Commission is clearly
authorized to cumulate subject imports from several countries if they are likely to have
a “discernible adverse impact” and if they are “likely to compete with each other and
with domestic like products in the [U.S.] market.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7). The
language is unambiguous: though the cumulation requirements may be met, the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 41
Commission may nevertheless decline to cumulate as a proper exercise of its power of
agency discretion. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) (“the Commission may cumulatively
assess . . .”); SAA at 887 (“[n]ew section 752(a)(7) grants the Commission discretion to
engage in a cumulative analysis” in sunset reviews) (emphasis added); see also Ugine‐
Savoie Imphy v. United States, 26 CIT 851, 852, 248 F. Supp. 2d 1208, 1210‐11 (2002)
(“While the above limitations prevent cumulation in certain circumstances, in all other
instances cumulation is discretionary, not mandatory.”).
Notwithstanding the ITC’s considerable discretion with respect to cumulation in
the first instance, the statutes’ “no discernible adverse impact” element serves as an
“express limitation on [its] discretion to cumulate.” Neenah Foundry Co., 25 CIT at 705,
155 F. Supp.2d at 769. Logically, however, this express limitation applies only if the
Commission decides to exercise its discretion to cumulate the relevant subject countries
in the first instance. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) (“[t]he Commission shall not . . .”).
Therefore, if the ITC declines to cumulate—as it declined to cumulate Canada with the
other subject countries and declined to cumulate Australia, France, Japan, Germany,
and Korea all together—then this statutory prohibition does not come into play. Cf.
Chefline Corp. v. United States, 26 CIT 878, 880, 219 F. Supp.2d 1303, 1306 (2002)
(upholding ITC’s determination not to consider all the statutory factors where a single
factor was dispositive of cumulation); see also U.S. Steel Group, 96 F.3d at 1362 (“So
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 42
long as the Commission’s analysis does not violate any statute and is not otherwise
arbitrary and capricious, the Commission may perform its duties in the way it believes
most suitable.”).
Individual Commissioners, therefore, are not required to apply identical
analytical methodologies when the statute requires no such result.19 See U.S. Steel
Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (“So long as the
Commission’s analysis does not violate any statute and is not otherwise arbitrary and
capricious, the Commission may perform its duties in the way it believes most
suitable.”). On this record the Court is satisfied that Chairman Pearson and
Commissioner Okun performed their duty, properly exercised their discretion, and
conducted the statutory cumulation analysis as required by law. See Nucor
19
The cases cited by Plaintiffs for the proposition that there is a requirement that
the ITC must first consider certain factors in the cumulation statute in order, are
inapposite. (USS Br. at 16‐17.) Angus Chemical Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1478
(Fed. Cir. 1998), cited by USS, deals with a different statute and different statutory
language. In Angus Chemical the statute involved includes the mandatory language
“shall consider . . . in each case.” Id. at 1483. By contrast, this language is not part of the
instant cumulation statute. Again, section 1675a(a)(7) is imbued with the language of
discretion. Joint Plaintiffs cite to Massachusetts v. EPA, a case about the text of the
Clean Air Act concerning whether an agency must exercise its discretion within the
defined statutory limits. Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497, 127 S. Ct. 1438 (2007). (See
Joint Pl.’s Br. at 19‐22). Unlike the “wide latitude” delegated by Congress to the ITC
regarding cumulation in sunset reviews, the statute under review in Massachusetts,
regarding the EPA’s scope of authority to render “scientific judgment[s]” on air
pollutants, is markedly more narrow. Cf. Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 475 F. Supp.2d at
1380 with Massachusetts, 127 S. Ct. at 1463. Thus, the analysis in Massachusetts is
inapposite.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 43
Corporation v. United States, 32 CIT __, __, 569 F. Supp. 2d 1328, 1340 n.4 (2008) (“This
analysis is [in] accordance with law. Nothing in the cumulation provision requires the
ITC to consider any factors, but only prohibits cumulation if these threshold
requirements are not met.”) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7)); see also 2007 Commission
Views at 107 n.612 (C.R. 831).
Because the Commission’s interpretation and application of the no discernible
adverse impact standard is supported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with
the law, this exception to cumulation under 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7) does not apply.
2. Likelihood of a Reasonable Overlap of Competition
Following a determination that the “no discernible adverse impact” exception is
inapplicable, the ITC must then conduct a “reasonable overlap of competition” analysis.
See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7). “[T]o support cumulation, the ITC must find a reasonable
overlap of competition between imports from the subject countries and the domestic
like product.” Noviant OY v. United States, 30 CIT __, __, 451 F. Supp. 2d 1367, 1379
(2006) (citations and quotes omitted). Only a “reasonable overlap” of competition is
necessary. See Wieland Werke, AG v. United States, 13 CIT 561, 563, 718 F. Supp. 50, 52
(1989); Granges Metallverken AB v. United States, 13 CIT 471, 477, 716 F. Supp. 17, 22
(1989) (“[T]he Commission need only find evidence of reasonable overlap in
competition to support its determination to cumulate imports.”). On this sunset review
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 44
record, the ITC concluded that “[o]n balance . . . there will likely be a reasonable overlap
of competition between subject imports from each country and the domestic like
product as well as among subject imports from each country should the orders be
revoked.” 2007 Commission Views at 113 (C.R. 831).
Traditionally, the Commission has considered this statutory element by reference
to a “four factor” test—(1) fungibility; (2) sales or offers in the same geographic markets;
(3) common or similar channels of distribution; and (4) simultaneous presence. See 2007
Commission Views at 21 n.60, 112 n.648 (C.R. 831).20 During its five‐year reviews, the
Commission’s “relevant inquiry is whether there likely would be a reasonable overlap
of competition even if none currently exists because the subject imports are absent from
the U.S. market.” Id. at 112. However, neither this test nor the “traditional” four factors
test are singularly dispositive or the sole factors the ITC may consider.21 See Allegheny
Ludlum, 475 F. Supp. 2d at 1377‐81; Neenah Foundry Co., 25 CIT 702. The ITC noted in
20
Citing Certain Cast‐Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea, and
Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 731‐TA‐278‐280 (Final), USITC Pub. 1845 (May 1986), aff’d Fundicao
Tupy, S.A. v. United States, 678 F. Supp. 898 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1988), aff’d 859 F.2d 915
(Fed. Cir. 1988); Mukand Ltd. v. United States, 937 F. Supp. 910, 915 (Ct. Int’l Trade
1996)).
21
Indeed the ITC argues that its “four factor test is not specified in the statute”
nor is it dispositive of whether the imports are likely to compete with one another or
whether the ITC should exercise its discretion to cumulate, contrary to Joint Plaintiffs’
and USS’s contentions. (ITC Resp. Br. at 18‐19.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 45
its determination that as part of its cumulation analysis it “generally has considered
[that the] four factors provide a framework for determining whether the imports
compete with each other and with the domestic like product.” 2007 Commission Views
at 21 n.60 (C.R. 831). However, the Commission also considers “other significant
conditions of competition that are likely to prevail if the orders under review are
terminated.” 2007 Commission Views at 21 (C.R. 831).
In this determination22 the ITC relied on evidence showing that domestically
produced and imported CoRe steel “are fungible products” since they “share the same
essential chemical and physical properties” and there is a “moderate to high degree of
substitution between them.” 2007 Commission Views at 112 (C.R. 831) (citing CORE‐II‐
21, ‐30). Moreover, “producers, importers, and purchasers reported that [CoRe]
steel . . . is always or frequently interchangeable . . . as long as the steel conforms to the
purchaser’s specifications or the supplier has been approved.” Id. (citing CORE‐II‐21).
“[T]he types of [CoRe] steel that the subject producers either exported to the United
States or produced during the review period reveal a sufficient degree of fungibility
among the subject imports and with the domestic product.” Id. Additionally, the ITC
determined that there is “reasonable” or “sufficient” overlap with respect to the types of
22
During the original investigation and the first sunset review, the majority of
commissioners on the ITC voted to cumulate subject imports from all subject countries
“based on a reasonable overlap of competition.” 2007 Commission Views at 112 (C.R.
831).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 46
CoRe steel products produced by the subject countries and exported to the U.S., as well
as with their channels of distribution. Id. at 113 (C.R. 831).
Finally, with respect to simultaneous presence, the ITC found that “imports from
each of the subject countries have been present in the U.S. market during at least some
portion” of the POR. Id. The ITC then concluded that should the ADD/CVD orders be
revoked, “there will likely be a reasonable overlap of competition” between CoRe steel
from the subject countries and the domestic like product. Id. Based on the foregoing
analysis, this Court finds the Commission’s findings in this regard are “consistent with
the view that the ITC can exercise discretion in assessing the factors germane to the
analysis.” Copperweld Corp. v. United States, 12 CIT 148, 161, 682 F. Supp. 552, 566
(1988).
Regarding Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s arguments that Chairman Pearson’s and
Commissioner Okun’s cumulation analysis is erroneous since they conducted neither a
“likelihood of competition” nor “discernible adverse impact” analysis, this Court agrees
with the ITC that such arguments are “flawed.” (ITC Resp. Br. at 19.) Both Chairman
Pearson and Commissioner Okun clearly joined Vice Chairman Aranoff’s and
Commissioner Hillman’s discussion of no discernible adverse impact, reasonable
overlap of competition, and other conditions of competition. See 2007 Commission
Views at 107 n.612 (C.R. 831). Moreover, as the ITC points out, Chairman Pearson and
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 47
Commissioner Okun considered all the statutory factors but merely considered them in
a different order than the other commissioners.23 (ITC Resp. Br. at 19‐20.) This Court
agrees.
The Court also rejects Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s arguments that the ITC’s
conditions of competition analysis was not “counterfactual” due to its use of existing
conditions of competition for the subject imports. Joint Plaintiffs and USS complain that
the ITC erred when it based this analysis on the market conditions when the orders
were in place (as opposed to beforehand) and “unlawfully failed to evaluate the likely
behavior of imports if the orders were revoked.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 24‐25; see also USS
Br. at 19‐20.) The ITC, Joint Plaintiffs allege, “erroneously relied upon the subject
producers’ behavior during the period of [the second] review while the discipline of the
orders was in place.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 25.)
This Court finds in the record that the Commission assessed both current and
likely conditions to determine whether imports from the several countries would likely
compete under different conditions of competition upon revocation. See 2007
Commission Views at 8‐9, 114 (C.R. 831); see also SAA at 884 (The ITC may consider
“relevant factors such as current . . . shipment levels and . . . prices” in its sunset
23
With Canada, Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun decided on the
grounds of “administrative economy” to not analyze the “no discernible adverse
impact” factor since they had already declined to exercise their discretion to cumulate
subject imports from that country. (ITC Resp. Br. 20.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 48
analysis.)
USS argued that the ITC “paid no attention to what occurred during the period
of the original investigation” prior to the ADD and CVD orders. (USS Br. at 19.)
Relying on legislative history, Joint Plaintiffs and USS argue that a lawful analysis by
the ITC should have considered data on import behavior from the original investigation
(prior to when the orders were instituted) in order to assess the likely import volume
from the subject countries if the orders were revoked. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 24‐25; USS Br. at
19‐20.) This is simply not true. The Court rejects this argument because the ITC clearly
cited to specific evidence in the administrative record where it discussed evidence from
its cumulation findings in the original CoRe investigations and the first reviews. See
2007 Commission Views at 108‐112, nn.624, 627, 636, 639, and 645. (C.R. 831). Moreover
the Commission specifically noted that the statute “directs [it] to take into account its
prior injury determinations.” 2007 Commission Views at 23 (C.R. 831). In any case,
findings and evidence from prior periods are not dispositive of the Commission’s
cumulation analysis. See Neenah Foundry Co., 25 CIT at 709; Usinor, 28 CIT at 1135
(“there is limited precedential value to previous reviews because the Commission is not
required to make identical determinations in each, and it must consider each subject
import and the circumstances of each investigation sui generis”). Case in point, the ITC
noted that certain significant changes had taken place during this second review that
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 49
distinguished it from similarities that existed in the conditions of competition from the
first review. See ITC Resp. Br. at 22‐23. Given the developments that transpired
between the first and second reviews, it was reasonable for the ITC to decide not to
follow its cumulation decision from the first POR. See Usinor, 28 CIT at 1135.
Accordingly, this Court holds that there is substantial evidence in the record to
support the ITC’s finding of a reasonable overlap in competition among the subject
imports, and such determination is otherwise in accordance with law.
3. Other Considerations ~ The “Conditions Of Competition”
Having met the statutory elements for cumulation, the Commission went a step
further and considered some additional factors in order to assess whether “other
significant conditions of competition . . . are likely to prevail if the orders under review
are terminated.” 2007 Commission Views at 21, 113‐119 (C.R. 831). The Commission
explained that these other significant “conditions of competition” would indicate
whether or not it should exercise its discretion to cumulate certain countries together.
See id. at 113. These “other factors” included the “likely differing conditions of
competition for the subject imports, likely differences in price or volume trends, or
transnational ownership of facilities producing the subject product.” Id.
Joint Plaintiffs and USS challenged these “other considerations” and argue that
the ITC erred in its findings and, instead, should have cumulated the subject imports all
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 50
together. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 17‐38; USS Br. at 10‐25.) They challenge the ITC’s
determination here on two broad fronts, first, that the Commission applied an
“incorrect” conditions of competition analysis in contravention of the statute (see Joint
Pl.’s Br. at 22‐26; USS Br. at 12‐25) and second, the Commission’s determination was not
supported by substantial evidence (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 26‐38; USS Br. at 10‐25.)
a. The ITC’s conditions of competition analysis was proper.
Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s first point is that it was wrong for the ITC to consider
the “extra‐statutory analysis of ‘conditions of competition’ without consideration” of
the elements of section 1675a(a)(7). Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s arguments appear to
center on the ITC’s alleged failure to focus on the existence of differing conditions of
competition, rather than the Commission’s traditional four‐factor test. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at
19‐22; USS Br. at 12‐18; see also ITC Resp. Br. at 18.) The Court finds these arguments
unavailing.
The cumulation statute does not require that the Commission consider any
particular factors (i.e., the “four factor” test) in determining whether it will exercise its
discretion to cumulate. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7); Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 475 F.
Supp.2d at 1377‐78, 1379‐81 (The ITC “has wide latitude in selecting the types of factors
it considers relevant” in its cumulation analysis.). Moreover, precedent affirms that the
ITC “has wide latitude in selecting the types of factors it considers relevant in
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 51
undertaking its cumulation analysis.” Id. at 1380; see Neenah Foundry Co., 25 CIT at
709 (individual sunset review determinations do not bind ITC to use those same factors
in other determinations).
Both Joint Plaintiffs and USS also contend that the ITC’s conditions of
competition analysis violated the “language and spirit of the relevant statute and
regulations.” (USS Br. at 12; see also Joint Pl.’s Br. at 22‐24.) Citing both to the
legislative history of the mandatory cumulation statute for ITC investigations (which is
not at issue in this lawsuit) and the discretionary sunset review cumulation statute,
Joint Plaintiffs and USS seek to impress upon the court Congress’s regard for
cumulation as a “critical component of the antidumping and countervailing duty law.”
(USS Br. at 13 (citing S.A.A., H. Rep. No. 103‐316 at 847 (1994), reprinted in 1994
U.S.C.A.A.N. 4040, 4181).) Indeed, in devising the cumulation statutes, Congress
endeavored to ensure that the domestic industry could not be harmed by a “hammering
effect” of unfairly traded imports from multiple countries—a consequence that could
arise where subject imports are reviewed on a country‐by‐country basis. See Cogne
Acciai Speciali S.P.A. v. United States, 29 CIT 1168,1171‐72 (2005).
Joint Plaintiffs and USS argue that the cumulation analyses (or lack thereof)
conducted by Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun undermine this
Congressional intent vis‐à‐vis the “hammering effect.” (USS Br. at 14‐15; Joint Pl.’s Br.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 52
at 19‐22.) This argument too, is unpersuasive. Chairman Pearson and Commissioner
Okun explicitly state in their determination that they join the discussion of their
colleagues in the majority—Vice Chairman Aranoff and Commissioner Hillman—and
reach the same conclusion. 2007 Commission Views at 107 n.612 (C.R. 831). Chairman
Pearson and Commissioner Okun need state no more. Neither is there a statutory
command that the ITC respond to every piece of evidence presented, Granges
Metallverken AB, 716 F. Supp. at 24, nor a rule that the ITC proscribe to a particular
cumulation methodology, see Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 475 F. Supp.2d at 1378, 1379‐81.
More to the point, this Court cannot void the ITC’s exercise of discretion based on an
alleged failure to explain a piece of evidence, especially where the challenged point is
clearly part of the record. Compare USS Br. 13‐15 with 2007 Commission Views at 107
n.612 and 112 n.647 (C.R. 831). Chairman Pearson and Commissioner Okun therefore
are presumed to have considered these points.24
Moreover, Joint Plaintiffs’ argument is based on what it characterizes as
24
While it is an abuse of discretion for an agency to fail to
consider an issue properly raised by the record evidence, the
fact that certain information is not discussed in a Commission
determination does not establish that the Commission failed to
consider that information because there is no statutory
requirement that the Commission respond to each piece of
evidence presented by the parties.
Granges Metallverken AB, 716 F. Supp. at 24 (citations omitted).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 53
precedent: the ITC “correctly employed the ‘conditions of competition’ analysis in the
first sunset review,” which by statute, they argue, requires the Commission to consider
the “conditions of competition impacting the domestic industry—not the conditions
affecting foreign producers.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 22 (citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675a(a)(4) and
1677(7)(C)(iii)) (emphasis added).) Joint Plaintiffs maintain that the Commission
“departed” from the analysis conducted in the first review without explanation and is
therefore arbitrary and ultra vires of the statute. (Id. at 23 n.5 (citing Citrosuco Paulista,
S.A. v. United States, 12 CIT 1196, 1209, 704 F. Supp. 1075, 1088 (1998) (“an agency must
either conform itself to its prior decisions or explain the reasons for its departure”)).)
This argument is unavailing.
First, the ITC did take the cumulation findings from the original investigation
and first sunset review into consideration. (ITC Resp. Br. at 22; 2007 Commission Views
at 23, 108‐112 nn.622, 624, 627, 636, 639 & 645 (C.R. 831).)
Second, this Court does not find that the ITC has established an agency practice
from which it has deviated. Precedent instructs that an agency practice is established
when a uniform procedure exists that would lead a party to reasonably expect that the
agency would adhere to the procedure. See Ranchers‐Cattlemen Action Legal Found. v.
United States, 23 CIT 861, 884‐85, 74 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1374 (1999). The Court is not
convinced that a uniform “conditions of competition” practice was established simply
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 54
by the first review. Additionally, the ITC’s conditions of competition analysis has
previously been met with approval by this Court. See, e.g. Allegheny Ludlum Corp.,
475 F. Supp.2d at 1377‐78.
Third, the ITC is not bound by prior determinations if new arguments or facts
support an alternative conclusion. See Citrosuco Paulista, 12 CIT at 1209. Indeed, “a
particular circumstance in a prior investigation cannot be regarded by the Commission
as dispositive of the determination in a later investigation.” USEC, Inc. v. United States,
25 CIT 49, 64, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1, 14 (2001). The record here demonstrates that the
economic facts and market conditions established during the second POR are vastly
different from those of the first POR.
Finally, the ITC’s “conditions of competition” analysis is not ultra vires of the
cumulation statute. Joint Plaintiffs incorrectly ascribe as binding authority, the
irrelevant statutes concerning the likely impact of the subject imports on the domestic
industry (see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675a(a)(4) and 1677(7)(C)(iii)) instead of the relevant
cumulation statute (19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(7)) under analysis here.
b. Joint Plaintiffs and USS have failed to establish that the ITC’s exercise
of discretion was clearly erroneous.
Joint Plaintiffs and USS contend is that the ITC must analyze the “likely” effects
on the domestic industry, in the reasonably foreseeable future, should the ADD/CVD
orders be revoked. (Id.) Premised on a reading of the legislative history interpreting
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 55
the “likelihood standard,” they argue that the ITC is supposed to analyze a hypothetical
domestic market upon revocation of an ADD/CVD order prospectively and not as it
exists presently. Id. (“[U]nder the likelihood standard, the Commission will engage in a
counter factual analysis: it must decide the likely impact in the reasonably foreseeable
future of an important change in the status quo—the revocation or termination of a
proceeding and the elimination of its restraining effects on volumes and prices of
imports.”). See also SAA at 883‐884. On this basis, USS calls upon this Court to reject
the ITC’s analysis because it “erroneously relied upon the subject producers’ behavior
during the period of review while the discipline of the orders was in place.” (USS Br. at
25.) The ITC should have looked to pre‐order data (i.e. data from the CoRe steel market
prior to 1993), Joint Plaintiffs and USS argue, which is the most recent period where the
subject imports competed with the domestic products without the “discipline” of the
ADD/CVD orders. (Id.)
While Plaintiffs are correct that the ADD/CVD statutes require the ITC to
consider its prior injury determinations during a sunset review, such findings from the
original investigation are not themselves dispositive. See Timkin Co. v. United States,
27 CIT 605, 612, 264 F. Supp.2d 1264, 1274 (2003) (citing SAA at 886). A review of the
record demonstrates that the ITC did in fact examine the past, current, and likely
market conditions. See, e.g. 2007 Commission Views at 23, 108‐112 nn. 622, 624, 627,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 56
636, 639 & 645, 120‐149 (C.R. 831). Moreover, the ITC is permitted to consider current
conditions as part of its analysis. See SAA at 884 (ITC may consider “relevant factors
such as current . . . depressed shipment levels and . . . prices” in its sunset analysis.). It
is, therefore, this Court’s determination that Plaintiffs have not established that the
ITC’s exercise of discretion was clearly erroneous. See Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416.
Joint Plaintiffs and USS also allege errors in the ITC’s cumulation analysis
claiming it was “inconsistent.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 27‐28, 35.) This court disagrees,
however. The ITC responds, and this Court agrees, that though the four‐factor test
indicated to the ITC that the subject producer’s CoRe steel was fungible, shipped to
substantially similar end users, and exhibited simultaneous presence and geographic
overlap during the POR, the evidence pertaining to the other conditions “told the
Commission that certain countries did not have an interest in supplying the U.S. market
for the reasonably foreseeable future, while other countries did.” (ITC Resp. Br. at 28‐29
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 112‐13, 117‐19 (C.R. 831).) The ITC reasonably
focused its analysis on the incentives that the subject CoRe producers had to export to
the U.S. market in the reasonably foreseeable future. Usinor Industeel, S.A., 26 CIT at
1409‐11. This Court finds that it was reasonable for the ITC to consider import data on
the levels of CoRe from the subject countries in order to deduce which countries would
likely be interested in the U.S. market for a significant share of their exports. 2007
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 57
Commission Views at 112‐113 (C.R. 831).
The Court also rejects Joint Plaintiffs’ and UCC’s argument that the French and
Japanese producers’ affiliations with U.S. producers does not support a finding of no
interest in the U.S. market. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 35‐36; USS Br. at 23‐25.) The record
supports the ITC’s contention that during the second review, the multinational
affiliations were part of a growing domestic and global trend toward mergers among
CoRe steel producers, which in turn enable the producers to better serve their
customers’ interests in sourcing CoRe steel from sources locally and regionally. 2007
Commission Views at 119, 122, 123, 126, 132 n.814 (C.R. 831). Unlike the first POR
where the Asian financial crisis had plagued the worldwide market, severely limiting
demand for CoRe, the Asian market had recovered by the second POR. This difference
was significant for the ITC. Id. In sum, Joint Plaintiffs and USS have failed to show that
the ITC unreasonably exercised its discretion to cumulate subject imports. Therefore,
having found that there is a “reasonable overlap” of competition among the CoRe steel
imports and domestic product, the ITC’s decision to cumulate in groups is consistent
with the statute, precedent, and is therefore in accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. §
1675a(a)(7); see Weiland Werke, AG, 13 CIT at 563.
c. The ITC’s cumulation determination was supported by substantial
evidence
Joint Plaintiffs/USS/German Plaintiffs also attack the Commission’s
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 58
determination arguing that it was not supported by substantial evidence. (Joint Pl.’s Br.
at 26‐38; USS Br. at 18‐25; German Pl’s Br. at 9‐32.)25 The ITC in response suggests that
Plaintiffs’ protests “merely reflect disagreements with how the Commission weighed
the evidence.” (ITC Resp. Br. at 25.)
In reviewing the record, this Court finds the Commission’s cumulation
determination was amply based on substantial evidence. The ITC predicated its
determination on “significant differences between the three groups of countries that
were considered separately and important similarities among the countries that were
cumulated.” (Id.) The ITC found that CoRe steel imports from these three countries
had dropped to “very low levels” since the initial investigation period. Id. For
example, from 2000 to 2005, CoRe steel imports dropped 92.6% from Australia, 50.7%
from France, and 39.1% from Japan. (ITC Resp. Br. at 25 (referencing 2007 Sunset
Review Information at Table C‐7 (P.R. 941)).) Instead, the subject producers were
25
“A party challenging the Commission’s determination under the substantial
evidence standard ‘has chosen a course with a high barrier to reversal.’” Nippon Steel
Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Mitsubishi Heavy
Indus., Ltd. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1056, 1060 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). This Court “must
affirm a Commission determination if it is reasonable and supported by the record as a
whole, even if some evidence detracts from the Commission’s conclusion.” Altx, Inc. v.
United States, 370 F.3d 1108, 1121 (Fed. Cir. 2004). In short, “we do not make the
determination; we merely vet” it. Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1352.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 59
significantly focused on their own home and regional markets.26 2007 Commission
Views at 119 (C.R. 831). Additionally, the ITC determined that French and Japanese
subject producers were “affiliated with major U.S. producers,” which they conclude
made it “more likely that they would supply the U.S. market from their affiliates’ U.S.
production.” Id. at 117‐119. Such evidence allowed the ITC to conclude that subject
imports from Australia, France and Japan should be considered on a cumulated basis.
Id. at 119.
With respect to Germany and Korea, the ITC found that, unlike Australia, France
and Japan, CoRe steel from both countries had “an increasing presence in the U.S.
market” during the POR. Id. at 116. The ITC noted that subject imports from Korea
rose to substantially higher rates towards the end of the second POR, and were higher
than the highest level achieved during the original investigation of 193,513 short tons.
Id. (citing Table CORE‐I‐1.) CoRe steel imports from Germany were also noticeably
higher in 2005 than at any time during either the first or second POR, though lower than
in the original investigation. Id. German producers also exhibited an interest in the
26
The Commission majority found that with respect to Australia, a large
percentage of its CoRe steel shipments, [[ ]]% in 2005, have been to its home market
with Asia following close behind. With regard to Japan, approximately [[ ]]% of its
CoRe shipments have consistently been to its home market throughout the POR.
Finally, French subject producers shipped the vast percentages of its CoRe steel to either
its home market, [[ ]]%, or to the European Union [[ ]]% during the POR. 2007
Commission Views at 119 nn. 702, 703, 704, 705 (C.R. 831).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 60
North American market as evidenced by their shipments of non‐subject micro‐alloy
CoRe steel, which [[ ]] during the entire
POR, suggesting by itself an interest in having a “substantial presence” in the U.S.
market. Id. at 116 n.680 (citing Table CORE‐IV‐43). The ITC also determined that
coupled with an interest in the North American market, German and Korean CoRe
suppliers did not have “sufficient presence to supply the U.S. market” from within the
U.S. or regionally.27 Id. ThyssenKrupp, which does not have a U.S. production affiliate,
the ITC noted, made up [[ ]]% of German production and [[ ]] German
exports of CoRe imports to the U.S. since 2000.” Id. at 117 n.684. Moreover, neither
Salzgitter nor Corus, which comprise [[ ]]% of German production, have a U.S.
production facility. Id. at 117 n.686 (citing Table CORE‐IV‐35). The ITC found these
characteristics contrasted sharply with the French and Japanese producers, who also
exhibited some interest in the U.S. markets, but unlike them, the German and Korean
producers could not exercise that interest through domestic affiliates. More to the
point, the ITC notes that though Korean producer POSCO indicated plans to build a
production facility in Mexico and ThyssenKrupp expressed a desire to establish a North
27
The ITC noted that although Korean producer POSCO has a 50% ownership
stake in U.S. producer USS‐POSCO, and though POSCO and its related Korean
producer Pohang Coated Steel Co., Ltd. comprised [[ ]]% of production in 2005, USS‐
POSCO made up only [[ ]]% of 2005 production in the U.S. 2007 Commission Views
at 116‐17 (C.R. 831) (citing Table CORE‐I‐12).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 61
American production facility, “the record does not indicate that it is more likely than
not that this will happen in the reasonably foreseeable future.” Id. at 118 nn. 694, 695,
696. Evidence of this sort led the ITC to conclude that, despite some natural and
expected differences between German and Korean producers, the significant similarities
warranted cumulating them together, but separately from the other subject countries.
Id.
With Canada, the ITC determined that Canadian subject producers faced unique
conditions of competition as compared to all the other subject producers warranting its
separate consideration from the other cumulated nations. Dofasco, the [[ ]]
exporter from Canada shipped approximately [[ ]]% of its CoRe steel exports to the
U.S., during the POR, to the automotive sector. Id. at 114 n.663. The automotive sector
“dominated” the U.S. market accounting for 47.6% of U.S. market shipments in 2005.
Id. at 114 n.664. Indeed, auto producers and parts suppliers “perceive” the U.S. and
Canada “as a unified market for production and sourcing decisions.” Id. at 114 n.665.
Consequently, steel mills located in Canada and the U.S. “are significantly better
positioned than the other subject country producers to economically satisfy the just‐in‐
time delivery requirements” of the auto industry. Id. The ITC found that, in part due
to these unique circumstances, Canada is a “net importer” of CoRe steel, globally and
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 62
vis‐à‐vis the U.S. As a net importer28 during the POR, U.S. exports to Canada exceeded
imports from Canada. Id. at 114‐15 n.668. The ITC found that this “two‐way nature of
the market” corroborated the Canadian respondents’ arguments that the auto producers
conduct their business as if there is “an integrated North American market.” Id. at 115.
Despite evidence that Dofasco, representing [[ ]]% of total Canadian production,
increased its exports to the U.S. during the POR, the ITC found that they were present
as a result of other factors [[
]], and not “due to price competition
with U.S. suppliers.” Id. at 115 (citing CORE‐IV‐29). The ITC concluded that
[t]he way in which shipments from Canada compete in the U.S.
market distinguishes them from other subject imports . . . .
[and though] . . . there is and will be some price competition
between Canadian and U.S. producers, Canadian producers do
not compete for sales in much of the market, and their
dedicated sales into the auto segment are generally based more
on demand for a specific auto part than on price.
Id. Such evidence, “[o]n balance,” led the ITC to conclude that the conditions of
competition faced by Canadian subject imports are “sufficiently different” as to provide
28
Except for 2003.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 63
a “reasonable basis” to not exercise its discretion to cumulate subject imports with those
of the other subject countries. Id. at 116.
It seems to the Court that Joint Plaintiffs/USS/German Plaintiffs clearly take pains
to point out instances in the ITC’s determination where, they argue, the Commission
drew an incorrect conclusion regarding its cumulation decision. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 26‐38;
USS Br. at 18‐25; German Pl’s Br. at 9‐32.) This Court finds these arguments are more
accurately described as challenges to the weight of the evidence as ascribed by the ITC
in its sunset review findings. It is well‐established that it is an agency’s domain to
weigh the evidence; therefore this Court must not upset the ITC’s reasonable
conclusions supported by substantial evidence and replace them with conclusions
preferred by the Plaintiffs. See Torrington Co. v. United States, 16 CIT 220, 225, 790 F.
Supp. 1161, 1169 (1992), aff’d, 991 F.2d 809 (Fed. Cir. 1993); see also Timkin Co. v.
United States, 27 CIT 605, 616, 264 F. Supp.2d 1264, 1274‐75 (2003); Mukand Ltd. v.
United States, 20 CIT 903, 906, 937 F. Supp. 910, 914 (1996) (“[T]he Commission, as the
trier of fact, has considerable discretion in weighing the probative value and relevance
of evidence.”).
Moreover, this Court also rejects the species of argument that claim the ITC
“failed to consider” certain evidence with regard to making its cumulation
determination. In practically each instance, contrary to Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 64
assertions, the Commission explicitly considered each point contested by Joint
Plaintiffs/USS/German Plaintiffs. For example, Joint Plaintiffs and USS argue that the
ITC failed to consider the excess capacity for each country in its cumulation analysis.
See 2007 Commission Views at 109‐111 (C.R. 831). The Court, however, finds
reasonable, the Commission’s conclusion that although the excess capacity among the
subject countries might have favored cumulation, on balance, important differences in
other conditions of competition warranted not cumulating subject imports from
Australia, France and Japan with subject imports from Germany and Korea. Id.
Finally, the Court rejects Joint Plaintiffs’ and USS’s argument that the ITC
allegedly failed to consider that Australia, France, Japan, Germany and Korea all
shipped similar proportions of their total shipments to their home markets and thus
were similarly export oriented. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 37; USS Br. at 21‐22.) The ITC argues
that the Joint Plaintiffs and USS merely are seeking to re‐weigh evidence in their favor
and this Court agrees. The ITC contends, and this Court agrees, that not only did the
Commission consider the export orientation of the subject countries (or lack thereof),
but it also found other factors—such as interest in the U.S. market, growth in exports to
the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, and lack of affiliation with important U.S.
producers—were apparently significant enough to warrant not cumulating the subject
imports from all five countries. See 2007 Commission Views at 118‐119 (C.R. 831).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 65
Of Joint Plaintiffs’, USS’s, and German Plaintiffs’ arguments in opposition to the
cumulation determination, it is not the role of this Court to substitute its judgment for
that of the agency considering the agency’s analysis was undertaken in accordance with
the plain language of the statute and adequately supported by the facts in the record.
See Universal Camera Corp., 340 U.S. at 488. Therefore, this Court holds that the ITC’s
exercising of its discretion to cumulate the subject imports into separate groups—(1)
Australia, France and Japan; (2) Germany and Korea; and (3) to not cumulate
Canada—is supported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with law.
II. The ITC’s Final Negative Determination, With Respect to Australia, France,
Japan, & Canada, and Its Final Affirmative Determination, With Respect to
Germany & Korea Is Supported by Substantial Evidence on the Record and Is
Otherwise in Accordance With Law
Having found that the ITC’s cumulation decision is supported by substantial
evidence on the record, the Court will now discuss the ITC’s finding that revocation of
the antidumping and countervailing duty orders are not likely to lead to a continuation
or recurrence of material injury to the domestic CoRe steel industry within a reasonably
foreseeable period of time.
A. Statutory Framework
In the course of a five‐year review, the ITC will revoke an antidumping duty or
countervailing duty order unless it determines that such revocation is likely to lead to a:
(1) continuance or recurrence of dumping; and (2) continuation or recurrence of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 66
material injury within a reasonably foreseeable period of time. See 19 U.S.C. §
1675(d)(2)(A) & (B) (2000). In order to conduct this evaluation, the ITC must consider
whether the “likely volume, price effect, and impact of imports of the subject
merchandise on the industry” will be “significant” upon the revocation of the
ADD/CVD order. 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a) (1)–(4) (2000). In this context, “likely” means
“probable”29 and “significant” means “important, weighty, [or] notable.”30
B. Likely Volume
We now turn to the ITC’s volume analysis. In evaluating the likely volume of
imports upon the revocation of an ADD/CVD order, the ITC must consider “whether
the likely volume of imports of the subject merchandise would be significant . . . either
in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States.” 19
U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(2). In conducting the volume analysis, the ITC shall
consider all relevant economic factors, including—
29
This Court has previously found that, in determining whether there is sufficient
volume to constitute injury, the ITC must construe the word “likely” so that likely
means probable. Usinor Industeel, S.A. v. United States, 26 CIT 467, 474 (2002) (noting
that the common meaning of likely is probable); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 26
CIT 1416, 1419 (2002) (finding that “likely means probable”).
30
Additionally, the term “significant” has been interpreted by this Court to mean
“having or likely to have influence or effect[;] deserving to be considered [;] important,
weighty, notable.” Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 1009, 1013, 27 F. Supp.2d
1351, 1355 (1998) (alterations in original) (quoting WEBSTER’S 3D NEW INT’L DICTIONARY,
2116 (1993)).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 67
(A) any likely increase in production capacity or
existing unused production capacity in the
exporting country,
(B) existing inventories of the subject merchandise,
or likely increases in inventories,
(C) the existence of barriers to the importation of
such merchandise into countries other than the
United States, and
(D) the potential for product‐shifting if production
facilities in the foreign country, which can be
used to produce the subject merchandise, are
currently being used to produce other products.
19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(2) (2000). Therefore, “in order to find sufficient volume for there to
be injury, the ITC must identify substantial evidence from the record demonstrating
that, should the orders be revoked, it is likely that the volume of the subject imports
entering the U.S. market will be significant.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 29
CIT 695, 712, 391 F. Supp. 2d 1258, 1275 (2005), rev’d on other grounds, 494 F.3d 1371
(2007). Further, the ITC must consider whether the likely volume would be
“significant” in absolute terms, or relative to production or consumption in the United
States. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(I) (2000).
For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that the Commission’s findings
relating to the volume of cumulated imports are supported by substantial evidence on
the record and in accordance with law.
1. Australia, France & Japan
The ITC found that in the absence of the ADD/CVD orders, the likely volume of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 68
CoRe steel imports from Australia, France and Japan would not be significant; indeed
these countries “currently supply the least amount” of CoRe steel to the U.S. market.
2007 Commission Views at 9, 128‐129 (C.R. 831). In 2005, for example, cumulated CoRe
steel imports from these three countries were 18,556 short tons, or 0.1% of apparent U.S.
consumption and production. Id. at 128. At its highest level, during this POR, CoRe
steel imports from Australia, France and Japan accounted for 40,332 short tons in 2002,
or 0.2% of apparent U.S. consumption and production. Id.
The ITC also found that the CoRe steel producers from Australia, France and
Japan operated at “relatively high capacity utilization rates” and were focused
primarily on their home and regional markets. Id. at 129. In addition, quantities of
CoRe steel held in inventory “do not appear to represent significant volumes that could
be diverted readily to the U.S. market upon revocation of the orders.” Id.31 Moreover,
during the POR, producers from these countries were focused primarily on their home
and regional markets and have not demonstrated a particular interest in the North
American market. Id. The ITC concluded that the evidence showed that this trend does
not appear likely to change in the reasonably foreseeable future. Id. (See Tables CORE‐
31
The ITC notes that there were “no reported inventories” in the U.S. from either
Australia or France during the POR and “inventories of Japanese product were only
[[ ]] short tons in 2005. Additionally, the ITC also found that the CoRe steel held in
inventory by the cumulated subject countries was made to order and thus “already
committed to specific customers.” 2007 Commission Views at 129 (C.R. 831).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 69
IV‐10, 12, 27, 28, 29, 45, 46 & 47.)
a. Contentions
Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC’s volume analysis is premised on a “mistaken
notion that ‘other’ factors will prevent subject imports from Australia, France, and
Japan from re‐entering the market upon revocation” of the ADD/CVD orders. (Joint
Pl.’s Br at 45.) This “mistaken notion” of the ITC, they argue, is characterized by the
Commission’s technique of “segregating the subject countries into groups and then
examining isolated record evidence . . . to justify its determination.” (Id.) Joint
Plaintiffs attack the Commission’s likely volume determination on three grounds. First,
Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC “admits” that Australian, French and Japanese
producers have “significant excess capacity”32—[[ ]] million short tons in 2005. (Id. at
46 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 129 (C.R. 831)).) The ITC failed even to consider
“the magnitude of such a significant amount of excess capacity and the potential effects
an increase in volume of that size would have on the domestic industry.” (Id.) The
combined excess capacity from this sunset review is [[ ]] as the total
import volume from all subject countries (1.9 million short tons) at their peak in 1992
during the original investigation. (Id.) Moreover, Joint Plaintiffs argue, the ITC also
ignored evidence of a growing trend in the cumulative inventories of the subject
32
Though, Joint Plaintiffs themselves admit that the ITC “never stated whether it
considers this excess capacity to be significant of not.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 46.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 70
producers. (Id. at 47‐48.) Additionally, Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC ignored the
“very real possibility that subject producers can shift significant amounts of production
from non‐subject to subject merchandise.” (Id. at 48.)
Second, Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC’s finding that CoRe steel producers
from Australia, France and Japan are not export‐oriented and have little incentive to
ship outside their respective regions is not supported by substantial evidence. (Id. at
49‐61.) Joint Plaintiffs contend that “[s]ubstantial evidence . . . does not exist that any of
these three countries was not likely to shift their exports to the United States upon
revocation.” (Id. at 49.) Joint Plaintiffs proffer record evidence and note that “the rapid
expansion of Chinese CoRe production capacity presents a significant barrier to all
subject countries in the reasonably foreseeable future,” and contend the ITC analyzes
this very large Asian consumer “half‐heartedly.” (Id. at 50, 50–56.) The fact is, Joint
Plaintiffs contend, “[t]he continued and growing capacity increases by the Chinese will
likely cause greater instability in the Asian CoRe steel markets. [This causes greater]
competition, [which makes] these markets . . .less attractive to . . . [Australian, French
and Japanese producers], ultimately forcing them to find alternative export markets.”
(Id. at 52.) Joint Plaintiffs also challenge the ITC’s finding, contrary to its findings in the
first sunset review, that certain mergers between French or Japanese CoRe producers
with U.S.‐based affiliates remove the incentive to resume shipments to the U.S. since
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 71
any such domestic orders could be filled from the domestic U.S. affiliate. (Id. at 57–61.)
Third, Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC failed to properly conduct a
counterfactual analysis as mandated by the SAA and “merely pays lip service” to the
post‐revocation market conditions in the U.S. (Id. at 61–62.) Citing the relatively high
ADD/CVD margins imposed on Australian, French and Japanese CoRe steel products, it
was “no surprise” that CoRe steel from these three countries dramatically declined. (Id.
at 62.) The Commission ignored the SAA’s presumption, they argue, that such a trend,
highlighted above, means that the subject producers cannot trade fairly without the
discipline of ADD/CVD orders. (Id.) Joint Plaintiffs conclude that the ITC’s assertion
that the subject countries no longer have an incentive to ship to the U.S. is not
supported by record evidence. (Id.)
Joint Plaintiffs and USS also argue that the ITC ignored the significance of the
quantities of French and Japanese exports of CoRe steel to Canada and Mexico during
the POR. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 55‐56; USS. Br. at 34‐35, 42.)
USS separately argues two major points. One, that the ITC failed to conduct its
likely volume analysis on a cumulated basis, as required once it decided to cumulate
Australia, France and Japan together, and instead made separate findings. (USS Br. at
25‐28.) USS suggests that the ITC “failed to meet [its] responsibility” and “explain[ed]
away” its country‐specific discussions when it “included some discussion of each of the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 72
countries individually, because certain facts are specific only to a particular country.”
(Id. at 26 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 126 n.779 (P.R. 940).) Two, USS contends,
that the ITC’s separate country findings are not supported by substantial evidence in
the record and, in fact, support maintaining the ADD/CVD orders. (Id. at 28‐45.)
b. Analysis
The ITC defends its conclusion, that the likely volume of subject imports would
not be significant, as supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance
with law. (ITC Resp. Br. at 44‐56.)
First, the ITC disagrees with Plaintiffs that it ignored crucial evidence and
counters that it “appropriately considered combined data for the three cumulated
countries.” (Id. at 45.) The ITC posits that its “country‐specific analysis of certain data”
was a reasonable method to assess the relative economic incentives of the subject
producers to ship significant volumes of CoRe steel to the U.S. absent the ADD/CVD
orders. (Id.) The Court is satisfied with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and explanation.
Next, the ITC argues that it explicitly addressed the issue of shifting production
from non‐subject merchandise to subject merchandise. The ITC stated that it relied on
record evidence to explain that there is not substantial incentive to make such a switch,
since non‐subject products like micro‐alloy, alloy, and stainless steel products have
higher margins. (ITC Resp. Br. at 54.); see citing 2007 Commission Views at 129 n.784
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 73
(C.R. 831). Here, the Court again is satisfied with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and
explanation.
The Commission defended its analysis with respect to China’s role in the Asian
market and pointed to record evidence to conclude “China would remain a net
importer of corrosion‐resistant steel for the foreseeable future but would import at a
slower rate due to its increased capacity.” (ITC Resp. Br. at 52.) Thus the ITC
reasonably concluded that subject producers would continue their trend of exporting
CoRe steel regionally and would not be displaced by Chinese production in the
foreseeable future. See 2007 Commission Views at 130 (C.R. 831).
The ITC also answered Plaintiffs’ challenge that it ignored inventory evidence for
Australia, France and Japan. (Id. at 53‐54.) The Commission in fact addressed this
issue, noting that the likely volume of CoRe steel inventories held by these three
countries, would not be significant upon revocation of the ADD/CVD orders because
most CoRe steel was “made to order and already committed to specific customers.” (Id.
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 129 n.784 (C.R. 831)).) Moreover, Defendant‐
Intervenors JFE Steel Corp. argue that Plaintiffs are, in effect, petitioning this court to
“reweigh the evidence” but point out that there is no basis to do so under the law.
(Def.‐Interv. JFE Steel Br. at 25.) On this point, the Court agrees with Defendant‐
Intervenors. See Coallition for the Pres. of Am. Brake Drum & Rotor Aftermarket Mfrs.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 74
v. United States, 22 CIT 520, 530, 15 F. Supp.2d 918, 927 (1998) (“Plaintiff’s argument, in
essence, concerns the weight the Commission assigned to [one factor], which is within
its discretion. The Court’s duty is not to reweigh the evidence.”).
The ITC also rebutted Plaintiffs’ argument that the subject producers from
Australia, France and Japan could shift “significant amounts of production from non‐
subject to subject merchandise.” (Joint Pl. Br. at 48.) The ITC pointed to record
evidence demonstrating that there was “not much incentive [among these subject
producers] to switch” production lines [[
]] (ITC Resp. Br. at 54‐
55 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 124 (C.R. 831)).) Here too, the Court is satisfied
with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and explanation.
Finally, the ITC disagrees that it ignored the significance of the quantities of
French and Japanese exports of CoRe steel to Canada and Mexico during the POR. (ITC
Resp. Br. at 55‐56.) The Commission responds that it relied on record evidence
indicating that France and Japan’s exports to Canada remained small even after Canada
lifted its own ADD/CVD orders. (Id. at 55.); see 2007 Commission Views at 131, 133
(C.R. 831). Additionally, the ITC discounted Japan’s 2005 exports to Mexico since they
were contractually committed to make those sales. Id. at 131, 133. France’s exports to
Mexico were small to begin with and showed a decline. Importantly, the ITC stressed
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 75
that having the local U.S. affiliates of French and Japanese producers was the more
significant market factor, rather than any possible interest these producers may have in
the Canadian and Mexican markets. Id.
This Court agrees with Defendant ITC and Defendant‐Intervenors, that merely
because Plaintiffs can offer evidence or marshal arguments contrary to the
Commission’s findings and conclusions is not sufficient grounds to upset the
Commission’s determination. See NMB Sing., Ltd. v. United States, 27 CIT 1325, 288 F.
Supp.2d 1306 (2003). It is the ITC’s “task to evaluate the evidence it collects during its
investigation” and to determine “the weight to be assigned a particular piece of
evidence.” United States Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1357 (Fed. Cir.
1996). Accordingly, the evidence provided by the ITC is sufficient to support the
conclusion that there would not likely be a significant volume of imports into the U.S.
upon revocation of the ADD/CVD orders.
2. Canada
The ITC found that in the absence of the ADD/CVD orders, the likely volume of
CoRe steel imports from Canada would not be significant due to “the projected
continued strength of the Canadian market, Canadian producers’ limited excess
capacity, and their long‐term volume commitments to a stable customer base that could
not be readily diverted to supply new customers.” 2007 Commission Views at 141 (C.R.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 76
831). Additionally, the ITC noted that Canadian CoRe steel has remained in the U.S.
market at consistent levels and has not displaced U.S. sales. (Id. at 139‐141.)
During the POR, Canadian producers shipped a very high percentage of CoRe
steel to its home market, and most of the remaining balance to the U.S. market. (Id. at
140.) Notwithstanding the order, Canadian CoRe steel has remained in the U.S. market
at rather consistent levels. (Id.) Dofasco, a Canadian producer/exporter, shipped a
substantial percent of its U.S. exports pursuant to long‐term contracts with the
automotive sector. (Id.) The ITC found that the auto producers consider the North
American market as a unified market for production and sourcing decisions. (Id.) The
ITC also found that any increases of CoRe steel exports from Canada to the U.S. were
not made on the basis of “price competition” with the U.S. industry. (Id.) Moreover,
any increase in Canadian imports over the POR did not generally displace U.S.
production or represent sales lost to Canadian product on price basis but rather
reflected increased U.S. demand or demand that U.S. producers could not supply. (Id.)
The ITC determined that Canadian producer’s capacity utilization was “high” and its
excess capacity was not “significant.” (Id.) Additionally, inventories of Canadian
product appeared modest and would not likely contribute to a significant increase in
U.S. imports since much of this product is generally made to order and is otherwise
already committed to customers. (Id. at 140‐41.) The ITC also found that Canada is a
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 77
“net importer” of CoRe steel globally. (Id. at 141). Additionally, during the POR,
Canadian prices were comparable to U.S. prices. (Id.)
a. Contentions
Plaintiff AK Steel33 criticizes the ITC’s likely volume analysis as based on
“isolated facts,” which are “contradicted by the weight of the record evidence” such
that the record evidence in total does not support the Commission’s conclusions. (Joint
Pl.’s Br. at 62.) AK Steel argues that the ITC’s analysis suffers from “several flaws.”
(Id.) First, AK Steel disputes the ITC’s finding that the Canadian producers’ excess
capacity was “not significant.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 62‐63 (citing 2007 Commission Views at
140 (C.R. 831)); see also AK Steel Reply Br at 11‐14.) AK Steel contends that the record
evidence that the ITC points to in support of its conclusion was analyzed “in isolation.”
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 63.) “However, taken together, Canadian producers could increase
exports of subject merchandise to the United States by a total of [[ ]] short tons.”
(Id. (citing Final Staff Report at Table CORE‐I‐17 and IV‐20 (C.R. 743)).)
AK Steel also faults the ITC’s analysis for relying on data submitted by Dofasco,
[[ ]], which “purported non‐price reason[s]”
to explain the [[ ]] of some [[ ]] tons of Canadian exports out of
33
Plaintiffs Nucor and SDI did not appeal the ITC’s determination with respect to
Canada and thus did not join the arguments in their joint brief with AK Steel addressing
Canada. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 1 n.1.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 78
approximately [[ ]] total tons. (Id. at 63.) AK Steel argues that evidence in the
record [[ ]], belies this conclusion. (Id.)
[[ ]] average unit values (“AUV”) for exports to the U.S. [[
]] for net sales in every year from 2000 to the first half of 2006. (Id. at 64.)
AK Steel also points to a “market reality” ignored by the ITC in that “the shift in
auto and auto part production away from the upper‐Midwest in the United States and
Canada toward the Southern United States will encourage Dofasco to seek to further
expand its shipments into the United States with even more aggressive pricing upon
revocation of the orders.” (Id. at 65 (citing Nucor/SDI Prehearing Br. at Ex. 11 (C.R.
553)).) AK Steel proffers that the ITC ignored “the deteriorating state of the North
American auto industry—the largest consumer of CoRe steel,” which undermines the
Commission conclusion that Canadian demand is forecast to remain strong in the near
future. (Id. at 66.)
AK Steel also challenges the Commission’s conclusion that Canadian exports of
CoRe steel to the U.S. will not likely increase significantly upon revocation of the order
due to a forecast that production and demand will remain strong in Canada. AK Steel
argues that this conclusion is erroneous and based upon “a misinterpretation of
[[ ]] business plan and its assertion that exports to the United States will
decline.” (Id. at 65.) AK Steel offers that the business plan actually shows that
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 79
[[
]].
(Id. at 66.) Thus according to AK steel, this demonstrates that the [[ ]] business
plan supports the opposite conclusion—that [[
]]. (Id.)
Finally, AK Steel argues that “Canada’s status as a net importer of CoRe steel
simply increases the likelihood that Canadian producers, facing lost sales at home, will
seek to dump steel abroad.” (Id. at 67.)
Defendant‐Intervenor Dofasco argued in support of the ITC’s likely volume
analysis with respect to Canada. (Dofasco Resp. Br. at 43‐47.) The Court finds
Dofasco’s arguments are substantially similar to those presented by the ITC and
therefore, the Court will not recount them one by one in this opinion, although they
have been fully considered.
b. Analysis
The ITC defends its determination and argues that it did in fact consider the
Canadian industry’s excess capacity in 2005, but also notes that its capacity utilization
rate was rather high at [[ ]]% at that same time. (ITC Resp. Br. at 65.) Additionally,
the ITC noted that Canadian CoRe steel remained in the U.S. market at rather consistent
levels during the POR. (Id.) This Court agrees with Defendant and Dofacso that AK
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 80
Steel’s arguments here are by and large attempts to re‐weigh the evidence. For
example, AK Steel’s challenge to the ITC’s conclusion that the Canadian producers’
excess capacity was “not significant” is baseless. AK Steel “cites the raw tonnage . . .
[but] ignores the percentage capacity utilization figure for Canada, which was nearly
[[ ]]% at the end of the POR.” (Dofasco Resp. Br. at 43.) Moreover, it was reasonable
for the ITC to conclude that the end‐of‐period inventories were not likely to contribute
to significant increase in imports since it had determined that CoRe steel “inventories
typically represent supply that has been made to order and already committed to a
customer.” 2007 Commission Views at 141 (C.R. 831).
Next, the Court considers AK Steel’s challenge that the record does not support
that there were non‐price reasons for Canadian shipments of CoRe to the U.S. during
the POR. AK Steel cites to average unit value (“AUV”) data to support its assertion that
[[ ]] AUV for its exports to the U.S. may be lower than those for [[ ]]
and thus certain Canadian CoRe steel was being offered to [[
]]. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 64.) First, this Court agrees with the ITC
that AUV data is not dispositive proof of underselling because this data is only reliable
if the product mix is constant over time. See Ugine‐Savoie Imphy v. United States, 26
CIT 851, 861, 248 F. Supp. 2d 1208, 1218 (2002) (ITC acted reasonably in disregarding
AUV data because of variance in product mix); Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 81
States, 287 F.3d 1365, 1373‐74 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (describing narrow circumstances where
the ITC may use AUV data as indicators of price trends). Second, in any case, the ITC is
required by statute to make its determination based on the industry as a whole. See 19
U.S.C. § 1675a. Finally, the ITC points to record evidence disputing the charge that
[[ ]] undersold [[ ]]. The record shows that [[ ]] reported in its
questionnaire that [[
]]. (Conf. Appendix, Joint Pl.’s Br. at Tab 8.) Additionally, the record
shows that there are non‐price factors that [[ ]] questionnaire response indicated
were significant in purchasing decisions, such as ability to meet quality and delivery
requirements. (ITC Resp. Br. at 66.) Consequently, AK Steel’s argument here too must
fail, as the Court is satisfied with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and explanation.
The Court also finds meritless AK Steel’s argument that the ITC failed to
consider the “deteriorating state of the North American auto industry.” (Joint Pl. Br. at
66.) As Amici Curiae point out, the ITC specifically considered that “[p]roduction and
demand in the Canadian automotive [industry] are forecast to remain strong through
2008, and thus to continue as the major outlet for Canadian corrosion‐resistant steel
production.” (Amici Curiae Br. at 27 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 138 (P.R. 940).)
Moreover, AK Steel points to no record evidence concerning the “timing or magnitude”
of its argument that, as the auto industry shifts to the Southern U.S., Dofasco will seek
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 82
to expand therein with aggressive pricing. Such speculation is undoubtedly beyond the
“reasonably foreseeable time” frame that the ITC is required to consider. See Nucor
Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 188, 233, 318 F. Supp. 2d 1207, 1247 (2004) (Absent a
showing to the contrary, the ITC is presumed to have considered all of the evidence in
the record, and is not required to explicitly address every piece presented by the
parties.) Accordingly, the Court is satisfied with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and
explanation and finds that it is supported by substantial evidence.
The ITC refutes AK Steel’s argument challenging its finding that demand in the
Canadian market would remain strong because of evidence presented in Dofasco’s
business plan about its plan to supply a new Toyota plant in Ontario near Dofasco’s
mill. (ITC Resp. Br. at 66.) The ITC notes that AK Steel’s dispute with this evidence is
that it “would not be fully realized until 2008.ʺ (Id.) However, this time frame is well‐
within the ambit of “reasonably foreseeable future,” see 2007 Commission Views at 120
(C.R. 831), and the ITC could weigh this evidence in a reasonable manner. The Court is
satisfied with the ITC’s reasonable analysis and explanation.
3. Germany & Korea
With respect to Germany & Korea, the Commission found that the likely volume
of cumulated CoRe steel imports would be significant if the orders were revoked. 2007
Commission Views at 146 (C.R. 831). The ITC found that German and Korean
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 83
producers nearly doubled their combined production capacity since 1992 and increased
their production of CoRe steel from [[ ]] short tons in 1992 to [[ ]]
short tons in 2005. (Id. at 143.) Together, the countries had a combined excess capacity
of [[ ]] short tons in 2005, equivalent to [[ ]]% of apparent U.S. consumption.
(Id.) In addition, both Germany and Korea were found by the ITC to be “export‐
oriented.” (Id. at 143.) Moreover, the ITC determined that German producer
ThyssenKrupp was affiliated with a significant distributer in the U.S., and Korean
producers had significant relationships with U.S. customers. (Id. at 144.)
ThyssenKrupp indicated plans to establish a production facility in North
America, but the ITC found that the record supported a conclusion that this was not
likely in the foreseeable future. (Id. at 145.) Korean producer POSCO indicated plans to
build a production facility in Mexico, but the record too supported a conclusion that this
was not likely in the foreseeable future. (Id. at 145; see also supra note 24.)
The ITC also concluded, supported by record evidence, that Korean CoRe steel
producers would have price motivation to increase shipments to the U.S. market, given
that U.S. prices for CoRe steel were typically higher than in many Asian markets and a
significant portion of its exports were not supplied under long‐term contracts. (Id at
145‐146.)
Thus the ITC concluded that record evidence indicates that German and Korean
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 84
producers would be able to ship significant volumes of CoRe steel to the U.S. market if
the ADD/CVD orders were revoked, due to their combined substantial capacity and
production, excess capacity, general export‐orientation, the substantial and increasing
level of their exports to the United States during the POR, and well‐established U.S.
based relationships or distribution channels. (Id. at 146.) The ITC also found that
generally higher prices in the U.S. than in other Asian markets gave both German and
Korean producers incentive to redirect volumes currently exported to Asia to the U.S.
market. (Id.)
a. Contentions
German Plaintiffs challenge the ITC’s affirmative determination in its likely
volume analysis for Germany & Korea as not supported by substantial evidence or not
otherwise in accordance with law. (German Pl.’s Br. at 37‐39.) German Plaintiffs argue
that the ITC ignored the fact that German and Korean CoRe steel imports have
“remained relatively steady” throughout the life of the orders despite changes in factors
such as price, capacity utilization, production costs, etc. (Id. at 38.) They contend that
the conclusion to draw from this data is that “import patterns are unlikely to change
and have any resultant effect on the domestic industry upon revocation.” (Id.) German
Plaintiffs note that, by comparison to the other subject countries, Germany and Korea
“have shipped relatively steady volumes without dramatic or unreasonable
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 85
fluctuations.” (Id. at 39.) The others have ceased shipments (Australia and France
between the original investigation and the first sunset review), experienced dramatic
increases in exports (Canada), or decreases in market share (Japan went from a
“substantial” market share in the U.S. to a “minimal” one). (Id. at 39 n.38.)
German Plaintiffs, in short, contend that the ITC “relied on isolated data points,
misconstrued facts and performed partial analyses to support its determination. Such
methodology does not rise to the level of substantial evidence.” (German Pl.’s Reply Br.
at 6.)
b. Analysis
The Court disagrees with German Plaintiffs. First, German Plaintiffs appear to
challenge the ITC’s interpretation of the record data and the relative weight accorded by
the Commission to certain factors or not at all. This, however, is not the proper forum
for such complaints. See Siderca S.A.I.C. v. United States, 29 CIT 1030, 1048, 391 F.
Supp. 2d 1353, 1369 (2005) (the role of the Court is not to “re‐decide the question before
the agency”).
Next, though German Plaintiffs cite to the record to show that German and
Korean imports remained “relatively steady” during the period that the orders were in
effect, the Court is not persuaded that this is a legally significant fact. The test is “in
order to find sufficient volume for there to be injury, the ITC must identify substantial
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 86
evidence from the record demonstrating that, should the orders be revoked, it is likely
that the volume of the subject imports entering the U.S. market will be significant.”
Nippon Steel Corp., 29 CIT at 712, 391 F. Supp. 2d at 1275. Further, the ITC must also
consider whether the likely volume would be “significant” in absolute terms, or relative
to production or consumption in the United States. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(i).
Looking to the ITC Staff Report, the cumulated volume of imports from Germany and
Korea was 382,705 short tons in 1992, which increased to 406,799 short tons by 2005.
2007 Commission Views at 140 (P.R. 940); 2007 Sunset Review Information at Table
CORE‐I‐1, I‐13 (P.R. 941). Additionally, German and Korean producers substantially
increased capacity and production of CoRe steel from the initial investigation through
the POR. 2007 Commission Views at 140‐41 (P.R. 940); 2007 Commission Views at 143
(C.R. 831); Tables CORE‐IV‐36 and CORE‐IV‐54 (C.R. 743). In 2005, German and
Korean producers had substantial combined excess capacity. 2007 Commission Views
at 143 (C.R. Doc. 831); Tables CORE‐IV‐36 and CORE‐IV‐54 (C.R. Doc. 743). German
and Korean CoRe industries are export oriented, with Korea exporting approximately
29% of total shipments in every year of the POR, 2007 Commission Views at 143‐44 (CR
Doc. 831); 2007 Sunset Review Information at Table CORE‐IV‐56 (P.R. Doc. 941), and
Germany exporting over [[ ]]% of total shipments in every year of the POR. 2007
Commission Views at 143‐44 (CR Doc. 831); Table CORE‐IV‐38 (CR Doc.743). German
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 87
and Korean producers have shown a strong interest in exporting to the U.S., with
aggregate exports increasing from [[ ]] short tons in 2000 to [[ ]] short tons
in 2005, a [[ ]]% increase, despite the existence of the orders. 2007 Commission
Views at 144 (C.R. Doc. 831); Tables CORE‐IV‐38 and CORE‐IV‐56 (C.R. Doc. 7 ). The
interest of German and Korean producers in the U.S. market, combined with
insufficient U.S. production facilities, indicates that they would likely deepen their
participation in the U.S. market through exports from Germany and Korea. 2007
Commission Views at 144‐45 (C.R. Doc. 831). The increased volume of cumulated
subject imports would likely occur in both the construction and automotive end‐use
sectors for CoRe steel. 2007 Commission Views at 145 (C.R. 831). German and Korean
producers would likely have economic incentives to increase or shift/redirect sales to
the U.S. market due to generally higher U.S. prices. 2007 Commission Views at 145‐46
(C.R. Doc. 831). German and Korean producers have strong relationships with U.S.
distributors and/or customers that would facilitate increased exports to the U.S. 2007
Commission Views at 146 (C.R. Doc. 831).
Given this record, the ITC could reasonably conclude that the cumulated
volumes would be significant upon revocation and this Court finds that such
determination was supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, this Court rejects
the challenges by Plaintiffs, and holds that the ITC’s likely volume determinations were
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 88
reasonable exercises of its discretion, supported by substantial evidence and are
otherwise in accordance with law.
C. Likely Price Effect
Having discussed the ITC’s treatment of the likely volume factor in its material
injury determination, the Court will consider the second statutory factor: likely price
effects of subject imports in the event of revocation. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675a(a)(1) & (3).
The ITC is required by statute to consider two sub‐factors in evaluating the likely price
effects. These are (1) whether “there is likely to be significant price underselling by the
imports of the subject merchandise as compared with domestic like products,” and (2)
whether the “imports of the subject merchandise are likely to enter the United States at
prices that otherwise would have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on the
price of domestic like products.” 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(3).
1. Australia, France & Japan
The ITC determined that the cumulated subject imports from Australia, France
and Japan will not likely have significant adverse (depressing or suppressing) price
effects if the ADD/CVD orders were revoked. 2007 Commission Views at 134‐36 (C.R.
831). According to the Commission, the record showed that domestic prices were
strong and, in fact, rose during the POR as a result of rapidly growing demand and
outstripped sharp increases in raw materials and energy costs. Id. at 134‐35.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 89
Additionally, the ITC found that the domestic industry had been able to lower its fixed
costs as a result of industry‐wide restructuring, which enabled it to manage output and
maintain prices notwithstanding rising input costs. Id. at 135. Moreover, though some
prices fell on certain products in mid‐2006, several domestic producers announced price
increases at the same time, while other domestic producers were able to negotiate
higher contract prices for the second half of 2006 and 2007. Id.
The ITC stated that there were no U.S. price comparisons on the record for sales
of Australian and French CoRe steel during the POR and that Japanese CoRe steel
oversold the U.S. product in 15 out of 20 comparisons. 2007 Commission Views at 132
(P.R. 940) (citing Table CORE‐V‐17).
Finally, notwithstanding the fact that certain auto producer executives (major
purchasers of CoRe steel) testified before the Commission stating that the greater
availability of subject imports would be useful as leverage in domestic supply price
negotiations to obtain more favorable prices, the ITC found that Australian, French and
Japanese producers had neither the capacity nor incentive to ship significant quantities
of CoRe steel to the U.S. upon revocation.34 2007 Commission Views at 135‐36 (C.R.
34
Plaintiffs urged the Commission to treat the Auto Producers’ testimony as an
“admission against interest.” The ITC declined because, with respect to imports from
Australia, France and Japan, the record does not support the Auto Producers’ assertion.
Moreover, the ITC had determined that the subject producers have neither incentive nor
capacity to ship significant quantities of CoRe steel to the U.S. upon revocation.
Deprived of a need or incentive to ship substantial quantities into the U.S. market,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 90
831).
a. Contentions
Plaintiffs contend, again on several grounds, that the ITC’s likely price effects
analysis is not supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise not in accordance
with law. (USS Br. at 45‐48; Joint Pl.’s Br. 39‐43.)
First, USS argues that the ITC’s finding that producers in Australia, France and
Japan have no incentive to price aggressively in the U.S. market is unsupported by
substantial evidence. (USS Br. at 48.) Suggesting that the ITC may have ignored
detracting evidence demonstrating the significance of price in purchasing decisions,
USS argues that because CoRe steel is “generally substitutable, provided [that]
suppliers meet qualification requirements, . . . price is an important factor in purchasing
decisions.” (Id. at 46 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 132 (P.R. 940)).)
USS also contends that the ITC never explained “why stronger U.S. prices would
cause Australian, French and Japanese producers to have ‘no incentive’ to price
aggressively in this market.” (Id. at 46.) Indeed, USS argues, rising costs coupled with
rising U.S. prices cut in favor of the likelihood that subject imports would have
subject producers lack any incentive to price aggressively for such limited sales that
could be made or offered upon revocation. Considering that the dramatic rise in prices
in 2004–2006, was a global phenomenon, subject producers have no incentive to partner
with the U.S. auto producers in an attempt to drive down prices in the U.S. market. See
2007 Commission Views at 136 (C.R. 831).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 91
significant price effects. (Id. at 47.) More to the point, USS argues, the ITC decided
exactly that with respect to its affirmative price analysis for Germany and Korea. (Id. at
47 (citing 2007 Commission Views at 144‐145 (P.R. 940) (ITC finding that higher prices
in the U.S. compared with “key Asian markets” would enable Korean producers, and to
a lesser extent German producers, to obtain higher prices in the U.S. while still
underselling U.S. producers.))) This contradiction, USS contends, demands a remand.
(Id.)
Next, USS and Joint Plaintiffs complain that the evidence supporting increases in
U.S. CoRe steel prices were “not as significant as . . . suggested.” (Id. at 48; Joint Pl.’s Br.
at 42‐43.) USS points to the fact that contract sales to the auto producers lagged behind
increases in the spot market. (USS Br. at 48.) Also, most supply contracts with the auto
industry, though commanding higher prices in 2006–2007, were for shorter durations (1
year). (Id.) Consequently, the revocation of the orders would undoubtedly affect prices
when the auto supply contracts would come up for renegotiation. (Id.) Plaintiffs
contend that the failure of the ITC to address these arguments and evidence
undermines its conclusion with regard to the auto contracts. (USS Br. at 48.)
Both USS and Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC erroneously failed to credit
certain ITC hearing statements made by the Amici Curiae Auto Producers as
“admissions against interest.” (USS Br. 55–59; Joint Pl.’s Br. at 39‐42.) Plaintiffs contend
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 92
that the Amici Curiae Auto Producers were presented “front and center” at the
Commission hearings in opposition to the continuation of the ADD/CVD orders. (USS
Br. at 55–56.) Plaintiffs point to the testimony of a few auto producer executives who
explained that revocation of the ADD/CVD orders and the availability of more subject
imports would be utilized to “leverage down” prices. (USS Br. 56; see also Joint Pl.’s Br.
39) (Both citing Transcript (“Tr.”) of U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n Hearing (Oct. 17, 2006) at
422 (General Motors, Dr. G. Mustafa Mohatarem) and 455 (General Motors, Mr. Richard
Cover) (P.R. 528).) USS posits that since the Auto Producers testified on behalf of
Respondents, this crucial testimony was an “admission against interest” by
Respondents, which “should have, effectively ended [this case] right then and there.”
(USS Br. at 57.) Moreover, Plaintiffs are confounded by the ITC’s negative
determination regarding Germany and Korea, wherein the Commission found that their
cumulated quantities of subject imports would serve as leverage on prices in
negotiations between the Auto Producers and domestic CoRe steel producers. (USS Br.
at 57‐58.) The distinction drawn by the ITC between Germany and Korea, on the one
hand, and the other subject countries, on the other, was “simply made up out of whole
cloth.” (USS Br. at 59.) Additionally, Joint Plaintiffs characterized the ITC’s failure to
credit the admission by Auto Producers and instead provide a rationale for “what the
auto industry really intended to say,” as “reversible error.” (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 40.) Thus,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 93
Plaintiffs conclude, the ITC’s evidentiary determination was not supported by
substantial evidence.
b. Analysis
This Court finds, for the reasons noted below, that ITC’s likely price effects
determination is supported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with law.
First, Plaintiffs’ challenge of the ITC’s finding that producers in Australia, France and
Japan have no incentive to price aggressively is untenable in the face of record evidence.
See Nucor Corp., 318 F. Supp.2d at 1247 (The ITC is “presumed to have considered all
of the evidence on the record” and is not “required to explicitly address every piece of
evidence presented by the parties.”). Additionally, this Court agrees with Defendant‐
Intervenor JFE Steel Corp. that the Plaintiffs’ arguments on pricing are “merely another
form of disagreement with the Commission’s conclusion on volume.” (Def.‐Interv. JFE
Steel Resp. Br. at 47.) The ITC found support in the record that showed that Australia,
France and Japan lacked any incentive to aggressively price limited sales or offers post‐
revocation. 2007 Commission Views at 133‐134 (P.R. 940). This Court finds that the
ITC’s determination in this regard was reasonable and supported by substantial record
evidence. Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938) (citations omitted) (The
ITC has thus provided “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 94
Next, the Court rejects USS’s remand demand based on its claim that a “direct
contradiction” exists between the ITC’s price effects analysis on Australia, France and
Japan and that of German and Korea. (USS Br. at 46‐47.) Plaintiffs’ mischaracterization
of the ITC findings cannot be sustained. The ITC based its price analysis of Germany
and Korea on certain regional data published by MEPS and [[ ]]. 2007 Commission
Views at 145 (C.R. 831). The ITC’s observation of the data for Korea in 2005 and 2006
showed that its pricing was generally lower than U.S. pricing, and pricing data for
China and the Far East were also consistently lower. Id. The ITC concluded that this
data demonstrated an incentive for Korea to shift some sales from Asia to the U.S.
market to obtain higher prices. Id. Furthermore, the ITC found that a similar
comparison would give German producers a similar incentive to redirect its Asian
exports to the U.S. Id. at 145‐46. These findings therefore are consistent with the ITC
findings and conclusions with respect to Australia, France and Japan, namely that
cumulated producers from these three countries have no incentive to price aggressively.
Thus the Court finds that the ITC’s determination here was reasonable and supported
by substantial record evidence.
The Court also rejects Plaintiffs’ arguments focused on the revised, shorter‐term
auto contracts. The ITC defends its determination here, noting that it did evaluate and
consider that auto contracts were generally shorter at the end of the POR. However, the
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 95
record indicated the shortened life span of these contracts neither favored the CoRe
producers nor the auto manufacturers. (ITC Resp. Br. at 57 (citing 2007 Commission
Views at 127 (C.R. 831)).) Notwithstanding, Plaintiffs ignore that some domestic
producers managed to obtain [[ ]] price increases in their contracts in the
second half of 2006 and in 2007. 2007 Commission Views at 135, n.844 (C.R. 831). Thus
the Court finds that the ITC’s determination was reasonable and supported by
substantial record evidence.
Finally, this Court addresses Plaintiffs’ challenge that the ITC read a non‐existent
distinction into the Auto Producers’ testimony and failed to weigh certain testimony in
Plaintiffs’ favor. The Court agrees that, based on the record evidence, it was reasonable
for the ITC to find that though the Auto Producers could gain increased “leverage” in
price negotiations derived from the threat of increased imports from Germany and
Korea, such leverage might not exist with respect to Australia, France and Japan. 2007
Commission Views at 133, 145 (P.R. 940).
Reviewing the testimony of the Auto Producer executives from General Motors
at the ITC hearing, the Court observes that the testimony is riddled with generalities
and is unspecific about which subject countries GM would solicit to “observe the level
of interest and energy that those countries would put into winning [GM’s] business.”
Hearing Tr. at 456 (General Motors, Mr. Richard Cover) (P.R. 528).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 96
Turning to Plaintiffs’ challenge that Auto Producers’ statements are “statements
against interest,” this Court rejects such arguments as likely irrelevant. First, Plaintiffs
cite no authority as to the efficacy of this evidentiary rule in a Commission proceeding.
Second, it is doubtful that an exception to the hearsay rule, codified in Fed. R. Evid.
801(d)(2), governs in a case where “the ITC may, and indeed must, consider all evidence
presented which comprises the record.” Wells Mfg. Co. v. United States, 11 CIT 911,
921, 677 F. Supp. 1239, 1247 (1987). Third, USS admits that “[u]ltimately . . . whether
such testimony is treated as an admission against interest is a secondary matter.” (USS
Br. at 58.) Finally, under the standard of review in this case, it was not an error of law
for the ITC to accept Auto Producers’ testimony and not treat it as an admission against
their interest. The Commission is required to consider “all evidence presented,” Wells
Mfg. Co., 677 F. Supp. at 1247, and thus a supposed evidentiary ruling (or lack thereof)
here ultimately goes to the weight of the evidence under consideration. This Court in
turn reviews Commission determinations regarding the weight of evidence under the
“substantial evidence” standard. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (2000) (CIT will
uphold a factual determination by the ITC unless it is “unsupported by substantial
evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law”). Therefore, this
Court holds that the ITC’s determination was reasonable and supported by substantial
evidence.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 97
2. Canada
The ITC found that CoRe steel from Canada will not likely have significant
adverse price effects if the order is revoked. 2007 Commission Views at 142 (C.R. 831).
This determination predicated on the consistent level of Canadian product in the U.S.
market during a period where prices were strong relative to rising costs, and finding
that the volume of Canadian CoRe steel is not likely to increase significantly if the order
is revoked. Id.
a. Contentions
AK Steel contends that the Commission’s determination is faulty because it failed
to consider current underselling by Canada. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 43‐45.) Additionally, AK
Steel maintains that the ITC’s price effects analysis for Canada was premised on its
finding that volume of subject imports from Canada would not increase significantly.
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 43.) Supported by record evidence that there is “current and
significant” underselling (“62 percent of the time despite the discipline of the orders”)
by Canadian subject imports, coupled with the importance of price in negotiations,
Plaintiff AK Steel contends that it is “illogical to conclude that Canadian producers will
not attempt to gain a greater proportion of the market through aggressive pricing.”
(Joint Pl.’s Br. at 44‐45.) Thus the ITC’s finding is unsupported by substantial evidence
and is not in accordance with law. (Id.)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 98
b. Analysis
The Court agrees with Defendant‐Intervenor Dofasco that AK Steel’s attacks here
are yet another attempt to “re‐weigh the record evidence.” (Def.‐Interv. Dofasco Resp.
Br. at 47.) Dofasco concedes that the ITC “note[d] a mixed pattern of underselling, with
overall Canadian overselling in 19 of 50 comparisons and underselling in 31.” (Id. at 48
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 142 (C.R. 831)).) However, AK Steel’s “spin” on the
62% underselling argument does not explain the full story. Dofasco explains that U.S.
and Canadian contract prices were [[
]]. See Final Staff Report at CORE‐V‐34 (C.R.
743) (emphasis in original)). As detailed in the ITC Staff Report, [[
]]. Id. at CORE‐V‐36 n.26. This could explain why when U.S.
spot sales [[
]]. Id. at CORE‐V‐34 (Figure CORE‐V‐10). In light of the foregoing then, the Court
is satisfied that the ITC’s review of the administrative record and its characterization of
the underselling/overselling pattern as “mixed” is supported by substantial evidence
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 99
and is reasonable. Therefore AK Steel’s arguments are untenable.
3. Germany & Korea
The ITC determined that the revocation of the orders on subject imports from
Germany and Korea would likely result in significant adverse price effects. 2007
Commission Views at 148. (C.R. 831). The ITC’s conclusion appears to be based on the
expectation that the substantially larger volume of subject imports from Germany and
Korea that are likely to enter the U.S. market upon revocation would either be priced
aggressively to capture market share, or leveraged by purchasers to obtain more
favorable domestic prices, depressing or suppressing domestic prices to a significant
degree. Id.
Additionally, the ITC based its price analysis of Germany and Korea on certain
regional data published by MEPS and [[ ]]. 2007 Commission Views at 145 (C.R.
831). The ITC’s observation of the MEPS data for Korea in 2005 and 2006 showed that
that pricing was lower than U.S. pricing and [[ ]] data indicating that pricing for
“China” and “Far East” was also lower than U.S. pricing. Id. The ITC found that this
data demonstrated an incentive for Korea to shift some sales from Asia to the U.S.
market to obtain higher prices. Id. Further, the ITC found that the same comparison
would give German producers the same incentive to redirect its Asian exports to the
U.S. Id. at 144.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 100
Finally, the Commission also found that German and Korean cumulated subject
imports would serve as leverage on prices in negotiations between the Auto Producers
and domestic CoRe steel producers. Id. at 146.
a. Contentions
German Plaintiffs contend that the record evidence “confirms” that German and
Korean CoRe imports are “simply too small to be a price leader or have significant price
effects.” (German Pl. Br. at 39‐40.) German Plaintiffs argue that German and Korean
CoRe steel producers are experiencing strong regional demand and (at least for
Germany) home and regional prices are equal to or greater than U.S. prices, thus there
is no incentive for the German producers to increase their U.S. import volumes and
suppress/depress U.S. prices. (Id. at 40 (citing Final Staff Report at CORE‐IV‐103, CORE‐
IV‐93, Table CORE‐IV‐68; and at CORE‐IV‐94, Table CORE‐IV‐69) (C.R. 743).)
Second, German Plaintiffs’ contend that there is no incentive for German or
Korean CoRe steel producers “to expand their sales to other U.S. automotive producers
and engage in aggressive pricing.” (Id.) This is a result of German producers’ U.S. sales
being dedicated to a select group of long‐term customers and Korean producers’
automotive industry sales being targeted to long‐standing relationships with “Korean
transplants establishing their facilities” in the U.S. (Id.)
German Plaintiff’s conclude that the ITC based its likely price effects
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 101
determination on “on pure speculation and conjecture.” (Id. at 41.) The ITC should
have considered “the consistent overselling of German CoRe throughout the life of the
AD[D] order, [[ ]] of which was for automotive applications during the POR,” and
that Korean producers sell “negligible” volumes to the auto industry. (Id.) Thus,
German Plaintiffs argue the ITC’s determination is devoid of substantial evidence or
otherwise is not in accordance with law. (Id.)
b. Analysis
Notwithstanding the German Plaintiffs’ contentions, the Court finds that there is
extensive evidence on the record that supports the ITC’s price effects analysis. First,
there is ample evidence in the record that supports the ITC’s conclusion that German
and Korean imports would be used to leverage down domestic CoRe steel prices. See
2007 Commission Views at 12, 146‐48 (C.R. 831). Second, German Plaintiffs cite to the
ITC investigations to show its imports were “too small” to have adverse price effects.
(German Pl. Br. at 39‐40 n.39; see, e.g. Am. Bearing Mfrs. Ass’n v. United States, 350 F.
Supp. 2d 1100, 1126‐27 (CIT 2004).) The cases cited by German Plaintiffs are inapposite,
however. During an investigation, the Commission evaluates trade behavior absent the
discipline of the order. In a sunset review therefore, the ITC must conduct a
prospective analysis and determine the likely volume and pricing behavior once the
discipline of the order is removed. Resultantly, current data (i.e., during the POR) on
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 102
volume and pricing behavior, are more probative in sunset reviews than data from
investigations, so German’s Plaintiffs’ arguments in this regard too must fail. Finally,
the balance of the German Plaintiffs’ arguments appear to be pleas to this Court to re‐
weigh evidence and remand to the ITC for an alternative conclusion. As has been oft
repeated, this Court cannot countenance such a request. See Usinor, 28 CIT at 1111.
Accordingly, this Court rejects the challenges by Plaintiffs, and holds that the
ITC’s likely price effects determinations were reasonable exercises of its discretion,
supported by substantial evidence and were otherwise in accordance with law.
D. Impact of Imports on Domestic Industry & Vulnerability of Domestic
Industry
The third factor that the ITC is required to investigate concerns the likely impact
of subject imports the on domestic industry in the event of revocation. See 19 U.S.C.
§ 1675a(a)(4)(A)‐(C). The ITC is required to consider “whether the industry is
vulnerable to material injury if the order is revoked” in the context of determining
“whether revocation . . . would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of
material injury within a reasonably foreseeable time.” 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1).
The SAA provides that in assessing the U.S. industry’s vulnerability to injury if
an order is revoked, the Commission:
considers, in addition to imports, other factors that may be
contributing to overall injury. While these factors, in some
cases, may account for the injury to the domestic industry,
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 103
they may also demonstrate that an industry is facing
difficulties from a variety of sources and is vulnerable to
dumped or subsidized imports.
SAA at 885.
1. Australia, France, Japan & Canada
The ITC concluded that, upon the revocation of the orders, any CoRe steel
imports from Australia, France, Japan & Canada were not likely to have a significant
adverse impact on the domestic industry within a reasonably foreseeable time. See 2007
Commission Views at 10, 136‐39, 142‐43 (C.R. 831). Specifically, cumulated imports of
CoRe steel from Australia, France & Japan and CoRe steel from Canada would not
likely have significant adverse volume or negative price effects on the domestic
industry. (Id. at 136‐139 (Australia, France & Japan) and 142‐43 (Canada).)
Additionally, the ITC found that, although the domestic CoRe steel industry “did
benefit to some degree” from the orders, during the second review, as a result of the
restructuring and consolidation within the steel industry, it concluded that the domestic
industry was not vulnerable, and indeed may be stronger and healthier than in
previous periods of review. Id. at 136 n.849, 143.
a. Contentions
Joint Plaintiffs and USS first make a broadside challenge to the ITC’s
vulnerability finding and argue that the domestic industry is still vulnerable to injury
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 104
from imports from Australia, France, Japan & Canada.35 (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 69, n.17; USS
Br. at 49; see also AK Steel Reply Br. at 14‐17.) Joint Plaintiffs and USS further contend
that the ITC’s impact and vulnerability determinations are flawed and unsupported by
substantial evidence since they are based on “insignificant” likely volume and price
effects. (Joint Pl.’s Br. at 69‐74; USS Br. at 49‐55.) Essentially, Joint Plaintiffs argue that
the ITC’s conclusions—that the domestic industry is not vulnerable and that imports
would not be likely to increase upon the revocation of the orders—are mistaken. (Joint
Pl.’s Br. at 69‐74.) Joint Plaintiffs argue that the ITC cannot rely on a conclusion that the
foreign producers (i.e., producers from Australia, France, Japan and Canada) currently
exhibit a “lack of interest” in the market because the orders have imposed discipline on
them. (Id.) Pointing to the foreign producers’ aberrant behavior from before the orders
were imposed (back in 1991‐1992, where cumulated imports increased by 22%), Joint
Plaintiffs aver that the foreign producers will flood the U.S. market with imports. (Id.)
Joint Plaintiffs and USS also argue that the ITC ignores evidence showing that
the great advances made by the domestic industry—i.e., restructurings and
consolidations—during the POR “have been steadily eroding as a result of rapidly
35
AK Steel separately challenges the ITC’s impact/vulnerability determination on
Canada. By means of a footnote in the Joint Plaintiffs’ Brief, AK Steel adopts the
arguments advanced for Australia, France and Japan as equally applicable to Canada.
See Joint Pl.’s Br. at 69 n.17 (“[T]he Commission’s vulnerability finding . . . is equally
applicable to both [the likely impact determination and vulnerability finding] . . . with
respect to subject imports from [Australia, France, Japan, and Canada].”)
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 105
increasing raw material and energy costs. (Id. at 70‐71, n.18; USS Br. at 53‐55.) Joint
Plaintiffs evoke comparisons to the first review where the industry’s operating margins
had declined to 5.9% in 1999 (from 10.5% in 1997) to current trends where the
“operating margin[s] declined from 10.8 percent in 2004 to 4.9 percent in 2005, and from
7.6 percent in [the] first half [of] 2005 to 5.2 percent for [the] first half [of] 2006.” (Joint
Pl.’s Br. at 71.) “Nowhere,” Joint Plaintiffs contend, does the Commission “explain this
apparent inconsistency.” (Id.)
Finally, Joint Plaintiffs and USS also argue that varying assertions in the ITC’s
determination regarding the impact of sales to the auto industry on prices—such as
“major U.S. suppliers to the auto industry were able to negotiate higher contract prices
. . . a positive sign”— are incorrect and, as expressed by AK Steel, “contrary to the
clearly expressed desire of the [auto producers] to use revocation of relief to negotiate
lower prices from the domestic CORE producers.” (USS Br. at 51; AK Steel Reply Br. at
20; see also Joint Pl.’s Br. at 73‐74; USS Br. at 51‐52; AK Steel Reply Br. at 14‐20.)
b. Analysis
This Court agrees with the ITC that the arguments by Nucor/SDI, USS, and AK
Steel36 amount to little more than an inappropriate attempt “to persuade this Court to
36
To the extent that AK Steel made arguments in its reply brief, which had not
been first raised in its moving papers, this Court will not consider them. See Processed
Plastics Co. v. United States, 473 F.3d. 1164, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (noting that the court
does not usually consider arguments first raised in reply briefs); F.T.C v. Med. Billers
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 106
re‐weigh the evidence on vulnerability.”37 (ITC Resp. Br. at 60.) The Court finds that
the Commission carefully evaluated the ample record evidence as a whole and
reasonably concluded that the industry was no longer vulnerable. See 2007
Commission Views at 136‐39, 142‐43 (C.R. 831). The various arguments proffered by
Nucor/SDI, USS, and AK Steel that challenge the ITC’s vulnerability determination,
have been considered38 and are found to be meritless because none of the plaintiffs have
demonstrated that the ITC’s impact and vulnerability determinations lacked “[a]
rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Burlington Truck
Network, Inc., 543 F. Supp.2d 283, 313 n.32 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); Playboy Enter., Inc. v.
Dumas, 960 F. Supp. 710, 720 n.7 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (“Arguments made for the first time in
a reply brief need not be considered by a court.”) (collecting cases); see also Cioffi v.
Averill Park Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 444 F.3d 158, 169 (2d Cir. 2006) (deeming
waived an issue raised for the first time in a reply brief).
37
Also contentions by Nucor/SDI, USS, and AK Steel that the ITC failed to
address every morsel of evidence presented are unavailing. “The law is clear that the
Commission does not have to explicitly address all information presented to it, only
that it consider it.” Asociacción de Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile Ag v. U.S.
Int’l Trade Comm’n, 26 CIT 29, 37, 108 F. Supp 2d 1360, 1370 (2002); see also Timkin
U.S. Corp., 421 F.3d at 1354 (The ITC need not “make an explicit response to every
argument made by a party, but [current law] instead requires that issues material to the
agency’s determination be discussed so that the ‘path of the agency may reasonably be
discerned’ by a reviewing court.”) (quoting SAA at 892).
38
In determining the existence of substantial evidence, a reviewing court must
consider “the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence
that ‘fairly detracts from the substantiality of the evidence.’” Huaiyin Foreign Trade
Corp., 322 F.3d at 1374.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 107
Lines, Inc., 371 U.S. at 168.
For example, USS argues that improvements to the domestic industry cited by
the ITC as proof of its healthy state are to be expected with the discipline of the orders
in place. (USS Br. at 50.) However, USS’s contention here misses the point. The
Commission found that, although the domestic industry benefitted from the orders, the
domestic industry’s improvements—restructuring and shedding legacy
costs—indicated a more permanent change, i.e., “a more efficient and cost effective
industry,” that would not be reversed absent the orders. 2007 Commission Views at 136
n.849 (C.R. 831).
Regarding arguments directed towards the operating margins, the ITC found
that overall, the industry was healthy. 2007 Commission Views at 123, 136‐39 (C.R.
831). Moreover, the ITC pointed out that “[t]he industry’s operating margin improved
from negative or flat during the beginning of the review period to 10.8 percent in 2004
and remained positive at 4.9 percent in 2005 and 5.2 percent in interim 2006.” (ITC
Resp. Br. at 61.) Joint Plaintiff’s assertion that the ITC ignored evidence showing the
“eroding” advances made by the domestic industry post‐restructuring in declining
operating margins, is inconsequential. First, the ITC is “presumed to have considered
all of the evidence on the record” and “is not required to explicitly address every piece
of evidence presented by the parties.” Nucor Corp., 28 CIT at 234, 318 F. Supp.2d at
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 108
1247 (citation omitted). Next, having considered this evidence, as well as other
economic data, the ITC nevertheless concluded that the domestic industry was not
vulnerable. 2007 Commission Views at 136‐39 (C.R. 831). As a result, this Court will
not upset this determination at the urging of plaintiffs. See Comm. for Fair Beam
Imports, 477 F. Supp.2d at 1326 (“[I]t is not the province of the Court to reweigh the
evidence before the agency.”).
Considering all the arguments made by Nucor/SDI, USS , and AK Steel with
respect to Australia, France, Japan and Canada, this Court finds that plaintiffs/plaintiff‐
intervenors have failed to demonstrate that the ITC’s impact analysis and vulnerability
determination was not supported by substantial evidence or otherwise in accordance
with law. Therefore, this Court affirms the ITC’s impact analysis and vulnerability
determination applicable to Australia, France, Japan and Canada.
2. Germany & Korea
The ITC determined that the likely significant volumes of subject imports from
Germany and Korea would have a significant negative impact on the domestic industry
if the orders were revoked. 2007 Commission Views at 148 (C.R. 831). The Commission
found that though the domestic CoRe steel market “is stronger and better able to handle
the vicissitudes” of the CoRe steel market, “it is not impervious to the effects of
significant quantities of aggressively priced import supplies. . . . The combined negative
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 109
effect on the industry as a whole would be significant.” Id.
The ITC also incorporated its earlier domestic industry vulnerability finding and
found it applicable to its determinations on Germany and Korea. Id. Notwithstanding
its impact determination, the ITC found that the domestic industry was not vulnerable.
Id.
a. Contentions
German Plaintiffs attack the ITC’s likely impact determination as unreasonable
due to the finding that the domestic industry was not vulnerable. (German Pl. Br. at 42‐
43 (citing Calabrian Corp. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 16 CIT 342, 354‐355, 794 F. Supp
377, 388‐389 (1992) (“[H]olding that there was substantial evidence for the
Commission’s negative preliminary injury determination in light of the fact that a
robust industry is less likely to become materially injured in the near future.”).)
b. Analysis
This Court finds German Plaintiffs’ challenge unavailing. First, Calabrian Corp.
is not binding on this Court nor applicable since it concerned an investigation rather
than a sunset review. Second, this Court has held that a finding that the domestic
industry is not currently vulnerable is not a dispositive determination and does not
preclude the ITC from finding that the domestic industry would be negatively impacted
upon the revocation of an order. See, e.g., Nevinnomysskiy Azot v. United States, 31
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 110
CIT __, __, 2007 WL 2563571, at *16 n.22 (2007) (finding that where the domestic
industry is not currently vulnerable “does not preclude an affirmative determination”).
In accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1)(c), the ITC properly considered the
condition of the domestic industry in its impact analysis. See 2007 Commission Views
at 145‐46 (P.R. 940). Accordingly, this Court rejects the challenges by German Plaintiffs,
and holds that the ITC’s likely impact and vulnerability determinations were reasonable
exercises of its discretion, supported by substantial evidence and are otherwise in
accordance with law.
E. The ITC Was Not Required to Apply a Bratsk Analysis
This Court now turns to one final issue: the propriety of an analysis pursuant to
Bratsk Aluminum Smelter in the ITC’s sunset review. See Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v.
United States, 444 F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
1. Contentions
a. German Plaintiffs
German Plaintiffs contend that the ITC’s impact determination was unreasonable
because the Commission failed to consider the potential adverse impact of non‐subject
imports on the CoRe steel market—an analysis that the CAFC required by way of its
decision in Bratsk Aluminum Smelter, 444 F.3d at 1373. (German Pl. Br. at 43‐46.)
Moreover, counsel for German Plaintiffs argue that this Court should follow the recent
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 111
decision of this court holding that a Bratsk analysis must be considered as part of a
sunset review when certain triggering factors are met. Oral Argument, Nov. 5, 2008; see
NSK Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT __, __, 577 F. Supp. 2d 1322 (2008) (Barzilay, J.).
German Plaintiffs argue that the CAFC requires the Commission to
“[u]ndertake additional vulnerability and causation analysis [sic] involving imports not
subject to the order in issue when they (1) consist of commodity products and (2) are
price competitive, having a significant presence in the U.S. market.” (German Pl.’s Br.
at 43 (footnote omitted).) German Plaintiffs argue that these numerated elements are
present in this case, variously referring them as “triggering factor[s],” “component[s],”
and “prong[s].”39 (Id. at 43‐45.) Consequently, they argue that Bratsk requires the ITC
to conduct a “replacement/benefit test,” i.e., determine whether non‐subject imports,
sold at lower prices, even if fairly traded, would replace subject imports when an
antidumping duty order is in place. (Id. at 42‐44 (citing Bratsk, 444 F.3d at 1373, 1374‐
75).)
German Plaintiffs concede that the Bratsk case itself involved a material injury
investigation, which involves a different type of procedure than the sunset review in
39
In using these various terms German Plaintiffs cite to the portion of the Bratsk
opinion that sets forth the conditions precedent for the Bratsk analysis. See, e.g., Bratsk,
444 F.3d at 1373, 1375. While this Court does not adopt the German Plaintiffs’
characterization of these conditions precedent, this Court will hereinafter adopt the
term “triggering factors” to describe these conditions precedent. For a more thorough
explanation of the triggering factors, see infra section II.E.2 of this opinion.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 112
this case. Nevertheless, German Plaintiffs advocate for application of a Bratsk analysis,
reasoning that the same issues “concerning the effect of subject imports versus non‐
subject imports applies in sunset reviews.” (German Pl.’s Br. at 44.) Sunset reviews,
they argue, require a causation analysis, much like injury investigations. (Id.) This
causation analysis must determine “whether revocation of an order ‘would be likely to
lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury’ albeit within a prospective,
counterfactual context.” (Id. (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1)) (emphasis omitted)) The
German Plaintiffs stress that extending Bratsk would mean that the ITC may issue an
affirmative determination in a sunset review only when the evidence shows that the
subject imports—and not other non‐subject imports—are likely to adversely affect the
domestic industry in the reasonably foreseeable future. (Id.)
German Plaintiffs contend that all of the Bratsk triggering factors are present in
this sunset review. When the ITC decided to cumulate German and Korean subject
imports, they argue, that determination swept up “commodity grades” of CoRe steel,
which triggered the first Bratsk factor. (Id.) German Plaintiffs also argue that the
second Bratsk factor was implicated by the ITC’s concession that price‐competitive
CoRe steel non‐subject imports had a significant presence in the U.S. (See id. at 45
(citing 2007 Commission Views at 126 (C.R. 831)).) Having met the qualifying Bratsk
factors, German Plaintiffs argue, the ITC should have recognized the significance of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 113
record evidence indicating that the volume of non‐subject CoRe steel during the POR
exceeded the volume of subject CoRe steel imports. (Id.) Consequently, German
Plaintiffs claim that the ITC erred due to its failure to account for the “substantial effect
of non‐subject imports” in its conclusions on Germany and Korea. (Id. at 46 (citing
Nevinnomysskiy, 31 CIT at __, 2007 WL 2563571, at *14‐15 (remand ordered in a sunset
review where Commission failed to explain why subject imports would depress certain
commodity prices when the non‐subject imports had not done so)).)
b. ITC, Def.‐Intervs. ArceleorMittal USA, Nucor, SDI, & USS
The ITC, Arcelor Mittal, Nucor, SDI, and USS all respond in opposition primarily
arguing that the ITC is not required to apply a Bratsk replacement/benefit test in a
sunset review because such analysis only applies to injury investigations and is not
required by Bratsk. (ITC Resp. Br. at 75‐76; Def.‐Interv. ArceleorMittal Resp. Br. 38;
Def.‐Interv. USS Resp. Br. 36–37; Nucor/SDI Resp. Br. 39‐41.)
2. What is required by Bratsk in light of Mittal Steel?
The CAFC recently clarified the meaning of Bratsk in Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd.
v. United States, 542 F.3d 867 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Read together, Bratsk and Mittal Steel
explain how the ITC is to make its causation determination in final phase investigations
of certain antidumping cases.
The Commission’s statutory requirement during a final phase investigation
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 114
includes an obligation to:
make a final determination of whether—(A) an industry in the
United States—(i) is materially injured, or (ii) is threatened
with material injury . . . by reason of [dumped] imports.
19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1) (2000). The CAFC has stated that Bratsk clarifies the ITC’s
statutory duty to determine whether injury to the domestic industry has occurred “by
reason of” subject imports, in cases where certain triggering factors exist. Mittal Steel,
542 F.3d at 876. In such cases, the Commission must consider whether the subject
imports are the “but for” cause of injury to the domestic industry. Id. The triggering
factors are present “where commodity products are at issue and fairly traded, price
competitive, non‐subject imports are in the market.” Id. at 878 (quoting Bratsk, 444 F.3d
at 1369). In establishing this rule, the CAFC was concerned that the Commission might
incorrectly attribute the domestic producers’ injury to the subject imports where in fact
the injury is actually the result of highly similar non‐subject imports. This is likely to
happen when there are substantial quantities of competitively‐priced, interchangeable,
non‐subject imports present in the domestic market. Id. at 878. The analytical
framework of Bratsk/Mittal Steel is designed to hedge against such misallocation.
By way of background, in Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 720 (Fed.
Cir. 1997), the predecessor case to Bratsk,40 the CAFC found that the Commission had
40
In Gerald Metals, the CAFC reversed an affirmative injury determination of the
Commission on the grounds that insufficient attention had been given to the role of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 115
made exactly this error in its final phase investigation—failing to appropriately consider
the role of non‐subject imports before issuing an affirmative injury determination. The
CAFC there concluded that, not only was there an abundance of non‐subject imports in
the market, but the subject imports and non‐subject (fairly traded) imports “were
perfect substitutes for each other, if not the exact same product.” Gerald Metals, 132
F.3d at 720. Moreover, these non‐subject imports “undersold the domestic product
almost as frequently as did LTFV imports.” Id. at 718. Under these circumstances, the
CAFC held that the ITC had failed to consider an important aspect of the causation
question, in that the Commission failed to even mention the fairly‐traded non‐subject
imports in its injury analysis.41 Id. at 723. On remand, the Commission reconsidered its
non‐subject imports in the injury analysis. Gerald Metals, Inc., 132 F.3d at 723.
41
The products at issue in Gerald Metals were pure and alloy magnesium from
China, Russia and Ukraine. In the portion of the Commission’s analysis dedicated to
determining whether there had been material injury by reason of dumped imports, no
reference was made to non‐subject imports. See Magnesium from China, Russia and
Ukraine, U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n Pub. 2885, Inv. Nos. 731‐TA‐696‐698 at 18‐22 (May
1995) (Final). The Commission’s failure in this regard is underscored by the fact that all
three of the dissenting Commissioners in the case cited the significant role of fairly
traded non‐subject imports as a key reason for their negative votes. Id. at 29 (Chairman
Watson, dissenting) (“[f]air value imports were significant in volume relative to LTFV
imports and . . . the market presence of fair value imports of pure magnesium exceeded
that of LTFV imports.); Id. at 35 (Vice Chairman Nuzum, dissenting) (“[fairly traded]
imports undersold the domestic product almost as frequently as did LTFV imports.”);
Id. at 45 (Comm’r Crawford, dissenting) (“There is no evidence on the record to indicate
any product differentiation, non‐price differences or differences in terms and conditions
of sale between dumped Russian imports and fairly traded Russian imports.
Consequently, I conclude that dumped Russian imports and fairly traded Russian
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 116
decision in light of the instructions to consider directly the role of non‐subject imports
in injuring the domestic industry, and in so doing reached a negative injury
determination, which was sustained by the CIT. See Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United
States, 22 CIT 1009, 27 F. Supp.2d 1351 (1998) (remand determination).
In Bratsk, the CAFC extended the requirement of Gerald Metals. This case also
involved a large number of price‐competitive, interchangeable non‐subject imports.
Bratsk, 444 F.3d at 1371. In its injury analysis here, however, the Commission had given
direct consideration to the role those non‐subject imports played in injuring the
domestic industry. While the ITC decided non‐subject imports may have injured the
domestic industry, it nevertheless concluded that the dumped merchandise had made
its own “material adverse impact on the domestic industry,” and proceeded to issue an
affirmative injury determination. Silicon Metal from Russia, U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n
Pub. 3584, Inv. No. 731‐TA‐991 at 19 (March 2003) (Final); see also Bratsk, 444 F.3d at
1372. When the CAFC decided Bratsk, it found, as it had in Gerald Metals, that the ITC
still had not adequately considered the role of non‐subject imports in causing injury.
Bratsk, 444 F.3d at 1372, 1375.
Mittal Steel has now clarified42 that Bratsk explains how the ITC can satisfy the
imports are very close, if not perfect, substitutes for each other.”).
42
The initial holding in Bratsk was difficult to discern. The CAFC acknowledged
this in Mittal Steel even as it reversed the Commission’s erroneous interpretation of
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 117
requirement to consider the impact of non‐subject imports in those situations where
these triggering factors exist.43 It does so by explaining what the Commission must do
before it issues an affirmative injury determination in such cases. Namely, in order to
find that subject imports are the cause of injury to the domestic industry, the ITC must
first conclude that they are the “but for” cause of that injury. Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at
876. According to Mittal Steel, once the ITC determines that subject imports are the
“but for” cause of injury to the domestic industry, it may be confident that it has not
committed the same error that was litigated in Gerald Metals and Bratsk—i.e., failing to
sufficiently consider the role of abundant, interchangeable, price‐competitive non‐
subject imports in causing injury to the domestic industry.
Mittal Steel also spells out how the Commission is to complete the “but for”44
Bratsk. Said the CAFC, “the error we have found flows largely from the Commission’s
effort to proceed with scrupulous attention to the terms of this court’s remand
instructions. The problem may stem from a lack of sufficient clarity in our prior
opinion, which we hope has been rectified in this one.” Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 879.
43
Mittal Steel also makes clear that the Commission’s interpretation of Bratsk as
requiring a “replacement/benefit test” was fundamentally flawed and not required.
Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876‐78.
44
Mittal Steel appears to be the first time that a reference to “but for” causation, a
legal principle well known in tort law, has made its way into a case involving the ITC’s
causation determination in an antidumping proceeding. Previously, this causation
determination was referred to in the antidumping context as a “one‐step analysis.”
Mittal Steel defines “but for” causation by quoting the U.S. Supreme Court decision in
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 240 (1989):
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 118
causation analysis—by asking “whether non‐subject or non‐LTFV imports would have
replaced LTFV subject imports during the period of investigation without a continuing
benefit to the domestic industry.”45 Id. at 878. If the ITC finds that the domestic
industry would not have been better off in the absence of the dumped goods, this
would weigh against a finding that the domestic industry’s injury is “by reason of” the
LTFV goods. See Bratsk, 444 F.3d at 1373; Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876. Mittal Steel
acknowledges that such a determination is “not necessarily dispositive” on the overall
issue of causation under the antidumping laws, but is an indispensable component of
In determining whether a particular factor was a but for cause
of a particular event, we begin by assuming that that factor
was present at the time of the event, and then ask whether
even if that factor had been absent, the event nevertheless
would have transpired in the same way.
Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876. The one‐step analysis was previously defined in nearly
identical language by the CIT in Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 20 CIT 1065, 1068
n.16, 937 F. Supp. 930, 934 n.16 (1996), rev’d on other grounds, 132 F.3d 716 (Fed. Cir.
1997):
[T]he one‐step analysis . . . recreates what the industry would
look like in the absence of the LTFV imports, and then
compares that situation to the domestic industry as it exists.
This analysis isolates the effects of the subject imports from
other factors which might be causing injury to the domestic
industry.
45
The CAFC here is invoking language from its previous opinion in Bratsk. See
Brtatsk, 444 F.3d at 1376 (“[T]he Commission [must] specifically address whether the
non‐subject imports would have replaced subject imports during the period of
investigation.”). See generally supra n.42.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 119
the causation analysis when the triggering factors are met. Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876.
The Court now turns to the implications of Bratsk/Mittal Steel in this case.
3. Analysis
a. When is the Bratsk analysis required?
The Bratsk ruling was issued in a case reviewing the ITC’s final phase
investigation in an antidumping case. Bratsk, 444 F.3d at 1371‐72. Consequently, on its
face, the ruling does not speak to the applicability of the analysis to any other type of
Commission decision, such as preliminary phase investigations or five‐year review
(sunset) investigations. The specific question raised by the German Plaintiffs in this
case is whether this Court should extend the requirements of Bratsk to include sunset
reviews where the triggering factors are present. (German Pl.’s Br. at 43‐46; German
Pl’s Reply Br. at 20‐24.) The answer is no. While there were some ambiguities in the
Bratsk opinion that arguably suggested a far‐reaching analysis, the CAFC in Mittal
Steel, clearly narrowed its holding; Bratsk is a mere complement to the statute
governing final phase investigations.46 See 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1); Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d
at 878‐79.
46
Because Bratsk does not apply in sunset reviews, this Court need not decide
whether the triggering factors are present in this case. Moreover, any determination
regarding the existence of the triggering factors in a given case lies squarely within the
purview of the Commission. See Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d. at 875 (“The Commission, and
not this court, is the finder of facts in antidumping investigations, and it is up to the
Commission to make findings of fact on issues such as fungibility.”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 120
The Bratsk/Mittal Steel analysis is designed to augment the Commission’s
determination in a final phase investigation. In a final phase investigation, the
Commission is required to:
make a final determination of whether—(A) an industry in the
United States—(i) is materially injured, or (ii) is threatened
with material injury . . . by reason of [dumped] imports.
19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1) (2000). Referring to this statutory command, the CAFC
determined that a “but for” causation analysis is “a proper part of the Commission’s
responsibility to determine whether the injury to the domestic industry is ‘by reason of’
the subject imports.” Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1)). In
other words, Mittal Steel explicitly links the Bratsk analysis with the final phase
investigation statute, supporting a strong inference that the final phase investigation is
the only context in which the Bratsk/Mittal Steel analysis should be applied.47
47
This is not the first time that this court has addressed the issue of whether or
not to extend the Bratsk analysis to sunset reviews. NSK Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT
__, __, 577 F. Supp. 2d 1322, 1333 (2008) (Barzilay, J.) (holding that when the triggering
factors are present the ITC should conduct a Bratsk analysis during sunset reviews); cf.
Nevinnomysskiy, 31 CIT at __, 2007 WL 2563571 at *14‐15 (using Bratsk in likely price
effects analysis under 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(3) (2000)).
NSK found that the language of the sunset review statute, 19 U.S.C. §1675a(a)(1),
incorporated “an implied element of causation.” NSK, 577 F. Supp.2d at 1332. Given
that the Federal Circuit required the ITC to conduct the Bratsk analysis in its causation
inquiry in the context of an investigation, the court in NSK held that since it found a
causation analysis implicit in the sunset review, it was therefore logical to extend Bratsk
to sunset reviews when the triggering factors are present. NSK went on to state that the
[a]pplication of Bratsk [in a sunset review] . . . would compel
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 121
b. The Bratsk/Mittal Steel analysis is inapplicable to sunset reviews
because of fundamental differences between sunset reviews and final phase
investigations.
In order to complete a Bratsk/Mittal Steel analysis in a final phase dumping
investigation, the Commission must have certain information at its disposal:
specifically, data regarding the volume and price of subject and non‐subject imports
that were present in the market during the period of investigation, and data regarding
the injury suffered by the domestic industry. See id. at 873‐74. Once this information
from the period of investigation is made part of the administrative record, it is readily
available for the Commission to use in its injury analysis during a final phase
the ITC to address significant increases in market share by non‐
subject imports and thereby examine the effectiveness of the
underlying antidumping order in relation to fundamental
changes in the marketplace that might be more likely to cause
injury to the domestic industry than unrestrained subject
imports.
Id. at 1332‐33 (emphasis added). The NSK court reasoned that this extension of the law
was necessary, because “[t]o hold otherwise would permit the ITC to ignore a
significant factor affecting the domestic industry when conducting a sunset review.” Id.
at 1333.
Whenever this Court considers the holding and reasoning of a previous opinion
rendered by a different Judge of the CIT, it regards such opinions as persuasive, of
course, but not binding precedent. See, e.g., D&L Supply Co. v. United States, 22 CIT
539, 540 (1998). Moreover, intervening changes in governing law necessarily affect the
persuasive authority of previous decisions of the CIT. See Id. at 540‐41 (citing a change
in the statutory scheme as reason for departing from another opinion of the CIT). Any
language within the text of Bratsk arguably implying it should have been extended to
sunset reviews now seems foreclosed in light of the holding and reasoning of Mittal
Steel.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 122
investigation. Without such information, it would be impossible to complete the “but
for” causation analysis as it is envisioned by Bratsk/Mittal Steel. Id. at 876. The
presence of this information in a final phase investigation represents a stark contrast
with the scenario encountered by the Commission during a sunset review.
In a sunset review, the Commission is required to determine,
whether revocation of the . . . antidumping duty order . . .
would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of
dumping . . . and of material injury.
19 U.S.C. § 1675(c)(1) (2000); see also, 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1) (2000). Here, the
Commission is concerned with the consequences of revoking an antidumping duty
order in the reasonably foreseeable future, and not with whether the subject imports
were the “but for” cause of injury already suffered by the domestic industry. If the
Commission was required to apply the Bratsk analysis in a sunset review, it would
necessarily have to do so counter‐factually,48 i.e., without any data on the price, volume,
and effect of subject and non‐subject imports that would possibly re‐enter the market
upon revocation of the antidumping duty order. Attempting to complete a Bratsk
analysis under such conditions would be predicated upon conjecture and speculation.
It would therefore be untenable.
Moreover, Mittal Steel unambiguously held that in a Bratsk analysis, “[t]he focus
48
See SAA at 883‐84, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4209 (describing the sunset review
analysis as “counter‐factual”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 123
of the inquiry is on the cause of injury in the past . . . .” Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876
(emphasis added). In other words, in keeping faith with 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b), the
Bratsk/Mittal Steel analysis requires a strictly retrospective assessment of what has
happened during the period of investigation, prior to the imposition of an antidumping
order. This Court concludes that this retrospective language is not incidental—i.e., a
mere coincidence of the fact that both Bratsk and Mittal Steel were brought in the
context of final phase investigations—but rather is essential to the character of the “but
for” analysis that this line of cases requires. See discussion supra Part II.E.2.
Even if there is, arguably, an implied element of causation in a sunset review
determination (see supra n.39), and even if, arguably, the Commission could overcome
the void of information with which to conduct a “but for” analysis in a sunset review,
nothing in the sunset review statute suggests that a Bratsk type review is required. See
19 U.S.C. § 1675(c)(1) (2000); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1) (2000). The Bratsk type
analysis has no role in the prospective (i.e., “counter‐factual”) determination of the
sunset review. Accordingly, in light of the foregoing analysis, this Court holds that the
extension of the Bratsk type analysis to sunset reviews, as German Plaintiffs advocate, is
not appropriate. This Court further holds that a Bratsk type analysis was not required
in this sunset review, and holds that the ITC’s determination was reasonable, supported
by substantial evidence on the record, and was otherwise in accordance with law. See
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 124
19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (2000).
c. The Commission is not, by virtue of this holding, entitled to ignore the
role of non‐subject imports during a sunset review if such imports are
“relevant economic factors.”
This Court declines to extend the requirements of a Bratsk type analysis to sunset
reviews, because the specific analysis required by Bratsk is limited to its stated purpose
and scope—that is, to help ensure that the ITC has not overlooked injurious non‐subject
imports when reaching an affirmative injury determination in a final phase
investigation. Nevertheless, this holding should not be read to provide the Commission
license to unilaterally disregard data related to non‐subject imports during a sunset
review,49 if it finds that such imports are a “relevant economic factor[]” to its
determination. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675a(a)(2), (4) (2000). For instance, the Commission
may be presented with data on non‐subject imports that entered the market at some
point prior to the sunset review, whether during the period of review, while the
discipline of the order was in place, or during the period of investigation, before the
order was imposed. To the extent that such data is a “relevant economic factor” to the
ITC’s sunset review determination, it may not be ignored. Id.
This requirement to consider relevant economic factors is an essential portion of
49
In defending why it was extending Bratsk to sunset reviews, NSK stated that
“[t]o hold otherwise would permit the ITC to ignore a significant factor affecting the
domestic industry when conducting a sunset review.” NSK, at *5.
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 125
the sunset review statute. When “evaluating the likely volume of imports of the subject
merchandise if the order is revoked,” the statute provides that “the Commission shall
consider all relevant economic factors.” 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(2) (2000) (emphasis
added). Similarly, “in evaluating the likely impact of imports of the subject
merchandise on the industry . . . the Commission shall consider all relevant economic
factors which are likely to have a bearing on the state of the industry in the United
States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(4) (2000) (emphasis added). In light of these statutory
requirements, this Court does not expect that its holding will permit the ITC to ignore
any significant factors during a sunset review.50 To be sure, it would be an abuse of
discretion for the ITC to ignore such important factors if they were relevant. See Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983); Timkin U.S.
Corp. v. United States, 421 F.3d 1350, 1355‐56 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
50
In support of this expectation, the Court notes that the Commission has, from
time to time, done exactly this—taken available data regarding non‐subject imports into
account in the process of completing a sunset review. See, e.g., Sorbitol from France,
U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n Pub. 3706, Inv. No. 731‐TA‐44 at 23‐24 (July 2004) (Review)
(finding that “[b]ecause the domestic market is dominated by U.S. and nonsubject
suppliers . . . revocation of the antidumping order is not likely to lead to significant
increase in the volume of subject imports.”).
Consol. Case No. 07‐00071 Page 126
CONCLUSION
In accordance with the foregoing, the Court affirms the ITC’s Final Sunset
Determination. Plaintiffs’, Plaintiff‐Intervenors’, and Consolidated Plaintiffs’ motions,
pursuant to U.S. CIT R. 56.2, are hereby DENIED. This consolidated action is dismissed
and a separate judgment of the Court will issue dismissing this consolidated action and
sustaining the Sunset Reviews below.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Gregory W. Carman
Gregory W. Carman, Judge
Dated: December 23, 2008
New York, New York