Slip Op. 09-73
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
BAO ZHU CHEN, MEI YUN ZHENG, and
CONNIE CHEN, FORMER EMPLOYEES
OF ADVANCED ELECTRONICS, INC.,
Plaintiffs, Before: Timothy C. Stanceu, Judge
v. Court No. 06-00337
HILDA L. SOLIS, SECRETARY, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
[Granting request for voluntary remand of determination denying eligibility for benefits under the
Trade Adjustment Assistance and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance programs]
Dated: July 16, 2009
Greater Boston Legal Services (Cynthia Mark and Monica Halas) for plaintiffs.
Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Franklin E. White,
Jr., Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department
of Justice (Meredyth Cohen Havasy); R. Peter Nessen and Frank Buckley, Office of the Solicitor,
United States Department of Labor, of counsel, for defendant.
Stanceu, Judge: Before the court is the Notice of Negative Determination On Remand
(“Third Notice”) of the United States Department of Labor (“Labor” or the “Department”)
responding to the court’s remand order in Chen v. Chao, 32 CIT __, 587 F. Supp. 2d 1292
(2008). Also before the court are a motion by defendant for a voluntary remand allowing Labor
to reconsider the negative determination in the Third Notice and reopen its investigation, and a
motion by plaintiffs for judgment on the agency record. Plaintiffs oppose defendant’s motion for
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a voluntary remand and instead seek an order directing the Department to certify them as eligible
for various trade adjustment assistance benefits. For the reasons stated herein, the court grants
defendant’s motion for a voluntary remand, grants plaintiffs’ motion for judgment on the agency
record to the extent that the motion seeks to have the Department’s Third Notice set aside, and
denies plaintiffs’ motion to the extent that the motion seeks an order directing an affirmative
finding of eligibility.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Bao Zhu Chen, Mei Yun Zheng, and Connie Chen (collectively, “plaintiffs”)
are three former employees of Advanced Electronics, Inc. (“Advanced Electronics,” the
“Company,” or the “subject firm”), a company that previously manufactured printed circuit
boards in Boston, Massachussetts. Plaintiffs sought adjustment assistance benefits under the
Trade Adjustment Assistance (“TAA”) and Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance (“ATAA”)
programs administered under Title II of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, 19 U.S.C.
§§ 2271-2321, 2395 (Supp. V 2005). In Chen, the court concluded that the Department’s second
negative determination of eligibility, which the Department issued following the court’s grant of
its request for a voluntary remand, was not in compliance with law. Chen, 32 CIT at __, 587 F.
Supp. 2d at 1295, 1302. The court concluded that Labor’s investigation, which failed to
determine the cause of the Company’s loss of sales to a significant foreign customer, was
inadequate to determine, as required by 19 U.S.C. § 2272(a)(1) and (a)(2)(A), whether increased
imports of articles like or directly competitive with the Company’s printed circuit boards
occurred and contributed importantly to the decline in the Company’s sales or production and to
plaintiffs’ separation from employment. Id. at __, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1302. The court directed
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the Department to issue a new determination on the issue of plaintiffs’ eligibility to be certified
for TAA and ATAA benefits that is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with
law. Id. Specifically, the court ordered the Department to reopen its investigation and the
administrative record and to attempt in the reopened investigation to determine whether, and to
what extent, an increase in imports into the United States of articles like or directly competitive
with the Company’s printed circuit boards caused the Company to lose business from its foreign
customer. Id.
The Department, in the Third Notice, once again determined that plaintiffs are not eligible
for benefits under the TAA and ATAA, concluding that plaintiffs did not meet the statutory
eligibility requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 2272(a)(1) and (a)(2)(A). Third Notice 4-6. Based on its
post-remand investigation of the foreign customer, the Department found that “while the foreign
customer did switch its order from the subject firm to another domestic vendor, the domestic
vendor that replaced the subject firm did not import into the United States any of the printed
circuit boards it sold to the subject firm’s foreign customer.” Id. at 6. The Department
proceeded to conclude that plaintiffs’ separation from employment at Advanced Electronics was
not attributable to increases in imports of like products “[b]ecause there was no finding of
increased imports of article[s] like or directly competitive with the printed circuit boards
produced by the subject firm.” Id. at 6.
II. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs’ motion for judgment on the agency record contests the negative determination
announced in the Third Notice, arguing that the Department did not conduct an investigation
adequate to satisfy the court’s previous remand order and that the negative determination is based
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on insubstantial evidence. Pls.’ Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. 1-2. Plaintiffs support this motion
by pointing out that the foreign customer relied on two separate suppliers to replace the
purchases of printed circuit boards previously made from Advanced Electronics and objecting
that the Department’s analysis, as set forth in the Third Notice, addresses only one such supplier.
Pls.’ Resp. to Def.’s Third Notice of Negative Determination in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the
Admin. R. 4 (“Pls.’ Br.”). Plaintiffs assert that one of the two suppliers that replaced Advanced
Electronics denied doing business with the foreign customer and fault the Department for not
reconciling the alleged denial with the foreign customer’s claim that it had dealt with this
supplier. See Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary Remand 5-6 (summarizing plaintiffs’ arguments).
Plaintiffs contend that the Department’s investigation of both replacement suppliers was
inadequate in failing to address the issue of whether the suppliers acted as reexporters of
imported printed circuit boards. See id. at 6. Arguing that further remand to the Department
would be futile, plaintiffs seek an order compelling the Department to certify all workers laid off
from Advanced Electronics “on or about September, 2005.” Pls.’ Br. 1, 5-6.
In its motion for a voluntary remand, defendant states that the Department would reopen
the administrative record, conduct further investigation to resolve outstanding issues, reconsider
its negative determination, and issue a redetermination as to whether plaintiffs are eligible for
worker adjustment assistance benefits under the TAA and ATAA. Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary
Remand 6-7, Attach. 1. In particular, defendant seeks a remand so that the Department can
“clarify the relationship between the foreign customer and the first supplier and further
investigate any reexport activity by the first supplier.” Id. at 6. Defendant also states that it seeks
a remand to allow the Department “to further investigate the second supplier’s sales to the
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foreign customer and the second supplier’s import and/or reexport of printed circuit boards.” Id.
According to defendant, “remand would not be futile because it would permit Labor to clarify the
responses it received from the first supplier and receive and evaluate responses from the second
supplier.” Id. Defendant states that the remand would result in either “the certification of the
workers; or . . . a reaffirmation of Labor’s previous determination accompanied by more detailed
factual and/or legal analysis in support of the determination.” Id.
In opposing defendant’s motion for voluntary remand, plaintiffs argue that the
Department already has had three opportunities to investigate whether plaintiffs are eligible for
TAA benefits and “has failed once again to ascertain the information necessary to determine
whether increased imports contributed importantly to the employees’ separation.” Pls.’ Opp’n to
Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary Remand 2 (“Pls.’ Opp’n to Voluntary Remand”). Relying on Former
Employees of Hawkins Oil and Gas, Inc. v. United States Secretary of Labor, 17 CIT 126, 129,
814 F. Supp. 1111, 1115 (1993) (“Hawkins”) and United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
of America v. Martin, 15 CIT 299 (1991) (“United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers”),
plaintiffs advocate that the court order the Department to certify them for TAA and ATAA
benefits. Id.
In SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1029 (Fed. Cir. 2001), the Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) discussed the appropriate standard of
review to apply to an agency’s motion for voluntary remand of an administrative determination.
Therein, the Court of Appeals addressed the various types of voluntary remand situations that
could arise. See SKF USA Inc., 254 F.3d at 1027-30. The Court of Appeals opined that a
reviewing court has discretion over whether to remand where, as here, there are no “intervening
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events,” i.e., legal decisions that would affect the outcome of the agency’s determination, but the
agency nonetheless requests “a remand (without confessing error) in order to reconsider its
previous position.” Id. at 1028-29. The Court of Appeals further noted that remand is generally
appropriate under such circumstances “if the agency’s concern is substantial and legitimate” but
may be refused “if the agency’s request is frivolous or in bad faith.” Id. at 1029.
In Chen, the court ordered the Department to conduct an investigation to determine
whether, and to what extent, an increase in imports into the United States of articles like or
directly competitive with the Company’s printed circuit boards caused Advanced Electronics to
lose business from its foreign customer. See Chen, 32 CIT at __, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1302. Thus
far, Labor has gathered information as to which companies replaced Advanced Electronics as
suppliers of printed circuit boards to the foreign customer, as well as some information
concerning the manufacturing practices of one of those suppliers. See Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary
Remand 4-5. The Department now sees the need to “clarify the relationship between the foreign
customer and the first supplier and further investigate any reexport activity by the first supplier”
and to “investigate the second supplier’s sales to the foreign customer and the second supplier’s
import and/or reexport of printed circuit boards.” Id. at 6. The court reasonably may infer from
the defendant’s motion that the Department does not consider the evidence obtained to date
sufficient to make the findings of fact necessary for determining whether the Company’s loss of
business from its foreign customer is attributable to increased imports of printed circuit boards
into the United States. The Department appears to consider a remand necessary to its attempt to
obtain the information it needs to make such findings. For these reasons, defendant’s concern in
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requesting another remand must be seen as “substantial and legitimate,” see SKF USA Inc., 254
F.3d at 1029, and the court will grant defendant’s motion.
On remand, the Department must attempt to obtain evidence sufficient to make the
necessary findings of fact with respect to the business relationships that existed, during the
relevant time period, between the foreign customer and the suppliers of printed circuit boards that
replaced Advanced Electronics. Specifically, the Department must seek to obtain evidence
sufficient to make findings of fact on whether these suppliers imported and then reexported the
printed circuit boards sold to the foreign customer during that time period. The Department must
then, based on the evidence gathered and the findings of fact made, determine whether, and to
what extent, an increase in imports into the United States of articles like or directly competitive
with Advanced Electronics’ printed circuit boards caused Advanced Electronics to lose the
business of its foreign customer. See Chen, 32 CIT at __, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1302.
The court is unconvinced by plaintiffs’ arguments opposing a voluntary remand. In
basing their argument on missing findings pertaining to the suppliers of the foreign customer,
plaintiffs essentially concede that the investigation is not complete. See Pls.’ Br. 2-6. Plaintiffs
nonetheless would have the court direct the Department to certify their eligibility. See Pls.’
Br. 5-6; see also Pls.’ Opp’n to Voluntary Remand 2. Moreover, defendant’s motion for a
voluntary remand would address the very objections that plaintiffs raise to the negative
determination in the Third Notice. Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary Remand 5-7. In addition, the fact
that the case has been remanded twice does not by itself render the defendant’s motion for a
voluntary remand frivolous or in bad faith. The court notes, in this regard, that Labor has had
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only one opportunity thus far to correct the error identified by the court in Chen. See Chen, 32
CIT at __, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 1302.
Contrary to plaintiffs’ argument relying on certain decisions of the Court of International
Trade, the court declines to order the Department to certify the eligibility of plaintiffs for TAA
and ATAA benefits. See Pls.’ Opp’n to Voluntary Remand 2 (citing Hawkins, 17 CIT at 129,
814 F. Supp. at 1115 and United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, 15 CIT 299). The
facts in those cases are not analogous to the facts presented here.
In Hawkins, the Court ordered the Department to certify for TAA benefits a group of
workers separated from an Oklahoma producer of oil and natural gas following a review of
Labor’s third determination denying eligibility. Hawkins, 17 CIT at 127, 130-131, 814 F. Supp.
at 1113, 1115. Because the “investigation put forth by Labor was once again the product of
laziness which as a result yielded a sloppy and inadequate investigation” and because “Labor
ha[d] repeatedly ignored the Court’s instructions to conduct a more thorough investigation,” the
Court concluded that “ordering another remand in this case would be futile.” Id. at 130, 814
F. Supp. at 1115. Therefore, the Court was “faced with no alternative other than to certify
plaintiff as eligible for trade adjustment assistance.” Id. at 130-131, 814 F. Supp. at 1115. The
procedural history of this case is distinguishable from that of Hawkins in that the court cannot
conclude that an additional remand would be futile. Labor has not ignored the court’s opinion
and order in Chen and, since the issuance of that opinion and order, has gathered some additional
information necessary to complete its investigation. See Def.’s Mot. for Voluntary Remand 4-5.
The Department’s demonstrated willingness to seek specific additional evidence refutes an
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inference that the court has no alternative but to order the Department to certify plaintiffs as
eligible for benefits under the TAA and ATAA.
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers is also inapposite. In that case, the Court
of International Trade ordered the Department, following review of the Department’s fifth
determination, to certify the workers of an entire Pennsylvania plant that produced railway
systems. United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, 15 CIT at 300-301, 308. The
Department’s fifth determination had certified the workers of only three sections of the plant. Id.
at 300-301. The Court ordered certification of all workers at the plant, explaining that “[d]ue to
the Secretary’s repeated failure to conduct an adequate investigation, the documentation which
would have resolved the pending questions is no longer available, and memories are stale.” Id.
at 308. The Court reasoned that the workers of the plant “must not be penalized for this” and
stated that “the only just action to take now is to certify the entire plant” even though doing so
“will likely involve more workers than would have been certified had Labor followed proper
procedures initially.” Id. In contrast, the administrative record in this case does not support a
conclusion that information once available has been lost due to repeated failures to conduct an
adequate investigation.
III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
The court concludes that a reopening of the investigation through a remand to the
Department of the determination in the Third Notice is appropriate in the circumstances of this
case. Based on the court’s review of all submissions made herein, and upon due deliberation, it
is hereby
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ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion for Voluntary Remand, as filed on June 8, 2009,
be, and hereby is, GRANTED; it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, as filed
on May 4, 2009, be, and hereby is, granted to the extent that it seeks to have set aside the
Department’s Notice of Negative Determination On Remand, as filed on February 24, 2009, and
DENIED to the extent that this motion seeks a court order for an affirmative determination of
eligibility; it is further
ORDERED that the Department’s Notice of Negative Determination On Remand, as
filed on February 24, 2009, be, and hereby is, set aside, and that this matter is hereby remanded
to the Department for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order; it is further
ORDERED that the Department shall issue a new determination on the issue of
plaintiffs’ eligibility for TAA and ATAA benefits that complies with this Opinion and Order,
that is supported by substantial evidence, and that is in accordance with law; it is further
ORDERED that the Department shall reopen its investigation and the administrative
record in this proceeding and shall attempt in the reopened investigation to determine whether,
and to what extent, an increase in imports into the United States of articles like or directly
competitive with the Company’s printed circuit boards caused the Company to lose business
from its foreign customer; it is further
ORDERED that the Department shall have sixty (60) days from the date of this Opinion
and Order to file its new determination upon remand in this proceeding and that plaintiffs shall
have thirty (30) days from the filing of the new determination to file comments thereon with the
court; and it is further
ORDERED that Hilda L. Solis, Secretary, United States Department of Labor, be, and
hereby is, substituted, pursuant to USCIT Rule 25(d)(1), as party defendant for Elaine L. Chao,
former Secretary, United States Department of Labor.
/s/ Timothy C. Stanceu
Timothy C. Stanceu
Judge
Dated: July 16, 2009
New York, New York