Plaintiff brought this suit to have the claims of defendant South Penn Oil Company cancelled as clouds on her title to the coal and mining rights under 110 acres of land in Monongalia County. Bach party claims title to the coal and both trace their respective claims of title to a common source, the heirs of James T. Morris, deceased. The circuit court decreed in favor of plaintiff and defendant appeals.
In 1889 Culver G. Thyng pf New York and Thomas Loan of Pennsylvania became interested in the oil business in Mon-ongalia County. It was about the beginning of the development of that industry in that section. They leased various lands for oil and gas in the vicinity of the 110 acres and on *83June 14, 1889, acquired from tbe Morris beirs by deed tbe fee to tbe 110 acres, for wbicb they paid $9000 in casb. Their business was carried on under tbe firm name of C. G. Tbyng & Co., and tbe deed for tbe 110 acres was made to “Culvert G. Tbyng and. Thomas Loan, doing business under tbe firm and style of C. G. Tbyng & Co.” Tbé parties under tbe firm name; on June 19, 1889, five days after acquiring title, in consideration of $4000 paid, made tbe following grant to Lewis Lemley and David Lemley:
"all that surface of a certain tract or parcel of land containing 110 acres lying on the head waters of Doll’s Run, Monongalia County, West Virginia, known as the tract of land that F. M. Meredeth Guardian &c. and Mary F. Morris conveyed to the said grantors on the 14th day of June, 1889, subject to ingress and egress and water privilege for drilling gas and oil wells on the same and the right to lay pipes to convey oil and gas therefrom or over the same, and to work upon said lands in drilling said wells, or removing any or all machinery therefrom and said tract of land is bounded as follows, to-wit.”
(Here follows a description of the -property by metes and bounds.)
“And it is further understood and agreed that said Grantees take the surface of said tract of land subject to the lease thereon to David Morris to tbe 1st day of March, 1890, for Two Hundred Dollars and said rent from tbe 14th day of June, 1889, is payable to said Grantees, but from tbe 1st day of March, 1889, to said T4th' day of 'June, 1889, is payable to F. M. Meredith Guardian &e., and that the said Grantors in retaining-tbe oil and gas under said tract, shall have tbe right to go on said land, erect and place tbe proper machinery thereon for drilling for oil and gas and have sufficient water supply for funning said machinery and tbe right to lay pipes for removing gas or oil therefrom or over said lands doing no more damage to tbe surface of said farm than is necessary to develope and remove said oil or gas from under said farm or tract of land.”
The controversy in this case revolves around the effect of this deed, which for brevity we will hereafter call the “Lemley deed.” Plaintiff claims the coal under the deed, she *84having obtained a conveyance therefor from the grantees; the defendant claims against the deed and asserts title to the coal through subsequent deeds made by the firm, or the members thereof, their heirs or assigns.
Plaintiff introduces certain parol evidence in order to aid the court in interpreting the Lemley deed, to which we will later refer. She also exhibits certain deeds made subsequently by the grantors, which she claims show an interpretation placed on the Lemley deed by C. G. Thyng ,and Thomas Loan and South Penn Oil Company, at variance with the present claims of defendant. These deeds and other deeds under which the defendant claims title to the coal, oil and gas, in brief, are the following:
1. By deed dated June 20, 1889, C. G. Thyng & Co. for $1762.50 paid, granted to South Penn Oil Company the three-eighths of “the petroleum oil and gas in and under” the 110 acre tract, “with the right of ingress and egress and water privileges for drilling gas or oil wells on the same and the right to lay pipe-lines to convey oil and gas therefrom or over the same, and to work upon said land in drilling said wells or removing-any or all machinery therefrom doing no more damage to the surface of said farm than is necessary to develop and remove said oil or gas from under said farm or tract of land.”
2. By deed dated April 16, 1891, Culver G. Thyng conveyed by mortgage to D. C. Conklin all his interest in the following described leaseholds, created by 'the following oil and gas leases:
(a). A lease made by Francis B. Michael and wife dated May 16, 1889, covering 80 acres, more or less.
(b). A lease made by Tossy Michael and others, dated May 20, 1889, covering 53 acres, more or less.
(c); A lease made by David E. Lemley and Lewis Lemley, dated June 19, 1889, covering 174 acres, excepting 20 acres therefrom by actual measurement, on the northeast corner of the tract.
*85(d). “Also aR his right, title, and interest of, in and to the following described lands and premises, to-wit: ’ ’ (here follows a description of the 110 acres by metes and bounds).
This mortgage was executed to secure Conklin in the payment of $15,000 and passed by assignments to defendant, April 21, 1894.
3. By deed dated August 18, 1891, Thomas Loan and wife conveyed to Cuthbert G. Thyng, in consideration of $2000 and other considerations paid, the following described real estate and personal property in Monongalia County:
(a). All their interest, being the one-fourth undivided interest in the Morris 110 acres.
(b). The personal property consisting of “drilling tools, 1 cable, 1 sound line, hammers, boiler, bellows, etc.”
(c). All their interest, being the one-fourth working interest, in the Benj. Core leasehold estate, containing 150 acres.
4. By deed dated September 11, 1893, and recorded in Deed Book 37, page 49, Culver G. Thyng assigned and conveyed to Jason D. Case:
(a). All his interest in all that certain tract of land sold to C. G. Thyng & Co. by F. M. Meredith, Gdn. etc., being the 110 acre tract, including the interest therein conveyed by Thomas Loan and all personal property in Monongalia County, consisting of drilling tools, boilers, engines, etc.
(b). All his right, being the working interest, in the Benj. Core leasehold estate.
(c). Also all that certain parcel of land containing 154 acres, described as the Lemley land.
(d). Another tract described by adjoining boundaries, containing 180 acres.
(e). “And all the land in the county of Monongalia in which the party of the first part has any interest. The interest hereby intended to be conveyed is the oil and gas rights in said land and all the title that the party of the first .... *86has therein. Together with all the appurtenances, right, title and interest owned by the party of the first part therein.”
5. By deed dated August 21, 1894, Jasan D. Case, Trustee, Jason D. Case and Helen C. Case, his -wife, Culver G. Thyng and Mildred IL. Thyng, his wife, in consideration of $3000 paid, sold, transferred, assigned and set over unto the South Penn Oil Company, with covenants of special warranty, the following described real estate in Monongalia County, West Virginia, containing 110 acres, more or less, and described by metes and hounds and being the tract in controversy. Immediately following the description is the following paragraph:
“The right and interest hereby conveyed to the above described lands is all the right, title, and' interest of said parties of the first part, of, in and to the said premises, which is the right and title to all the minerals, oil and gas in, upon or under said lands, the title to which lands is held by Lewis Lemley and David E'. Lemley.” .
By the same deed there is granted all the grantor’s interest in the oil and gas under the Lemley 154 acres leasehold estate.
6. On August 11, 1914, the Citizens Bank of Arcade, New York, The Bank of East Aurora, New York, The Union National Bank of Franklinville, New York, the latter being the successor of the First National Bank of Franklinville, and Jason D. Case, and Helen C. Case, his wife, executed a deed to South Penn Oil Company, wherein it is recited that by deed dated September 11, 1893, recorded in Monongalia County, West Virginia, in D. B. 37, page 49, Culver G. Thyng conveyed to Jason D. Case certain lands to secure the banks above named, in certain loans made to Culver G. Thyng, and that said loans have been paid, and said claims should be released, and that Culver G. Thyng sold and by deed made by Jason D. Case individually and as trustee, and Culver G. Thyng, their wives joining therein, dated August 21, 1894, “there was conveyed unto said South Penn Oil Company certain minerals, oil and gas, which deed was recorded in said *87Monongalia County, West Virginia, on the 18th day of September, 1894, in Deed Book No. 40, page 83, being all or part of the real estate mentioned and described in the deed first herein set forth;” then, after stating a consideration of one dollar and other valuable considerations, there follows: said grantors, parties of the first part,' do hereby release unto said grantee, party of the second part, all of their claims, either joint or several, upon the minerals, oil and gas, described in said last mentioned deed, dated the. 21st day of August, 1894,” and recorded September 18, 1894, in Deed Book 40, page 83.
7. By deed dated June 30, 1920, after this suit was begun, the heirs and devisees and administrator with the will annexed of Culver G. Thyng, deceased, granted to South Penn Oil Company “all their right, title and interest in and to all minerals, including all the veins and seams of coal, in upon and underlying” the 110 acres in controversy.
It is contended by plaintiff that Culver G. Thyng, who ultimately became the owner of all the firm’s interest in the 110 acres, which remained after the making of the Lemley deed, and his grantee, the South Penn Oil Company, by the various deeds above mentioned distinctly recognized that this remaining interest was only the “oil and gas”, with the operating rights; that they so interpreted the Lemley deed and that this construction is binding on defendant.
On the other hand, the record distinctly shows that the Lemleys construed their deed as granting to them the coal. On December 4, 1901, Lewis Lemley, in consideration of other coal, granted to David E. Lemley his interest in the coal and mining rights under the 110 acres. On October 2, 1911, David E. Lemley conveyed the coal to George W. Core, in order to enable Core to make sale thereof. By subsequent deeds, the Lemley title passed to the plaintiff. The coal was assessed with the surface to the Lemleys, and the defendant South Penn Oil Company did not, nor did Cul-ver G. Thyng have the coal entered on the Land Books for assessment of taxes until. 1914, twenty-five years after the Lemley deed was made. At the time the deed was made *88there was no coal development in the neighborhood of this land; in fact, the nearest development was in the Fairmont region, more than fifteen miles away, and there only in a small way. No one was selling coal lands as coal lands in the neighborhood. The only activity was in oil and g‘as lands. The commercial veins of coal, the Pittsburgh and Sewickley, are deep and can only be reached by shafting, and doubtless the coal was not thought of by any of the parties when the deed was executed. In drilling oil wells in that vicinity in the early ’nineties they drilled through the Pittsburgh coal. Thyng and Loan must then have learned of the coal. The Lemleys were farmers residing in the neighborhood,' owning large acreage of farm lands, from which the coal had not been sold. These matters are material, and it is important to keep in mind the situation and business of the parties at that time, unless the -question of the construction of the Lemley deed -is foreclosed by the decision of this court in the case of Williams v. South, Penn Oil Company, 52 W. Va. 181 43 S. E. 214; or Dolan v. Dolan, 70 W. Va. 76, 73 S. E. 90, Ann. Cas. 1913-D 125.
It is contended by defendant’s counsel that the principles laid down in the Williams case were re-affirmed in the Dolan case; but plaintiff’s' counsel insist that the Williams case is overruled by the Dolan case, and that if it was not overruled, the reference to it is obiter dictum and wholly unnecessary to the decision reached therein; that the Williams case does not correctly state the law, and if not overruled, it ought to be.
In view of the importance of the question involved, we think it proper to re-examine the principles announced in these two cases. For the sake of argument it may be conceded that the deed in the Williams case is substantially like the Lemley deed, except the Williams deed granted the “surface”, reserving the coal and mining rights therefor, without mentioning the oil and. gas. The Lemley deed grants the “surface”, but impliedly, at least, reserves the oil and gas without mentioning the coal. It was held in the Williams case that the oil and. gas did not pass by the deed. *89Defendant would in like manner have ns hold that under the Lemley deed the coal did not pass. It all depends upon the meaning of the word “surface” when used in a. deed of this character. In the Williams case it was held: “The word ‘surface’ when specifically used as a subject of conveyance has a definite and certain meaning, and means only that portion of the land which is or may be used for agricultural purposes.” For this definition the court seems to rely upon Murray v. Allred, 100 Tenn. 100, 43 S. W. 355, 66 A. S. R. 740, 39 L. R. A. 249, and three English cases, Railroad Company v. Checkley, L. R. 4 Eq. 19; Hext v. Gill, L. R. 7 Ch. 699, and Attorney General v. Tomline, 5 Ch. Div. 762. A careful examination of the Tennessee ease discloses that the term “surface” was not involved at all. By the deed in that case there was conveyed “a certain tract of land”, by proper description, the grantor reserving to himself,- his heirs and assigns, “all mines, minerals and metals in and under said, land”. There were no minerals or metals under the land, except oil and gas, and the sole question was whether oil and gas were within the terms of the reservation, the court holding that they were. In the course of the opinion, the court discusses the severance of land horizontally into strata or layers and incidentally mentions the term “surface” and cites the three English cases as authority for the definition adopted in the Williams case. So much for the Tennessee case.
The first English case, that of Midland Railway Company v. Checkley, supra, arose under the Canal Act, (34 Geo. III, c. 93), and involved the right of an owner to quarry stone on his land through which the canal extended. The am providing for the compulsory sale of the canal right, which under our law would be termed “condemnation,” also provided that nothing in it should extend to or affect the right of any owner of land, in, upon or through which the canal should be made, to the mines and minerals lying ’and being within or under the land, but all such mines -and minerals were thereby reserved to such owner, his heirs, etc., and that it should be lawful for the owner, subject to certain restrictions, to work such mines and minerals. The canal rigfet was *90purchased under the statute and the title to the land passed to the railway company. The owner of the tract through which the canal was constructed desired to work his quarry closer to the canal than the plaintiff thought safe, and plaintiff sued out an injunction, which the court stated it would perpetuate upon the railway’s making compensation to the owner of the stone which he was thus prevented from quarrying. The railway insisted that stone was not a mineral within, the meaning of the Canal Act. In answer to this contention, the court said: ‘ ‘ Stone is, in my opinion, clearly a mineral; and, in fact, everything except the mere surface, which is used for agricultural purposes; anything beyond that which is useful for any purpose whatsoever, whether it is gravel, marble, fire-clay, or the like, comes within the word mineral, when there is a reservation of the mines and minerals from a grant of land; every species of stone, whether marble, limestone, or ironstone, comes, in my opinion, within the same category.” Here, it will be observed, the term “surface” was not involved in the grant, and the reservation was general, not of a specific mineral, but “all the mines and minerals” within or underneath the land.
The case of Hext v. Gill, supra, involved the question whether china clay was a mineral within the terms of a reservation in a deed for land, the reservation being “all mines and minerals within and under the premises with full and free liberty of ingress, egress and regress, to dig and search for, and to take, use, and work the said excepted mines and minerals.” It was held that china clay was a mineral, but the owner under the reservation could not remove it so as to destroy or seriously injure the surface. Aside from the question whether china clay was a mineral,' it involved the right of.subjacent support. There is nothing in that case upon which the principles laid down in the Williams case could be based, in the slightest degree.
The ease of Attorney General v. Tomline, supra, involved the right of the lord of a manor without permission to mine eoprolites on the land of a copyhold tenant, and the measure of damages consequent on his doing so. In the opinion, the court quotes from Hext v. Gill, supra, “a reservation of *91minerals includes every substance which can be got from underneath the surface of the earth for the purpose of profit, unless there is something in the context or in the nature of the transaction to induce the court to give it a more limited meaning.” It was held that in the absence of a contrary custom, the Lord of the Manor was entitled to the minerals but he could not remove them without the consent of the copyhold tenant and if he did so he was liable for damages, which in that particular ease was, by agreement, fixed at half the gross proceeds of the sale of the eoprolites mined. That is all there is to that case. Such are the three English eases on which the definition of the term'“surface” in the Williams case seems to be based. They are not in point, arise upon entirely different facts from those in the Williams case and in nowise are they even persuasive authority for the decision made. Because they seem to furnish the only real authority cited for the opinion in the Williams case, we have thought it proper to analyze them somewhat in detail.
If the term “surface” as used in the deed “means only that portion of the land which is or may be used for agricultural purposes”, the grantees acquired but a mere shell. If this is to be confined to the depth of the plough-share, they could not build the foundation for a permanent house, dig a cellar, or water-well, or post-holes for a permanent fence, remove embedded stone or gravel, or grub a tree whose roots were deeper than the plough-share would go, without com.mitting a trespass. They would not own the soil between plough-share depth and the minerals beneath, for this would belong to the original grantors. Seeing the absurdity to which such a definition leads, Judge Bbannon, in Dolan v. Dolan, repudiates it, but says that “a conveyance of surface of land, without more means all solum, the land except minerals. ” That may be true in a conveyance of that character, but that is not this case. In the Lemley deed there is “more”, —there is a specific reservation. Again, he says: “When land is purchased, with an exception of the mines and minerals, the purchase includes, not merely the surface but the whole of the sub-soil, which does not consist of mipes and minerals. ‘Surface means, not the mere plane surface, but *92all the land except-mines,’ ” citing Pountney v. Clayton, L. R. 11 Q. B. Div. p. 840. He does not stop -to analyze the Pountney case to show how the court there was justified in saying that “the surface means not the mere plane surface, but all the land except mines. ’ ’ That we propose to do. That case was one brought against a mine owner for working his mines under and adjacent to the plaintiff’s lands without leaving sufficient support for the land, whereby the land and some houses of plaintiff sank and were damaged. It appears that Penson, the owner of a farm in fee, in 1865, executed a mining lease for 21 years to defendant Clayton. It provided that the lessor should not be liable in damages for any claim in respect to the Wrexham, Mold and Connah Quay Railway, which was then projected and was to pass over the farm. There was nothing in the lease about subjacent support. Under the Railways Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, which in effect provides a means of condemnation or compulsory sale of lands for railway purposes, the railway company in 1867 took part of the land and the lessor or owner conveyed it to the railway pursuant to the act. In 1876 the railway sold it as superfluous land, and it subsequently passed into the hands of Pountney, the plaintiff, who built some houses on it. Without giving any notice as provided in the Railways Act referred to, defendant mined his coal underenath the land and it subsided. The action for damages followed. As the opinion in that case is based wholly on certain sections of the railways statute, it is necessary to quote them in order to understand what was decided. They are:
“And with respect to mines lying under or near the railway be it enacted as follows:
“Sect. 77. The company shall not be entitled to any mines of coal, ironstone, slate or any other minerals, under any land purchased by them, except only such parts thereof as shall be necessary to be dug or carried-away or used in the construction of the works, unless the same shall have been expressly purchased, and all such mines, excepting as aforesaid, shall be deemed to be excepted out of the eon-*93veyanee of such lands, unless they shall have been expressly named therein and conveyed thereby.
“Sect. 78. If the owner, lessee, or occupier, of any mines or minerals lying under the railway, or any of the works connected therewith, or within the prescribed distance, or, where no distance shall be prescribed, forty yards therefrom, be desirous of working the same, such owner, lessee, or occupier shall give to the company notice in writing of his intention so to do thirty days before the commencement of working; and upon the receipt of such notice it shall be lawful for the company to cause such mines to be inspected by any person appointed by them for the purpose; andi if it appear to the company that the working of such mines or minerals is likely to damage the works of the railway, and if • the company be willing to make compensation for such mines or any part thereof to such owner, lessee or occupier thereof, then he shall not work or get the same; and if the company .and such owner, lessee or occupier, do not agree as to the. amount of such compensation, the same shall be settled as in other cases of disputed compensation.
“Sect. 79. If before the expiration of such thirty days the company do not state their willingness to treat with such owner, lessee or occupier for the payment of such compensation, it shall be lawful for him to work the said mines or any part thereof for which the company shall not have agreed to pay compensation, so that the same be done in a manner proper and necessary for the beneficial working thereof, and according to the usual manner in working such mines in the district where the same shall be situate; and if any damage or obstruction be occasioned to the railway or works by improper working of such mines, the same shall be forthwith repaired or removed, as the case may require, and such damage made good by the owner, lessee or occupier of such mines or minerals, and at his own expense; and if such repair or removal be not forthwith done, or, if the company shall think fit, without waiting for the same to be done by such owner, lessee or occupier, it shall be lawful for the. company to execute the same, and recover from such owner, lessee or occupier the expense occasioned thereby, by action in any of the Superior Courts.”
*94The railway company did not “expressly” purchase or condemn any of the minerals, nor acquire any rights in the minerals afterwards. And as the conveyance to it was compulsory and not voluntary, it was held in effect: — (1) That the railway company got all the land except the mines; (2) that it acquired no right to subjacent support as would be the case in a voluntary conveyance; and (3) that the plaintiff, as purchaser of the lands from the railway company, had no higher right than the railway formerly had, hence he was not entitled to recover damages for the subsidence. Justice Bowen, in his opinion, quoting in part from Rowbotham v. Wilson, 8 H. L. C. 348, says:
“ ‘There is no doubt’, says there Lord Wensley-dale, ‘that prima facie the owner of the surface is entitled to the surface itself and all below it ex jure naturae: and those who claim the property in the minerals below, or any interest-in them, must do so by some grant from or conveyance by him, or it may be from the Crown, as suggested by Lord Campbell in the case of Humphries v. Brogden, 12 Q. B. 739, 20 L. J. (Q. B.) (N. S.) 10. The rights of the grantee to the minerals, by whomsoever granted, must depend upon the terms of the deed by which they are conveyed or reserved when the surface is conveyed. Prima facie it must be presumed that the minerals are to be enjoyed, and therefore that a power to get them must also be granted or reserved as a necessary incident. It is one of the cases put by Sheppard (Touchstone, chap. 5, p. 89) in illustration of the maxim, ‘quando aliquid conceditur, conceditur etiam et id sine quo res ipsa non esse potuit,’ that by the grant of mines is granted the power to dig them. A similar presumption prima facie, arises that the owner of the mines is not to injure the owner of the soil above by getting them, if it can be avoided. But it rarely happens that these mutual rights are not precisely attained and settled by the deed by which the right to the mines is acquired; and then the only question would be as to the construction of that deed, which may vary in each case.’ Now applying what I have said to the grant of the surface of the land, too much stress *95cannot be laid upon what has been pointed out by the Master of the Rolls, that the surface means not the mere plane surface but all the land except the mines. ’ ’
It is from this case that Judge BRANNON derives his definition of “surface”, above quoted. It is true, as stated by him, that “when land is purchased, with the exception of the mines and minerals, the purchase includes, not merely the surface, but the whole of the sub-soil, which does not consist of mines and minerals.” And it is also true, that when land is purchased, with the exception of the oil and gas, the purchase includes, not merely the surface, but the whole of the sub-soil, including coal and all other minerals, save the excepted oil and gas; in other words, it includes all the land not excepted. The Pountney-Clayton case did. not involve a conveyance of surface as “surface”, but a conveyance of land, in which the mines and minerals were reserved by the terms of the condemnation statute; hence the term “surface” as used in that opinion in defining the grant necessarily included all the land except the portion reserved. But if the railway company had expressly purchased part of the minerals with the surface soil we have no doubt that part of the minerals would have been included by the court in its definition of “surface.” That definition is correct when applied to the facts and the statute involved there, but it is too broad for general application, and it does not fit the facts in this or in the Williams or Dolan cases. That decision and the definition coined in the opinion rested wholly on the statute; but it clearly illustrates the practice, indeed, almost the necessity, of calling the residue of the land, after the conveyance of a mineral or minerals therefrom “the surface.” To do otherwise, where one stratum or kind of mineral was conveyed- away with the surface and another reserved, it would be necessary to find a new word or phrase for what is generally, called the “surface”, and so the court said “the surface means not the mere plane "surface, but all the land except the mines,” because “the mines” were reserved.
*96The case of Dolan v. Dolan, 70 W. Va. 76, 73 S. E. 90, arose under a will. By the fourth clause the testator said: “I will and devise to my sou, Michael P. Dolan, in fee the surface of my farm at Wolf Summit, containing three hundred and seventeen acres, also six acres of coal underlying said .three hundred and seventeen acres to be located around the dwelling houses and buildings on said three hundred and seventeen acres, so as to preserve and protect the said buildings when the residue of the coal underlying the three hundred and seventeen acres is at any time hereafter mined and removed.” By the seventh clause he said: “I further will and devise to my said daughter Catherine- all the coal underlying the said tract of three hundred and seventeen acres of land hereinbefore devised to my son Michael P. Dolan, with the exception of six acres of coal hereinbefore reserved and devised to my said son Michael P. as hereinbefore mentioned.” By other clauses he made other bequests and devises, but no mention was made of the oil and gas under the 317 acres, nor was there any residuary clause in the will. Michael P. Dolan leased the 317 acres for oil and gas to South Penn Oil Company; the remaining children of the testator, claiming that the oil and gas did not pass by the will and that as to this he died intestate, leased their alleged interests in the oil and gas in 180 acres of the 317 acres to John W. Davis, which lease,was assigned to the Washington Gas Company. Later these lessors, including the Gas Company brought an action of ejectment to recover their interests in the oil and gas against Michael P. Dolan, South Penn Oil Company, and Hope Natural Gas Company, assignee of the gas rights under the Michael P. Dolan lease. Following the Williams case, the circuit court directed a verdict for the plaintiffs, but this court reversed the case and entered judgment for the defendants, the court holding that under the will Michael P. Dolan acquired the entire 317 acres, including all the oil and gas, save only the coal devised to Catherine. We think that decision was right; that it clearly appears from the will that Michael P. Dolan was to have the tract of land, with the exception of the coal devised to Catherine. Judge BRANNON in part grounds his opinion on the rule of law that where *97a man makes a will the presumption is, in the absence of proofs to the contrary, that he intends thereby to dispose of his whole estate; but after discussing the parol evidence offered by the defendants showing that the testator stated when he made the will that he intended to give his daughter Mary but a single dollar, and that she must be disinherited because she was going to marry a certain man against her father’s wishes, thus tending to show that he did not intend to die intestate as to any of his property, Judge Bbannon adds: “I do not think this evidence necessary, because I think the will itself gives the word ‘surface’ meaning pla/in, and that there is no ambiguityHe does not, however, carry his definition of the word surface into the syllabus of the case, and the only point decided is that under the will Michael P. Dolan acquired the 317 acres, including all the minerals, except the coal devised to Catherine Dolan. It is true that Judge Bbannon says the Williams ease was rightly decided, but that is all. He repudiates the definition of “surface” stated in it and in effect overrules point one of the syllabus. As already stated, the decision in Dolan v. Dolan was right, but we believe if the words of devise had been used in a deed the conclusion should have been and doubtless would have been the same. The words of the will disclose that Michael P. Dolan was to receive the land, except the coal devised to Catherine, and it was unnecessary, though proper, to refer to the presumption against intestacy as to any of the testator’s estate. We can not say, as plaintiff would have us say, that by the decision in the Dolan ease the Williams case was overruled. Insofar as it refers to it, the definition of the term “surface” is repudiated in the opinion, another substituted therefor, but not carried into the syllabus, hence left undecided as binding precedent. As we view it, that is now an open question. However, it is but fair to say that if the William's case was correctly decided, as Judge Bbannon says in the Dolan case, then it is a precedent for the decision in this case, binding upon us, unless we overrule it.
That the term “surface” has various meanings there can be no doubt. Its primary meaning is “the outside or ex*98terior part” as opposed to- the “inside or interior part”. But when used in a deed like the one under consideration, it would be absurd to say that the Lemleys got nothing but the “outside or exterior part-” of the land. As Judge BraN-non" says in the Dolan case, that would not give them one inch of soil. .But if it be limited in its meaning* to the agricultural part of the land, as stated by Judge McWhorter in his opinion, and as decided by the court in point one of the Williams case, we are led to equal absurdity. The only difference is that under the Williams case the Lemleys would obtain some of the soil. Suppose we accept Judge BraN-NON’s suggestion, made in the Dolan case: “Where land is purchased, with an exception of the mines and minerals, the purchase includes, not merely the surface, but the whole of the sub-soil, which does not consist of mines and minerals. ‘ Surface means, not the mere plane surface, but all the land except mines,’ ” Now this, as well as Judge MoWhorter’s definition, concedes that the grant of “surface” of land carries a grant of “land”; the only question is how deep, does it go. Judge BraNNON would carry it to the center of the earth, but would except out of it all the underlying minerals. But in the Lemley deed there is an express exception of two minerals, — the oil and gas. Does this exclude any other exception? Suppose the exception had also expressly included the Pittsburgh coal. Could it with reason be said that the grantors also excepted the Sewickley and other veins of coal? In other words, should not the maxim, “The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another,” apply? In our judgment, it should. When the parties to this deed were negotiating they were doubtless thinking of two things: the land without the oil and gas and operating rights, as one part, and the oil and gas and operating rights as the other part. In other words, they severed them; the land without the oil and gas they called the “surface” and the grantors conveyed it to the Lemleys by that designation, and reserved to themselves the oil and gas with operating rights. In every instance where the term “surface” is soused in a conveyance such severance is in the minds of the parties. It may be that if the word “Surface” is used *99as the subject of conveyance, “without more”, that is without any express reservation, then the word “surface” would carry all the solum, or soil, except the minerals. As that is not this case, we do not decide that question, but reserve it for decision as the occasion may arise; but where the conveyance of the “surface” is followed by an express reservation, we think the effect of the reservation is to limit it to those things which are so expressed.
Bogart v. Amanda Cons. Gold Min. Co., 32 Colo. 32, 74 Pac. 882, is a case in point. The suit was to enforce specific performance of a contract made between the owners of the Bogart lode claim and the owners of the Amanda lode claim. The contract provided: “The first parties (the owners of the Bogart lode) agree within ten days after the issuance of the patent for the said Bogart lode, to convey to said second parties (the owners of the Amanda claim) the surface ground included within the conflict, saving, excluding and excepting from said deed so to be made the Bogart vein, lode, lodge or deposit wherever the same may be found to cross or pass through the conflicting surface.” The Bogart owners obtained the patent but refused to convey any minerals below the' “surface ground,” claiming that the term “surface ground” had a well defined meaning' in the mining regions and that it excluded minerals. In answer to this construction, the court said:
“What was the intention of the parties at the time they made the agreement ? If there is any ambiguity in the language employed, it must be resolved in favor of the grantee and against the grantors. The object of the court should be to place itself, as nearly as possible, in the position of the parties at the time, and from the terms of the contract and the surrounding circumstances arrive at their meaning. We do not think there is any difficulty in ascertaining this intention from the language of the written agreement. While there may be two distinct ownerships in mineral land — one of the surface or the soil, and the other of the minerals underneath — we are satisfied that by this agreement the applicant for the patent for the Bogart claim intended to convey to *100the owners of the conflicting location not merely the surface ground in conflict, as contradistinguished from the mineral beneath, but with this surface ground all underlying minerals except the Bogart vein. This is entirely clear from the excepting or reservation clause of the contract, whereby the owners of the Bogart reserved to themselves, and excepted from the grant, the Bogart vein. The agreement contemplated that the owners of the Bogart location might proceed, without objection from the* senior locators, to obtain a patent for the ground in conflict. When they got their patent they owned the entire estate, and by this agreement reserved to themselves, and excepted from the operation of the grant, only the Bogart vein. If it had been their intention to reserve all the mineral' beneath the conflicting surface ground, they naturally would have made such provision in the exception clause. Not having done so, but having excepted only the Bogart or cross vein, it is plain that the intention of both parties was that the owners of the Amanda lode were to receive a con-' veyance of everything within the conflicting territory except the specific vein reserved.”
See also: 4 Sharswood & Budd’s Leading Cases, Real property, 270; and Yandes v. Wright, 66 Ind. 319.
And so in this ease; we hold that the express exception of the oil and gas excludes all other exceptions. We are not unaware of the contention made that the coal did not pass by the term “surface” as used in the Lemley deed; but because it was not excepted or reserved, and the oil and gas were, we think all minerals passed but those expressly retained; hence the Lemleys got the coal.
One other case has been called to our attention by defendant’s counsel, which merits some consideration, — that of Keweenaw Association v. Friedrich, 112 Mich. 442. That case involved the construction of a contract of sale of “the surface rights” of a tract of land, containing no express reservation of the minerals. The offer to sell the surface rights was contained in plaintiff’s letter to defendant. . Defendant accepted, made the cash payment, required, entered on the land, laid it off into building lots and made some improvements. Plaintiff tendered a formal contract, which its *101offer required it to do, reserving the right to go on the land at all times and to explore and mine for ores and minerals, and for such time as it might deem expedient, by paying the defendant $100 per acre for the land that might be so occupied. Defendant did not accept or reject the formal contract, but failed to pay the unpaid purchase money. Plaintiff filed its bill to enforce payment. ' One ground of defense was that the contract tendered was not in accordance with the offer, in that the mining rights reserved were too broad; another was that the contract as made out by the letters was too vague and uncertain to be a binding contract. The trial court held the term “surface rights” was too vague and uncertain; that the minds of the parties had never met upon the precise terms of the contract; and 'dismissed the bill. The .Supreme Court affirmed the decree, by a divided court; it seems to have based its affirmance on the ground that the formal contract tendered was not a substantial performance on plaintiff’s part as required by its letter, because the mining rights retained in the formal contract were too extensive, but without deciding the point, it says“If the term ‘surface rights’ has a definite meaning, as used in the agreement, it must be a fee in the lands, subject to a reservation of the minerals in the grantor,” a meaning which was conceded by the plaintiff. That is the substance of that case, and it is only valuable for the purpose of throwing light upon' the meaning of' the term “surface rights” in a contract for the conveyance of lands, when those rights are the subject of the contract, and there is no express reservation of the mineral rights. Now we can not concede that the term “surface rights” has a well defined legal meaning. We think that term might have one meaning in one contract or deed and quite another meaning in another contract or deed, depending very largely upon the circumstances, and the intention of the parties would be controlled by the nature of the transaction and by the circumstances and surroundings under which it is made. In our judgment the term is ambiguous. And so, too, we think the term “surface” does not have a well defined legal meaning when used as the subject of conveyance, but its meaning may be limited and defined by the *102exception or reservation in tlie deed. If the deed grants the “surface” but contains a reservation’of all the mines and minerals, the grant includes all the land except the reservation; but, on the other hand, if it grants the “surface” but contains a reservation of a specified mineral or minerals, then. the grant includes all the land except the mineral or minerals specified. If the grant be of the “surface”, without any qualifying exception or reservation, it may include everything but the minerals, though that would not necessarily follow from the use of the word “surface”, as it might be limited by the nature of the transaction, the object of the instrument, the situation of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. For example, suppose there were no minerals. Clearly, according to this contention, a grant of the surface would cai*ry a fee in the whole of the lands; hence the meaning of the term “surface” would be controlled by the circumstance whether there were minerals under it.
The word “surface”, so far as we have been able to ascertain from the adjudged cases, and we have examined all that we could find, is never used as the subject of conveyance except in those instances where there is a severance contemplated, either express or implied, of the land from some mineral or other interest upon it or under it. Now it has been decided many times that the expression “mines and minerals” or “minerals” when used in a deed, will include every inorganic substance which can be extracted from the earth for profit; but such an expression may be restricted or controlled in its meaning by the context, as in Horse Creek Land & Mining Co. v. Midkiff, 81 W. Va. 616, 95 S. E. 26, 17 A. L. R. 157, where the word “coals” was held to be in apposition to the preceding words "all the minerals," and the reservation was limited to coals; and as in Rock House Fork Land Co. v. Raleigh Brick & Tile Co., 83 W. Va. 20, 97 S. E. 684, 17 A. L. R. 144, where it was held that a reservation of ‘ ‘ all the coal and other minerals of every kind and description except gas and oil in and underlying said land” did not reserve the brick clay under the land, because of the peculiar mining rights contained in the reservation. The court said: “The term ‘mineral’ is not a definite one cap*103able of a definition of universal application, but is susceptible of limitation according to the intention of the parties using it, and in determining its meaning. regard must be had, not only to the language of the deed in which it occurs, but also to the relative position of the parties interested, and to the substance of the transaction which the deed embodies. ’ ’ Now may not the term “surface” also have various meanings ? As stated by Judge Beannon in Preston v. White, 57 W. Va. 278, 50 S. E. 236, “But when the owner of land conveys to another the oil or gas, that oil or gas becomes a property distinct from the residue or remnant of the land, distinct from the “surface,” as the expression is in the books.” And if he should afterward convey to another the Pittsburgh vein of coal, the interest remaining, even though it contained other veins of coal, would still be called the “surface’;. We repeat, that where the term “surface” is used as the subject of a grant, the grantor and the grantee have in mind a severance of the land into two. parts, and while if but one part be designated, to-wit: the surface, the grant may include all the land except the minerals, though that does not necessarily follow; but if the other be also expressed by reservation or exception, it appears to us that this clearly shows the intention of the parties, and the exception or reservation, as''in the instant case, controls, Emits and defines the subject of the grant. We see no other office for the reservation in the Lemley deed. It does not enlarge the grant, as objected by defendant’s counsel.
But if the meaning of the term “surface” be ambiguous in a conveyance as last described, then the court should inquire into the nature of the transaction, the situation of the parties, the purpose sought to be accomplished, and the interpretation, if any, placed thereon, as shown by the acts of the parties. If in construing the term “mineral” in a deed, the court can look not only to the language of the deed, but to the relative position of the parties interested, and to the substance of the transaction which the deed embodies, as in Land Co. v. Brick Co., supra, we see no good reason why the same may not be done in considering the term “surface” in the Lemley deed. In doing this, we first find *104that the grantors were, partners; they acquired the land as partners; they conveyed the “surface” in the same manner. They were engaged in the oil and gas business, acquiring oil and gas properties; by lease, if they could be so obtained ; by purchase of the land, if necessary. They nowhere in the record appear to have been buying coal or interested in coal lands, other than by obtaining this coal by the purchase of the 110 acres in question. They were engaged in drilling for oil and gas. When they sold their remaining interests in the 110 acres to defendant South Penn Oil Company, they designated that interest as oil and gas. Within a very few years after the transaction in question, they drilled a well or wells in the neighborhood of the. 110 acre tract, and the “log” doubtless showed that they drilled through veins of coal, which they might have reasonably assumed extended under the 110 acre tract, yet they made no claim to coal, nor did they have it assessed in their names, bixt left it off the land books for twenty-five years. While not conclusive, yet these circumstances have a strong bearing on the case. It has been frequently held that in construing a contract containing an ambiguity, the interpretation placed upon it by the parties should have great weight, indeed it may often be controlling. See: Elk Refining Company v. Falling Rock Cannel Coal Company, 92 W. Va. 479, 115 S. E. 431. “In determining the meaning of words not of a certain and definite import used in a contract, consideration will be given to the situation of the parties, the subject matter of the contract, the acts of the parties thereunder ,and the purpose sought to be accomplished thereby.” Wetterwald v. Woodall, 83 W. Va. 647, 98 S. E. 890.
In our judgment, the term “surface” when used as the subject of conveyance does not have a definite legal meaning and that in construing such a conveyance, as in this case, we should give consideration to the context of the agreement, the situation of the contracting parties, the business in which they were engaged, the subject matter of the conveyance, the purposes sought to be accomplished and the conduct of the parties under it. We are not unmindful that cases like that of Williams v. South Penn Oil Company, supra, should not be *105overruled except for the soundest reasons, hut we think that decision wrong; and less harm will be done .by righting the wrong than by perpetuating it. Neither can we follow so much of Dolan v. Dolan as approves the decision in the Williams case. The deed in the instant case antedates by some years the date of the deed construed and of the decision rendered in the Williams ease; so it can not be said that the grantors in the Lemley deed deliberately retained the coal because of that decision. When they conveyed the “surface” they conveyed the land, retaining only the oil and gas with the right to operate therefor.
For the foregoing reasons the decree is affirmed.
Affirmed.