It is not disputed but that a father has dominion, by right, over his minor children, nor that such primary right may be lost or forfeited by him by abandonment, neglect, or abuse. The right of the parent is not absolute and unconditional. The necessities and well-being of the social state enter so largely into the question of the dominion and control of the parent over his child that, in the interest of society and the physical and moral necessities of the child, the entire subject is one of appropriate legislation, providing in what manner the parent may be deprived or restrained in the exercise of his natural rights by reason of neglect, abandonment, or abuse. All this is well established by approved text writers and numerous adjudications. Schouler, Dom. Rel. § 248; Milwaukee Industrial School v. Milwaukee Co. 40 Wis. 328; Sheers v. Stein, 75 Wis. 44; Petition of Ferrier, 103 Ill. 367; House of Refuge v. Ryan, 37 Ohio St. 197; Farnham v. Pierce, 141 Mass. 203; Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St. 299. The principle stated in these cases finds expression in'the provision of our statute (sec. 3964) that “ the father of the minor, if' living, and in case of his death the mother, while she remains unmarried, being themselves respectively competent to transact their own business, and not otherwise unstoitable, shall be entitled to the care and custody of the person of the minor.” The state intervenes only upon the destitution and necessity of the child, and in all cases of controverted right to its custody its welfare is a matter of primary consideration.
*38Questions in relation to the care and custody of minor children, by reason of their being neglected, or for other cause, whereby they are committed to industrial schools, or houses of refuge, or other like institutions, where the interference with parental custody is temporary merely, and which do not change the status or adjudicate finally upon the' right of the parent to its custody, are materially different from the proceeding under consideration. In the case of Milwaukee Industrial School v. Milwaukee Co. 40 Wis. 339, it was said that the statute in that case “ operates, so to speak, upon the child m personam, without citing the parent or guardian by the proceeding or by the commitment. It appears to us quite obvious, upon familiar principles, that the parent or guardian is -not precluded by the commitment from asserting any right to the custody and care of the child which he may afterwards be able to establish. . . . The commitment during minority binds the child only, not the parent or guardian, when competent to fulfil towards the child the duties assumed by the state.” But the proceeding by adoption,here in question is a mere statutory proceeding, not according to the course of the common law, and, when legally conducted, has a much broader scope, and utterly terminates all relations between the minor and his legitimate parents. “ A child so adopted shall be deemed for the purposes of inheritance and succession by such child, custody of the person and right of obedience by such parents by adoption, mid all other legal consequences mid incidents of the natural relation of parents and children, the same to all intents and purposes as if such child had been born in lawful wedlock of such parents by adoption. . . . The natural parents of such child shall be deprvoedby such order of adoption of all legal fights whatsoever respecting such child, and such child shall be freed from all legal obligations of maintenance and obedience to such natural parents.” R. S. sec. 4024. The statute (sec. *394022) requires that sucb order shall be made upon petition, and shall not “ be made without the written consent of the living parents of such child, unless the court shall find that one of the parents has abandoned the child, or gone to parts unknown, when such consent may be given by the parent, if any, having the care of the child. In case where neither of the parents is living, or if living have abandoned the child, such consent may be give.n by the guardian of such child, if any. If such child has no guardian, such consent may be given by any of the nest of kin of such child, or, in the discretion of the court, by some suitable person to be appointed by the court.” The order is required to recite the facts of the case, and to declare that from and after its date such child shall be-deemed, to all intents and purposes, the child of the petitioners; and by such order the name of such child may be changed to that of such parents by adoption, and the statute gives the order the effect already stated.
The proceedings and order of adoption relied on by the defendant do not recite or show any consent of either the parents of the child, Mary Schiltz, or by any of her next of kin or her guardian, to such adoption, but of Jacob Imig, “ duly appointed by the court for that purpose; ” but the proceedings recite that the plaintiff had abandoned her, and that her mother was dead. There is nothing whatever to show that any notice was ever given to the plaintiff to appear and defend against the application or assert his natural rights, or that he appeared at the hearing, but the inference from the record is quite to the contrary. Although it is too well settled to admit of dispute that the father-can recover for the loss of the services of his'minor child, against any one causing such loss (Rooney v. Milwaukee Chair Co. 65 Wis. 397), the proceeding in question was held by the court conclusive evidence, by judicial decision, that he had abandoned his daughter Mary, and that by virtue *40of the alleged order of adoption he had been lawfully deprived of the right to her services, of all legal rights whatsoever respecting her, and that she was free from all natural filial relations to her father, although he had had no notice of the charge, or time and place of hearing, and no opportunity whatever to defend against it, and although he had been condemned without a hearing, and denied the charge of abandonment in his complaint in this action. The circuit court held the charge of abandonment conclusively established by the order of adoption, and dismissed his complaint.
The contention that the county court could, without notice to the plaintiff or opportunity to him to defend against the charge of abandonment, grant, an order depriving the plaintiff of his most sacred natural rights in respect to his child, so jealously guarded and protected by the laws, offends against all our ideas respecting the administration of justice, and is opposed to the principles which lie at the foundation of all judicial systems not essentially despotic in their character and methods of procedure. It is provided by the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States that “ no state shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law.” Due process of law, as applied to judicial proceedings, includes a charge before some judicial tribunal, and notice to the party in some form, either actual or constructive, and an opportunity to appear and produce evidence in his defense and be heard by himself or counsel. To proceed to adjudicate in the absence of notice to the party “ would be contrary to the first principles of the social compact, and of the right of administration of justice.” McVeigh v. U. S. 11 Wall. 267. In Windsor v. McVeigh, 93 U. S. 277, it is held that: “ Whenever one is assailed in his person or his property, there he may defend, for the liability and the right are inseparable. This is a principle of natural justice, *41recognized as such by the common intelligence and conscience of all nations. A sentence of the court pronounced against a party without hearing him or giving him an opportunity to be heard, is not a judicial determination of his rights, and is not entitled to respect in any other tribunal. That there must be. notice to the party of some kind, actual or constructive, to a valid judgment affecting his rights, is admitted. Until notice is given the court has no jurisdiction, in any case, to proceed to judgment, whatever its authority may be, by the law of its organization, over the subject matter.” These are familiar principles, existing before and secured by the fourteenth amendment, and they are sustained by a vast number of adjudicated cases and a wealth of argument and illustration with which it is not necessary to extend a judicial opinion. The cases all hold a consistent rule on this fundamental point. The paramount law of the land condemns the proceeding here in question, and it is impossible to justify or sustain it. We have not been referred to a single adjudicated case which holds that such an order as this is valid, as against the claim of the natural father to the services of his minor child, or as affording any evidence that he has abandoned it. Certainly, nothing is gained by saying that the proceeding is one quasi in rem, for, in all such, notice to the party to be affected and bound, either actual or constructive, is absolutely essential. Nor is it material that the order may be set aside on petition, appeal, or eertiorari. The fact still remains that as to the father the order is a mere nullity and may be disregarded as such whenever and wherever it comes in question as against him or as affecting his rights. But the order in question may well be held valid as against the minor child, as in the case of the commitment to the Industrial School of Milwaukee. Milwaukee Industrial School v. Milwaukee Co. 40 Wis. 328. The judgments and decisions of a judicial tribunal are conclusive and secure against col*42lateral attack only when the tribunal rendering tbem had jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the parties to be affected by them. By reason of the want of jurisdiction of the person of the plaintiff, the proceeding in question established nothing as. against him, and is no evidence that he abandoned his child. That question remains open, thefe-fore, for trial upon the issue tendered by the complaint. No other point was raised or discussed, and it follows that the judgment of the circuit court dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint is erroneous, and must be reversed.
See note to this case in 21 L. R. A. 483.— Rep.By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and 'the cause is remanded for a new trial.