Dunn-Heiser v. United States

Slip Op. 05-62

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

____________________________________
:
CHRISTINA DUNN-HEISER,
:
Plaintiff,
:
v. Court No. 03-00725
:
UNITED STATES,
:
Defendant.
____________________________________:

[Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings denied; Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the
Administrative Record granted.]

Decided: May 31, 2005

Christina E. Dunn-Heiser, Plaintiff Pro Se.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams, Attorney-in-Charge,
International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department
of Justice (Harry A.Valetk); Louritha Green and Allan L. Martin, Office of Associate Chief Counsel,
Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Of Counsel; for
Defendant.

OPINION

RIDGWAY, Judge:

In this action, pro se plaintiff Christina E. Dunn-Heiser (“Applicant”) challenges the decision

of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury upholding the

determination of the U.S. Customs Service (“Customs”)1 denying her application for a customs

1
Effective March 1, 2003, Customs was renamed the Bureau of Customs and Border
Protection of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub.
L. No. 107-296 § 1502, 2002 U.S.C.C.A.N. (116 Stat. 2135, 2308); Reorganization Plan
Modification for the Department of Homeland Security, H.R. Doc. No. 108-32, at 4 (2003). The
Court No.03-00725 Page 2

broker’s license, based on her failure to pass the requisite examination. Specifically, Applicant

contends that she should be awarded credit for her answer to one exam question which Customs

scored as incorrect. Credit for that question would give her a passing score on the exam.

Both parties have now filed dispositive motions. See Plaintiff’s untitled submission

(“Applicant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings” or “Pl.’s Brief”);2 Defendant’s Memorandum

in Support of Its Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record and In Opposition to Plaintiff’s

Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“Def.’s Brief”).3

Jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(g)(1) (2000).4 For the reasons discussed more fully

below, the Treasury Department’s determination denying Applicant’s appeal of the scoring of her

customs broker license exam must be sustained. Applicant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

agency is referred to as Customs herein.
2
Applicant was encouraged to retain counsel to represent her in this action, or to seek
appointment of counsel by the court. See, e.g., Letter to Applicant from Chief Deputy Clerk of Court
(Oct. 22, 2003); Letter to Applicant from Court (Jan. 22, 2004). She declined offers of assistance,
however, and advised that she preferred to personally represent her own interests.
3
The parties’ submissions are quite concise. The text of Applicant’s brief is a slim five pages,
although the pages actually are not numbered. (References herein assume that the pages of her brief
are numbered beginning with the first page of the text of her argument.) The Government’s brief
in support of its cross-motion is similarly succinct – a mere eight pages. The parties elected not to
file reply briefs. See Letter to Parties from Court (Dec. 20, 2004).
4
All statutory citations are to the 2000 version of the United States Code.

Although Applicant frames her prayer for relief in this action as a request for credit for her
answer to a question on the customs broker license examination, it is treated – for purposes of
jurisdiction – as a challenge to the denial of a license, because “the denial of a license is a foregone
conclusion for an unsuccessful examinee.” See Kenny v. Snow, 401 F.3d 1359, 1361 n.3 (Fed. Cir.
2005).
Court No.03-00725 Page 3

is therefore denied, and the Government’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record is

granted.

I. Background

Customs brokers help importers and exporters navigate the labyrinthine federal laws

governing the movement of merchandise into and out of the customs territory of the United States.

As Customs explains:

The Customs broker is a highly knowledgeable professional. Customs brokers must
possess thorough knowledge of tariff schedules and Customs Regulations and must
also keep abreast of the amendments made through constant changes in law and
administrative regulations. The Customs broker must be well versed in determining
proper classifications and dutiable value [of imported merchandise] and be fully
aware of the vast number of commodities subject to quota and other admissibility
requirements. The Customs broker’s base of knowledge must also encompass the
requirements of more than 40 governmental agencies, such as the U.S. Department
of Agriculture on meat import questions, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) on vehicle emission standards or the Food and Drug Administration on
product safety.

U.S. Customs Service, Broker Management Handbook 11 (Jan. 2002).

Because customs brokers play such an integral role in international trade, and because the

relevant statutes and regulations are so numerous and so complex, applicants for a broker’s license

must successfully complete a comprehensive written licensing exam. The exam is designed “to

determine the applicant’s knowledge of customs and related laws, regulations and procedures . . .

and all other appropriate matters.”5 19 U.S.C. § 1641(b)(2); 19 C.F.R. § 111.13(a) (2002).6

5
Much of the information in this overview of the customs broker license exam is drawn from
Customs’ website, and from publications available on that website. See, e.g., Broker Management
Handbook, Chapter 3, “Broker Examination Process”; “Becoming a Customs Broker” (pamphlet).
Court No.03-00725 Page 4

The exam is administered twice a year (in the spring and the fall), and consists of 80 multiple

choice questions covering a range of topics pertinent to a broker’s duties (including entry,

classification, country of origin, trade agreements, value, broker responsibilities, and marking). See

19 C.F.R. § 111.13(b) (specifying frequency of examination).

The exam is open-book. Those sitting for the test are advised to bring – and are expected to

know – Customs’ regulations (codified in Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations), the

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”), and other specified reference

materials, which they may refer to during the course of the exam. Test-takers must correctly answer

at least 60 questions to pass. Despite the open-book format of the exam, the success rate is relatively

low.7 However, test-takers who fail may retake the exam without penalty. 19 C.F.R. § 111.13(e).

Included on Customs’ website are the questions and answers from all customs broker license
exams from April 1997 through the present. As indicated there, all exams since the April 1998
administration have consisted of 80 questions.
6
All references to regulations are to the 2002 version of the Code of Federal Regulations.
7
Customs’ website apparently provides no data on exam pass rates. However, an unofficial,
quick-and-dirty survey of relevant data reported on the websites of various test preparation services
suggests that pass rates vary significantly from one exam to another, and that the rate is never very
high.

For example, one such website reports that – for the five-year period from April 1999 to
April 2003 – the average national pass rate was 21%, with a low of 3% for the April 2002 exam and
a high of 50% for the October 2001 exam. For the October 2002 exam – the exam at issue here –
the national pass rate was reportedly a mere 15%. See also Rudloff v. United States, 19 CIT 1072,
1073 n.3 (1995) (noting 2% pass rate for 1988 exam, and 40% pass rate for October 1994 exam).
Court No.03-00725 Page 5

Applicant in this case failed the October 2002 exam, initially receiving credit for only 58

questions. She petitioned Customs, requesting reconsideration of her answers to three questions.8

Customs awarded credit for one of those three answers, but denied credit for the other two. A.R.

Doc. No. 3.9

With credit for her answers to only 59 questions, Applicant was still one answer shy of a

passing score on the exam. She therefore petitioned the Treasury Department, seeking review of the

two remaining questions in dispute. A.R. Doc. No. 2. Like Customs, the Treasury Department

denied Applicant’s request for credit for both questions. A.R. Doc. No. 1.

This action ensued, in which Applicant seeks credit for her answer to a single exam

question.10 See Applicant’s Letter to U.S. Court of International Trade (Oct. 7, 2003) (“Complaint”)

(discussing only one question); Pl.’s Brief at 2 (referring to “[t]he exam question that is being

8
According to the Government, Applicant sought Customs’ reconsideration of her answers
to three questions, by petition dated December 20, 2002. See Def.’s Brief at 2. However, the
Administrative Record filed by the Government does not include a copy of that petition. Nor has
a copy been otherwise filed with the court.
9
The pages of the Administrative Record in this action are not sequentially numbered. As
submitted by the Government, the record is indexed as five numbered documents. Some of those
five documents – specifically, Document Nos. 3, 4, and 5 – have additional documents attached to
them, which are listed separately in the index under the corresponding indexed document (that is,
under Document No. 3, 4, or 5).

The five documents numbered in the index to the Administrative Record are cited as “A.R.
Doc. No. ____.” Documents not specifically numbered in the index (that is, documents other than
Document Nos. 1 through 5) are cited as Attachments to the respective corresponding numbered
document – in other words, as “A.R. Doc. No. ____, Att. ____.”
10
The record does not disclose whether Applicant has sat for the exam since the October 2002
test at issue in this case. However, the exam has been administered five times since then.
Court No.03-00725 Page 6

appealed”) (emphasis added), 5 (concluding that she “should be granted credit for the Custom Broker

exam question”) (emphasis added). See also Def.’s Brief at 3 (noting that Applicant is now “focused

solely” on her answer to one exam question).

II. Standard of Review

The Secretary of the Treasury is vested with broad powers over the licensing of customs

brokers. See, e.g., Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1361; Bell v. United States, 17 CIT 1220, 1225, 839 F. Supp.

874, 878 (1993) (citations omitted). Consistent with those broad powers, a determination denying

a license can be overturned only if that determination was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1361.

As discussed in section I above, one of the grounds for denying a license is failure to pass

the requisite examination. The Court of Appeals recently highlighted the narrow scope of judicial

review of the scoring of such exams:

Underpinning a decision to deny a license arising from an applicant’s failure to pass
the licensing examination are factual determinations grounded in examination
administration issues – such as . . . the allowance of credit for answers other than the
official answer – which are subject to limited judicial review.

Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1361 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1641(e)(3)). Thus, in cases like this one, the findings

of the Secretary of the Treasury as to the facts – if supported by substantial evidence – are, by statute,

conclusive. 19 U.S.C. § 1641(e)(3); Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1361. See also O’Quinn v. United States,

24 CIT 324, 325, 100 F. Supp. 2d 1136, 1137-38 (2000) (discussing application of “substantial

evidence” test and “arbitrary and capricious” standard, in context of judicial review of scoring of

customs broker license exam).
Court No.03-00725 Page 7

In sum, regulatory authorities are entitled to certain latitude in the design and scoring of

customs broker license exams. Di Iorio v. United States, 14 CIT 746, 752 (1990). Officials’

determinations as to “the appropriateness of various [exam] questions and the answers selected” are

accorded a measure of deference. Id. at 747. “Judicial intrusion into . . . the formulation and grading

of standardized examination questions” is properly “limited in scope.” Id. The court thus does not

serve as “some kind of final reviewer of the Customs broker licensing examination[],” substituting

its judgement for that of the responsible Customs and Treasury Department officials. 14 CIT at 747,

752.11

III. Analysis

The express objective of the customs broker license exam is to gauge an applicant’s

command of Customs’ positions on the relevant rules and regulations. 19 U.S.C. § 1641(b)(2); 19

C.F.R. § 111.13(a). See also Def.’s Brief at 6. As section I above notes, one subject tested on the

exam is the law governing the marking of imported merchandise to indicate its country of origin.

The exam question at issue in this action deals with those marking requirements.

A. Country of Origin Marking Requirements

The marking statute requires that, with certain exceptions not relevant here, “every article

of foreign origin . . . imported into the United States shall be marked . . . to indicate to an ultimate

purchaser in the United States . . . the country of origin of the article.” 19 U.S.C. §1304(a)

11
Indeed, courts have even declined to overturn questions that they found to be flawed. See,
e.g., Di Iorio, 14 CIT at 748-49 (“While not perfect, the question was adequate so that, as to this
question, plaintiff’s appeal was rejected reasonably.”).
Court No.03-00725 Page 8

(emphases added); see also 19 C.F.R. § 134 (“Country of Origin Marking”). Customs’ marking

regulations expressly define “country of origin” as the “country of manufacture, production, or

growth of any article of foreign origin entering the United States.” 19 C.F.R. § 134.1(b) (emphasis

added). “Foreign origin” is, in turn, defined as “a country of origin other than the United States.”

19 C.F.R. § 134.1(c) (emphasis added). Thus, by definition, Customs’ marking requirements apply

only to merchandise of foreign origin – that is, merchandise of an origin other than the United States.

The purpose of requiring that imported merchandise be properly marked with its country of

origin is to help consumers make informed decisions:

Congress intended that the ultimate purchaser should be able to know by an
inspection of the marking on imported goods the country of which the goods is the
product. The evident purpose is to mark the goods so that at the time of purchase the
ultimate purchaser may, by knowing where the goods were produced, be able to buy
or refuse to buy them, if such marking should influence his will.

United States v. Friedlaender & Co., 27 C.C.P.A. 297, 302 (1940) (emphasis added).

To that end, Customs’ marking regulations require that – in any case where the words

“United States,” “American,” or the name of any U.S. city or locality appear on an imported article,

and that designation “may mislead or deceive the ultimate purchaser” – the name of the article’s

actual country of origin must appear “legibly and permanently,” “in at least a comparable size,” and

“in close proximity to” the potentially misleading or deceptive reference to the United States, and

must be preceded by a phrase such as “Made in” or “Product of.” 19 C.F.R. § 134.46.

Moreover, when the potentially misleading or deceptive reference to the U.S. appears on a

hangtag, Customs’ longstanding “same side” rule applies. Under that rule, the hangtag must be

marked with the actual country of origin “on the same side [of the hangtag] . . . as the U.S. reference
Court No.03-00725 Page 9

so that the information is viewable in one inspection of the item . . . even if the article is otherwise

properly marked with country of origin.” HQ 734874 (May 10, 1993) (emphasis added) (cited in

Pl.’s Brief at 1). See also Def.’s Brief at 7.

B. The Exam Question and The Correct Answer

The exam question here at issue tested license applicants’ knowledge of Customs’ marking

regulations – particularly the “same side” rule for hangtags. The question reads:

A man’s woven shirt is properly marked with the country of origin on
the front of a sewn in label located at the center of the neck. There is
a black hangtag located on the right sleeve near the wrist area. One
side of the hangtag lists, in red print, the name of the importer and
their U.S. address: TSA, 111 NW 1st, Seattle, WA. The other side of
the hangtag lists the size, material content and price. To comply with
Customs country of origin marking requirements, which ONE of the
following statements is correct?

(A) No additional marking is required since the
sewn in label correctly states the country of
origin.

(B) An additional hangtag on the left sleeve is
required which states the country of origin.

(D) An additional country of origin marking is
required. It must be located on the side of the
hangtag, which lists the U.S. address. It must
be legible, permanent, and in close proximity
to the U.S. address. It also must be of a
comparable size.

(E) An additional hangtag in the center of the
neck re-stating the country of origin would be
sufficient.
Court No.03-00725 Page 10

A.R. Doc. No. 3, Att. 2. The question requires test-takers to synthesize the fact pattern provided,

then choose which of the five potential answers best describes Customs’ marking requirements.

Customs’ answer key for the exam lists (D) as the correct answer. Applicant, however, chose (A).

See A.R. Doc. No. 3, Atts. 1, 3; Complaint, Att. 2 (Applicant’s computer-scannable answer sheet for

the exam).

To correctly answer this question, a test-taker needs to know a limited set of information, all

of which either is provided in the question itself or is available in the reference materials – in this

instance, Customs’ regulations (codified in Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations) – which

test-takers are encouraged to bring to (and may refer to during) the exam. Information which is not

expressly stated in a question but which is provided in the reference materials is effectively

incorporated into the question. See, e.g., Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1361-62 (finding no ambiguity in an

exam question which referred to “alcoholic strength by volume of 0.4%” but which did not specify

the temperature at which strength was measured, where a note to the HTSUS provides that “alcoholic

strength by volume” is determined at 20° Celsius).

Here, the exam question states that the article’s “country of origin” is “properly marked.”

Although the country of origin is not specifically identified in the text of the question, a test-taker

should know that it is not the United States, because Customs’ marking regulations quite literally

by definition exclude the United States from the universe of possible “countries of origin.” As

discussed in section III.A above, the marking regulations expressly define “country of origin” as the

“country of manufacture, production, or growth of any article of foreign origin entering the United

States.” 19 C.F.R. §134.1(b) (emphasis added). And “foreign origin,” in turn, is defined as “a
Court No.03-00725 Page 11

country of origin other than the United States.” 19 C.F.R. §134.1(c) (emphasis added). In light of

those definitions, the concept of a “properly marked country of origin” cannot logically apply to U.S.

goods (at least in the context of the marking regulations, which are the subject of the exam question

at issue here).

The ineluctable conclusion – that the “properly marked country of origin” is a country other

than the U.S. – is confirmed by the remaining text of the question, which states that a U.S. location,

described as the importer’s U.S. address, appears on a hangtag attached to the article. Because the

article is of foreign origin, and because the hangtag refers to a U.S. location (“Seattle, WA”), the

additional marking requirements of 19 C.F.R. § 134.46 are implicated. And the “same side” rule

requires that any additional country of origin marking must appear on the same side of the hangtag

as the U.S. reference.

In short, based on the information provided in the question, the correct answer must address

both the additional marking requirements of 19 C.F.R. § 134.46 and the “same side” rule applicable

to hangtags. That answer is clearly (D):

None of the other four potential answers addresses both the elements of 19 C.F.R. § 134.46 and the

“same-side” rule. (D) is thus the only one of the five answers that properly reflects Customs’ official

position on country of origin marking requirements.
Court No.03-00725 Page 12

Indeed, Applicant herself candidly concedes that (D) is the correct response, “provid[ed]

[that] the country of origin . . . is not the US.” Pl.’s Brief at 3-4.12 That statement is a tacit

admission that (D) is the correct answer to the question as it appeared on the exam. In other words,

even Applicant agrees that – absent any assumptions – the correct answer to the question is (D).

C. Applicant’s Assumptions

Only by making some fairly elaborate assumptions and effectively re-writing the exam can

Applicant begin to rationalize her answer. However, customs law does not afford test-takers such

creative license. “Examinees cannot be permitted to reach conclusions by taking a portion of the

question and formulating their own factual scenarios.” Di Iorio, 14 CIT at 751. Nor is an examinee

permitted to “unilaterally rewrite the question.” Id.

Applicant claims that the question at issue here suffers from a “lack of critical decision-

making information” which, she asserts, necessitated that she make assumptions. Pl.’s Brief at 3-4.

Her principal contention is that the question fails to make it clear that the United States was not the

12
Applicant quibbles, in passing, with whether the information on the hangtag “is misleading
or deceptive to the ultimate purchaser,” so as to implicate the additional marking requirements of
19 C.F.R. § 134.46. See Pl.’s Brief at 4. Asserting that “[d]etermining whether or not the hangtag
is misleading or deceptive is rather opinionated,” Applicant opines that she personally “does not feel
that there is sufficient evidence that the ultimate purchaser will become confused as to the country
of origin of the shirt.” Id.

The law is clear, however. Applicant’s personal views on such matters are irrelevant. See
generally Def.’s Brief at 7. Compliance with 19 C.F.R. § 134.46 is judged on an objective – not a
subjective – basis. See, e.g., Carrier v. United States, 20 CIT 227, 232-33 (1996) (whether additional
country of origin marking is of size “at least . . . comparable” to potentially misleading or deceptive
reference to U.S. is to be judged on objective, not subjective, basis).
Court No.03-00725 Page 13

“properly marked country of origin.” She emphasizes that “the country of origin is not listed [in the

question] and is not mentioned as a foreign origin.” Pl.’s Brief at 3 (emphasis added).

To the contrary, Applicant had only to open her copy of Title 19 of the Code of Federal

Regulations and turn to the definition of “[c]ountry of origin” in the marking regulations. As

explained in sections III.A and III.B above, “country of origin” is – in the context of customs

marking requirements – a term of art which is expressly defined in the regulations by reference to

“foreign origin” and which, by definition, excludes the United States from the universe of possible

countries of origin for these purposes. 19 C.F.R. § 134.1(b)-(c). The premise underlying Applicant’s

argument is thus baseless. There is no need for the text of the question itself to expressly exclude

the United States as a potential “country of origin”; the marking regulations, on their face, serve that

purpose. Accordingly, contrary to her claims, the exam question at issue did not require Applicant

to make any assumptions in order to reach the correct answer.

Applicant’s remaining arguments proceed from the same premise, rejected above – that is,

from the premise that the exam question at issue required test-takers to make assumptions.13

13
As discussed in note 8 above, Applicant’s petition to Customs is not included in the
Administrative Record. It is therefore unclear what arguments she raised in that forum. What is
clear, however, is that – in her appeal to the Treasury Department – Applicant’s sole argument was
that the hangtag was not misleading or deceptive. See A.R. Doc. No. 2; see also n.12, supra.

Applicant thus did not argue to the Treasury Department – as she does here – that the article
described in the question was assembled in the United States. Nor did she argue – as she does here
– that the U.S. address on the hangtag could be “part of a trade name, trademark, or souvenir
marking” or “the location to [which purchasers should] direct any questions regarding the item.” See
Pl.’s Brief at 4.

It is thus possible that virtually all of Applicant’s arguments in this action could have been
barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See, e.g., Rudloff, 19 CIT at 1074-75
Court No.03-00725 Page 14

Applicant asserts – in essence – that, because the text of the question itself does not expressly rule

out the United States as the “country of origin,” the “country of origin” must be the United States.

Compare, e.g., Pl.’s Brief at 3 (“since the country of origin is not listed [in the question] and is not

mentioned as a foreign origin the probability that the country of origin could actually be the United

States cannot be ruled out”) with Pl.’s Brief at 3 (Applicant “made an assumption that the country

of origin is the US”). But not only was it unnecessary for her make any assumptions (as discussed

above), the assumptions that she did make were not even particularly well-founded.

There is an obvious leap in logic, for example, between Applicant’s assertion that the U.S.

could not be excluded as the country of origin and her conclusion that the U.S. therefore is the

country of origin. Further, as Applicant acknowledges, her claim that the U.S. is the country of

origin rests on an assumption that the article was assembled in the United States, and that the U.S.

location listed on the hangtag is “preceded by the phrase ‘. . . Assembled in, or Made in’.” See, e.g.,

Pl.’s Brief at 3 (“Providing this assembly assumption is correct, the US could become the country

of origin for the item . . . .”). However, nothing in the text of the question supports Applicant’s

“assembly assumption.” Indeed, because articles that are assembled in this country – by definition

– are not themselves imported into the country, her “assembly” hypothesis is fatally undermined by

the question’s reference to the “importer” of the merchandise.

Applicant’s alternative assumptions are similarly flawed. She postulates, for example, that

the U.S. address on the hangtag could be “part of a trade name, trademark, or souvenir marking.”

(contrasting the introduction of additional evidence, which is permitted under 19 U.S.C. §
1641(e)(4), with the assertion of additional arguments, which may be barred by the doctrine of
exhaustion). However, the Government raised no such objection.
Court No.03-00725 Page 15

Pl.’s Brief at 4 (citing HQ 733281 (Aug. 3, 1990)). Such cases are covered by a special rule. See

19 C.F.R. § 134.47.14 But there is nothing whatsoever in the fact pattern of the question to suggest

that the information on the hangtag relates to any trade name, trademark, or souvenir marking. And,

more to the point, as discussed above, the question does not require an examinee to assume any

additional facts.

In the alternative, Applicant hypothesizes that purchasers “may interpret the US address on

the hangtag as the location to [which they should] direct any questions regarding the item.” Pl.’s

Brief at 4. Invoking Customs ruling HQ 732816, Applicant asserts that “addresses, taken alone,

would not be misleading or confusing and may provide the consumer a place to direct any questions

they might have.” Pl.’s Brief at 4 (citing HQ 732816 (Nov. 24, 1989)).

HQ 732816 ruled that the additional marking requirements of 19 C.F.R. § 134.46 do not

apply to a U.S. address provided “for purposes of offering purchasers a location to pursue guarantee

or customer satisfaction assistance.” Another ruling – HQ 561610 – similarly exempts from the

scope of § 134.46 clear invitations to contact a company with questions or comments. In that case,

the reference at issue read: “For any product related comments write to us at: [U.S. Address].” HQ

14
Under the special rule that applies to “[s]ouvenirs and articles marked with trademarks or
trade names”:

When as part of a trademark or trade name or as part of a souvenir marking, the name
of a location in the United States or “United States” or “America” appear[s], the
article shall be legibly, conspicuously, and permanently marked to indicate the name
of the country of origin of the article preceded by “Made in,” “Product of,” or other
similar words, in close proximity or in some other conspicuous location.

19 C.F.R. § 134.47.
Court No.03-00725 Page 16

561610 (Jan. 14, 2000). See also HQ 560610 (Oct. 8, 1997) (listing country names next to phone

numbers of customer service representatives on hangtag with language expressly inviting purchasers

to call with “QUESTIONS or COMMENTS” does not trigger additional marking requirements of

19 C.F.R. § 134.46) (cited in Pl.’s Brief at 2). In stark contrast, nothing in the text of the exam

question here even hints at guarantees, warranties, product-related comments or questions, or

customer service.

Like the plaintiff test-taker in Kenny, rather than analyzing the question as it appeared on the

exam, Applicant here too “chose to ignore the stated facts of the question and now labors to find a

justification for doing so.” Kenny, 401 F.3d at 1362 (quoting Kenny, 28 CIT ____, ____, 2004 WL

1249852 at * 4 (2004)). The result in Kenny obtains here as well.

IV. Conclusion

For all the foregoing reasons, the Treasury Department’s determination denying Applicant’s

appeal of the scoring of her customs broker license exam must be sustained. Applicant’s Motion for

Judgment on the Pleadings is therefore denied, and the Government’s Motion for Judgment on the

Agency Record is granted.

Judgment will enter accordingly.

/s/
Delissa A. Ridgway, Judge

Decided: May 31, 2005
New York, New York