Aside from the Brown tract of thirteen acres of land in Wauwatosa, specifically devised to his grandson Rarrison Ladi/ngton, and his father, Fredericle, and which is not involved in this controversy, the general purposes of the testator, as expressed in his will, seem to have been to provide for his wife a comfortable home and support during her life, in lieu of all dower and all right and interest in his estate; and for that purpose, and others indicated in the wili, his trustees were authorized and empowered, during the life of his wife, to sell and convey any and all personal *638property and any and all real estate, and convert the same into money, and invest and keep invested the same for the purposes of the trust therein specified, and generally, for such purposes, and in their discretion, to convert realty into personalty and personalty into realty, subject, however, to the provisions that they were not authorized or directed to ■sell and convey the homestead, unless Ms wife should remove therefrom and reside elsewhere; that they should not sell his stocks, mentioned, until April 1, 1893, unless his wife and his youngest child, Frances L., surviving at the time of his death, should both die prior to that date, and that they should not sell or convey the three lots described (which for convenience we will designate as the business blocks) until April 1, 1908, unless his wife and Frances L. should both die prior to that date; and that, subject to such conditions, his trustees should, during the life of his wife, receive the rents, issues, and profits from his estate, real, personal, and mixed, and out of the same first pay to his wife the annuity mentioned, and secondly pay and distribute the remainder of such annual rents, issues, and profits, semiannually, “mnong cAV his “children equally, share and share alike, the issue of any deceased child taking by representation the share thereof which his, her, or their parent would have taken, if living,” and upon the death of his wife, and subject to such conditions and the specific bequests and devises mentioned in the will, they were to divide his “ estate equally among all ” his “ children, share and share alike, the issue of any deceased child ” of his “ to take by representation the share which his, her, or their parent would have taken if living; ”. and the will expressly provides that in such divisions no advancement or gift to any of his children, prior to January 1,1883, was to be considered or taken into the account, but that all sums advanced and charged by the testator to either of his children after the day and year last mentioned were to be deemed advancements to *639such child, and to be taken into account in such distribution. JThe general purpose of the testator to treat all his children alike is thus strikingly manifest. Harrison Ludington, Jr., lived for four years and five months after the death of his father. During that time the net income of the estate was distributed among the children semi-annually, the last distribution having been made November 9,1895, six days prior to the death of Harrison Ludington, Jr. Since that time such distribution has been confined to the five living children of the testator, on the assumption that Harrison Lud-ington, Jr., never had any vestecl interest in the estate whatever, and that he lost all prospective interest in the estate by having died prior to his stepmother, when by the terms of the will the final distribution of the corpus of the estate was to be made, subject, however, to the limitation on the power of the sale of stock until April 1, 1893, and of the business blocks until April 1,1908. As indicated, the will declares that “ the issue of any deceased child ” of the testator was “ to .take by representation the share which his, her, or their parent would have taken if living,” not only of the corpus of the estate on the death of the widow, but also of the remainder of the “ annual rents, issues, and profits, semi-annually,” after satisfying the specific bequests mentioned. Upon the one hand it is contended that the words “deceased child,” thus mentioned, refer only to a child who should die prior to the testator, and on the other hand it is contended that they also refer to a child who should survive the testator, and then die prior to the death of the widow.. Which of these contentions is correct ?
As soon as the will was admitted to probate, it took effect, by way of relation, as of the death of the testator. Bridge v.Ward, 35 Wis. 687; Scott v. West, 63 Wis. 552; Graves v. Mitchell, 90 Wis. 314; In re Davis’s Will, ante, p. 455. The language of the will must be construed with reference to the time of the testator’s death. Id.; Tucker v. Bishop, 16 *640N. Y. 404. It has frequently been held that, in the absence of other words showing a contrary intention, the words “ the death of a child,” in a clause of a will similar to the one last above quoted, refer to a death during the lifetime of the testator. Livingston v. Greene, 52 N. Y. 118; Embury v. Sheldon, 68 N. Y. 227; Robert v. Corning, 89 N. Y. 225; In re Mahan, 98 N. Y. 372; Quackenbos v. Kingsland, 102 N. Y. 128; Vanderzee v. Slingerland, 103 N. Y. 47; Van Brunt v. Van Brunt, 111 N. Y. 178; In re Tienken, 131 N. Y. 391; In re Brown, 154 N. Y. 313. In this last case it was expressly held that “ when a devise or bequest is made to a class, as ‘to children of children,’the class will, in the absence of a definite intention disclosed by the will, be ascertained and determined as of the death of the testator; and, if the estate then vests, it vests in the individual beneficiaries as tenants in common.” To the same effect, Smith v. Ashurst, 34 Ala. 208; Springer v. Congleton, 30 Ga. 976; Johnes v. Beers, 57 Conn. 295; Whall v. Converse, 146 Mass. 345. Thus, it is stated by a standard text writer, in effect, that “a devise or bequest to the children of A., or of the testator, means prima faaie to those of that class in existence at the testator’s death, provided there be any at all to answer that description; and this rule extends to grandchildren, issue, brothers, nephews, and cousins;” and such presumption is not to be varied, whether an aggregate sum be given to the class, or a certain sum to each member of the class. Schouler, Wills, § 529. In the case at bar there is nothing in the will to indicate that by use of the words “ deceased child ” the testator meant a child who should survive him and then die prior to the death of his widow. On the contrary, it clearly appears from the will that he meant that, if any of his children should die before he did, then the issue of such child, if amy, should take “ the share which his, her, or their parent would have taken if living.” The manifest purpose of that clause in the will was to prevent such *641share from lapsing, as at common law it would have done had no such clause been inserted, and had such child died prior to the death of the testator. That was settled 120 years ago in the celebrated case of Ackroyd v. Smithson, 1 Brown, Ch. 503; S. C. 7 Eng. Rul. Cas. 8; Schaffer v. Ketell, 14 Allen, 528. Since a will never goes into effect until the death of the testator, it is very obvious that a bequest or devise contained in a will cannot take effect in favor of persons who die before the testator. Downing v. Marshall, 23 N. Y. 370. To obviate such effect, our statute, taken substantially from ETew York, as indicated in the last case cited, provides that, “ when a devise or legacy shall be made to any child or other relation of the testator and the devisee or legatee shall die before the testator, leaving issue who shall survive the testator, such issue shall take the estate so given by the will in the same manner as the devisee or legatee would have done if he had survived the testator, unless a different disposition shall be made or directed by the will.” Stats. 1898, sec. 2289. ¥e must hold that by the words “ deceased child,” contained in the will, the testator referred to such of his children as should die before he did. But, as indicated, none of his sis children died before he did. On the contrary, they are all still living, except Harrison Lud-ington, Jr., who died without issue. By the will the net income of the estate was to be distributed semi-annually, and the corpus of the estate was to be finally divided among all of the testator’s children, share and share alike, the issue of any deceased child to take the share which his, her, or their parent would have taken if living; but there is nothing in the will as to such share going to the survivors, or any of them, in case any of such children should die without issue, nor does the will anywhere undertake to make any disposition of the share of any such child dying without issue. It is not the case, therefore, where the share of one dying without issue goes, by the terms of the will, to the survivors of *642the class, as in Scott v. West, 63 Wis. 533, where the testator, after the death of his two daughters, by the fourth clause of his will devised and bequeathed all the remainder of his estate to his “ surviving grandchildren and to the legal issue of any deceased grandchild.” See, also, Campbell v. Stokes, 142 N. Y. 23.
In'support of the judgment on the merits it is contended, and the trial court held, that upon the death of the testator no right, title, or interest in any part of the testator’s estate vested in any of his children, but that the right, title, and interest of all of his estate, real, personal, and mixed, became, on his death, vested in his executors and trustees and their successors in office, and that they took the absolute title thereto and the whole thereof. Such ruling and contention is challenged by the widow of Harrison Ludington, Jr., on the ground that upon the death of the testator, and aside from the specific devise and specific bequests mentioned, the entire equitable right, title, and interest of the estate passed to, and became vested in, the six children equally, share and share alike, subject only to the execution of the trust. As indicated, and with the exceptions mentioned, the the testator by his will gave, devised, and bequeathed all his estate to his executors and their successors in trust during the life of the testator’s widow, for the' uses and purposes therein mentioned, with authority and power, in their discretion and for the purposes of the trusts therein specified, to sell and convey, and to convert personalty into realty and realty into personalty, and' to invest and keep the same invested, for the purposes mentioned, subject to-the limitations and directions therein specified. The validity of the trust is conceded. Stats. 1898, sec. 2081.
Our statutes in respect to the “nature and qualities of certain estates,” and “ of uses and trusts,” are taken almost entirely from Hew York. Id. ch. 95, 96; 1 R. S. N. Y. [1829] pt. II, ch. I, tit. II, arts. 1, 2. Among others, they contain *643provisions to the effect that “ estates, as respects the time of their enjoyment, are divided into estates in possession and estates in expectancy;” that “an estate in expectancy is where the right to the possession is postponed to a future period; ” that “ estates in expectancy are divided into future estates and reversions; ’ ” that “ a future estate is an estate limited to commence in possession at a future day; ” that “ when a future estate is dependent upon a precedent estate it may be termed a remainder, and may be created and transferred by that name; ” that “ future estates are either vested or contingent;” that “they are vested when there is a person in being who would have an immediate right to'the possession of the lands upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate;” that “they are contingent whilst the person to whom, or the event upon which, they are limited to take effect, remains uncertain;” that “ expectant estates are descendible, devisable and alienable in the same manner as estates in possession; ” that “ where an expectant estate ... is created by devise, the death of the testator shall be deemed the time of the creation of the estate;” that “a devise of lands to executors or other trustees, to be sold or mortgaged, where such trustees are not also empowered to receive the rents and profits, shall vest no estate in the trustees; but the trust shall be valid as a power,” etc.; that “ every express trust, valid as such in its creation, except as herein otherwise provided, shall vest the whole estate in the trustees, subject only to the execution of the trust; and the person for whose benefit the trust was created shall take no estate or interest in the lands, but may enforce the performance of the trust; ” but this last “ section shall not prevent any person creating a trust from declaring to whom the lands to which the trust relates shall belong in the event of the failure or determination of the trust, nor shall it prevent' him from granting or devising such lands subject to the execution of the trust; and every *644such grantee shall have a legal estate in the lands as against all persons except the trustees and those lawfully claiming under them; ” and that “whenever an express trust is created every estate and interest not embraced vn the trust and not otherwise disposed of shall remain in or revert to the person creating the trust or his heirs as a legal estate.” Stats. 1898, secs. 2031-2035, 2037, 2059, 2060, 2065, 2082, 2086-2088.
Under such statutes it is well settled in ETew York “ that the trustees take a legal estate commensurate with the equitable estate, and that outside of that there may be remainders and future estates, or powers of sale adequate to terminate the trust.” In re Tienken, 131 N. Y. 401. See, also, Manice v. Manice, 43 N. Y. 363, 364, and cases there cited. In that case, as in the case at bar, there were, outside of the trust, and in the language of the statute quoted (sec. 2033), “ future estates and reversions,” either disposed of by the will, or passed by descent under the statute (sec. 2270). So it has been held in New York that, “ where an estate is devised in trust, to provide an income for life beneficiaries, and at their death to divide among remaindermen as to whom there is no uncertainty, the trust estate vests^ in the trustees, not absolutely, but subject to the remainder over on the termination of the trust, and the remainder does not vest in the trustees at all.” In re Brown, 154 N. Y. 314. So it has been held in that state: “ Where the apparent intention of the testator is that remainders shall vest in persons as to whom there is no uncertainty, subject to the life estate, or estates created by the will, . . . the disposition relates back to the time of the testator’s death, and the vesting is of that date. The presence in a will of an imperative power of sale, given to the executors to be exercised at a future time, does not necessarily prevent a vesting, especially when it is apparent from the other provisions of the will that it was intended that the estate should vest pres*645ently.” Id. This court has construed such statutes as vesting the legal estate or title in the trustees for the purposes of the trust, and vesting the equitable estate in the eestui que trust. Baker w. McLeod’s Estate, 79 Wis. 540, 541, and cases there cited.
In some of the cases cited above, and in several hereinafter cited, it was held that the power of sale in no manner enlarged or changed the quality of the estate vested in the trustees. Under such statutes it has also been frequently held in that state, in effect, that where an estate is given, devised, and bequeathed to executors in trust to be paid over to a person or class of persons named or described, upon an event which is uncertain at the time of the creation of the estate and may never happen, or to a person or to persons then unascertainable, the right to such payment is contingent and not vested. Gilmam, v. Reddington, 24 N. Y. 9; Manice v. Manice, 43 N. Y. 378, 379; Smith v. Edwards, 88 N. Y. 92, 104; Shipman v. Rollins, 98 N. Y. 311; In re Baer, 147 N. Y. 348. But even “the general rule that, when a testamentary gift is found only in a direction to divide at a future time, the gift is future and contingent and not vested, is subordinate to the primary canon of construction, that the intent to be collected from the whole will must prevail.” In re Brown, supra; Goebel v. Wolf, 113 N. Y. 405. The direction for the trustees to pay over or distribute the net income of the estate, or a portion thereof, annually, or at other stated periods, to the beneficiaries,— as, for instance, the children of the testator, in the case at bar,— is evidence of an intent on the part of the testator to vest the equitable estate in them immediately upon the death of the testator. In re Brown, supra. See, also, Willett’s Adm’r v. Rutter’s Adm’r, 84 Ky. 317; Toms v. Williams, 41 Mich. 565. This will be more fully supported by authorities hereinafter cited.
On the' other hand, it has been frequently held, under such *646statutes, in that state, in effect, that where, as here, an estate is given, devised, and bequeathed to executors in trust to collect the rents, issues, and profits or income thereof during the life of the widow, and to pay over to her annually a certain part thereof, and the balance thereof to be paid over and distributed semi-annually among all of the testator’s children living at the time of his death, equally, share and share alike, and upon the death of the widow to divide the corpus of the estate equally among all his children, share and share alike, such estate becomes vested in such children immediately upon the death of the testator, subject, of course, to the execution of the trust. Such an estate satisfies the statute which declares, in effect, that future estates are vested when there is a person in being who would have an immediate right to the possession of the estate upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate (Stats. 1898, sec. 2037). Saxton v. Webber, 83 Wis. 624 Chief Justice Denio states the rule thus: “ The leading inquiry upon which the question of vesting or not vesting turns is whether the gift is immediate, and the time of payment or of enjoyment only postponed, or is future and contingent, depending upon, the beneficiary arriving of age, or surviving some person, or the like. If futurity is annexed to the substance of the gift, the vesting is suspended; but, if it appear to relate to the time of payment only, the legacy vests instanter. . . . And words directing division or distribution between two or more objects at a future time are equivalent to a direction to pay.” Everitt v. Everitt, 29 N. Y. 75. See Stark v. Conde, 100 Wis. 641. In that New York case it was held that the interest in the fund created for the benefit of the younger children vested in them immediately upon the death of the testator, though the fund was not payable to them until the youngest child attained her majority. See, also, Embury v. Sheldon, 68 N. Y. 227; In re Mahan, 98 N. Y. 372; Van Brunt v. Van Brunt, 111 N. Y. 178; Bowditch v. Ayrault, *647138 N. Y. 222. It Ras also been held in Hew York that, “ where by the terms of a bequest the gift is to be severed mstanter from the general estate, and to be held by trustees for a specified time for the benefit of the legatee, and then to be paid over to him, and in the meantime the interest thereof to be paid to him, this is indicative of the intent of the testator that the legatee shall at all events have the principal, and is to wait only for the payment until the day fixed.” Warner v. Durant, 76 N. Y. 133. In Goebel v. Wolf, 113 N. Y. 405, the testator gave the residue of his estate to trustees, in trust to pay one half of the net profits and income to his widow for the support of herself and her minor children, and to apply the other half in payment of mortgages, and after such payment to invest the residue for the benefit of his children; and then, after providing for an advancement to each child upon becoming of age or marrying, he directed that upon the death of his widow, and his youngest child becoming of age; his estate should be equally divided among his children; and it was “held that the gift was not to the children as a class, but each took a vested remainder in one fourth of the residuary estate, dependent upon the termination of the trust, and that the share of the one who died, with the accumulations of income therefrom, descended to his heirs or next of kin according to the nature of the property; also, that such descendants were entitled to any income that may hereafter accrue during the trust period.”
So it has been held in that state that “ a remainder is not to be considered as contingent in any case where, consistently with the intention of the testator, it may be construed as being vested.” Hersee v. Simpson, 154 N. Y. 496. Even “ the words £ from and after,’ in a testamentary gift of a remainder, following a life estate, do not make the remainder contingent and prevent its being construed as vested, where there is nothing else on the face of the will tending to show *648that the vesting of the remainder was postponed, or intended to be postponed, beyond the death of the testator.” Id. See, also, Wellford v. Snyder, 137 U. S. 521; Dale v. White, 33 Conn. 294; Johnes v. Beers, 57 Conn. 295; Scofield v. Olcott, 120 Ill. 362; Grimmer v. Friederich, 164 Ill. 245; Owens v. Dunn, 85 Tenn. 131; Wedekind v. Hallenberg, 88 Ky. 114; Marsh v. Hoyt, 161 Mass. 459; Reed's Appeal, 118 Pa. St. 215; Neilson v. Bishop, 45 N. J. Eq. 473; Bonnell's Ex'rs v. Bonnell, 47 N. J. Eq. 540; Cook v. McDowell, 52 N. J. Eq. 351. Some of these cases are quite similar to the case at bar. Thus, in the last case cited, the testator directed his executors to sell his real estate, and invest the proceeds during the life of his widow, and upon her death divide the corpus of the estate between his six children, share and share alike; and in case any of his children should “ die before receiving their share, leaving issue,” then he gave, devised, and bequeathed “ to such issue the share the parent would have taken if living.” One of his children, a son, survived'his father, but died without issue before he came into actual possession of any part of the estate; and it was held, in effect, that upon the death of the testator such son took a vested interest in one sixth-part of the estate, which passed by his will, subject to the-execution of the trust. The case of Bonnell's Ex'rs v. Bonnell, supra, is quite similar.
The cases in this court, so far .as they have any bearing upon the question presented, are in harmony with the views expressed. In Baker v. McLeod's Estate, 79 Wis. 534, the testator died leaving a will, executed a week before, and in and by which he gave, devised, and bequeathed all his estate to a trustee, in 'trust, with power of sale and reinvestment,, and to pay debts and expenses, and to pay Miss Ritchie, who had had the care of his little girl, Annie May, then less than four years old, since the death of his wife, and to pay and apply the rents, profits, and income thereof to the maintenance and education of Annie May until she should be*649come twenty-one years of age, and then the residue to be paid over and transferred to her, but that, in case Annie May should die under twenty-one years of age, then such remainder should immediately be paid, applied, and disposed of as follows: $2,000 t6 Miss Eitchie, if living; $8,000 to a church named; and the balance to the executors and trustees. Annie May married, and subsequently gave birth to a little boy, named George, and then died before she was twenty-one years of age; and, in construing the will, this court held that the estate vested in Annie May immediately upon the death of her father, subject only to the condition that, in case she should die under age and without issue, then the gift over to Miss Eitchie, the church, „and executors should become effectual: Eolio wing the adjudications in England and this country, the words “ without issue ” were supplied by construction. Dunlop v. Greer [1899], 1 Ir. Rep. Ch. 324. In Burnham v. Burnham, 79 Wis. 557, the testator, by his will, executed April 22,1874, after making certain bequests, and subject to certain provisions, gave to his wife an estate for life, with remainder to his children, including Daniel G., who became an inebriate and spendthrift, and was put under guardianship. Thereupon, on Eebruary 3, 1883, the testator executed a codicil to his will, wherein he declared that his son Daniel G. should not have nor receive any part of his estate unless within five years after his death Daniel G. should reform and become a sober and respectable citizen, of good moral character, of which his executors were to be the sole judges; that the executors were to hold the share' which would otherwise go to Daniel G. in trust during the five years, and pay out of the same $200 a year for the support and education of each of Daniel G.’s children, etc. March 2, 1889, the testator died, leaving an estate of $1,000,000-April 4,1889, the will and codicil were admitted to probate. January 18, 1890, Daniel G. died intestate, leaving a widow and three children. In construing the will, this court heldy *650in effect, that, upon the death of the testator, Daniel G.’s share of the estate immediately vested in him, subject to be divested by failure to perform the conditions named, and that the mere fact that the conditions were possible at the time the will went into effect, but afterwards became impossible by the act of God, did not operate to divest the estate, but upon the death of Daniel G. the same became absolute. Stark v. Conde, 100 Wis. 613. , “ In the construction of wills, the law, in doubtful cases, leans ill favor of an absolute, rather than a defeasible, estate; of a vested, rather than a contingent, one; of the primary, rather than the secondary, interest; of the first, rather than the second, taker, as the principal object of the testator’s bounty; and of a distribution as nearly conformed to the general rules of inheritance •as possible.” Smith's Appeal, 23 Pa. St. 9; Burnham v. Burnham, 79 Wis. 566.
On the death of the testator, Harrison Ludington, Jr., was living, and soon after married, and after' a few years died without issue, leaving a will, which was admitted to probate, .and in and by which he gave, devised, and bequeathed all his property to his widow, the defendant Emma Blessing Ludington. Except as provided in the will, and subject to the trusts and limitations therein contained, and for the reasons given, we must hold that immediately upon the death of the testator the reversionary and equitable interests in the estate became vested in his six children then living, equally, share and share alike, and upon the death of Harrison Ludington, Jr., November 15, 1895, his share thereof passed to his widow, as devisee and legatee, and that she thereupon became entitled, and is entitled, to the same share of the rents, issues, profits, and income thereof, and the same share of the residue of the estate upon final division thereof, as her husband would have been entitled to if he were still living. In other respects the will appears to have been correctly construed by the trial court.
*651The plaintiff, as executors and trustees, have appealed from that part of the judgment awarding costs and disbursements of each and every party to the action to be paid out of the estate, and directing the county court to make allowance to the respective parties for counsel fees out of the estate. This court has just condemned such rulings. In re Donges’ Estate, ante, p. 497. What is there said by my Brother Dodge fully covers the questions involved in the appeal of the plaintiffs in the case at bar. Further discussion is unnecessary.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed on both appeals, and the cause is remanded' with direction to enter judgment in accordance with this opinion. Taxable costs and disbursements are to be allowed in favor of the defendant Emma JBlessmg Ludmgton and against the plaintiffs, both in this court and the trial court; the same to be payable out of the estate.