Former Employees of Electronic Data Systems Corp. v. United States Secretary of Labor

Slip Op. 04-151

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

_______________________________________
Former Employees of Electronic Data :
Systems Corp.,
:
Plaintiffs, Court No. 03-00373
: Before: Barzilay, Judge
v. Public Version
:
United States Secretary of Labor,
:
Defendant
_______________________________________:

Decided: December 1, 2004

Yormick & Associates Co., (Jon P. Yormick) for Plaintiffs.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, (Jeanne E. Davidson),
Deputy Director, (Michael D. Panzera), Trial Attorney, United States Department of Justice,
Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, Stephen Jones, Office of the Solicitor, United
States Department of Labor, of counsel, for Defendant.

OPINION

BARZILAY, JUDGE: In this action, former employees of Electronic Data Systems

Corporation, I Solutions Center, Fairborn, Ohio (“EDS”), Dan McGlinch, Ann M. Lett and Jodi

McHargue (“Plaintiffs”), appeal from the determination of the United States Department of

Labor (“Labor”) denying their eligibility for trade adjustment assistance (“TAA”) under section

222 of the Trade Act of 1974 (“the Act”), 19 U.S.C. § 2272 (West Supp. 2004).1 See Notice of

1
The relevant part of section 222 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, reads:
A group of workers . . . shall be certified by the Secretary as eligible to apply for
adjustment assistance under this part . . . if the Secretary determines that--
(1) a significant number or proportion of the workers in such workers' firm, or an
Negative Determs. for Worker Adjustment Assistance, 68 Fed. Reg. 6210, 6211 (Dep’t Labor

Feb. 6, 2003); Notice of Negative Determ. Regarding Application for Reconsideration, 68 Fed.

Reg. 20180 (Dep’t Labor Apr. 24, 2003) (hereinafter Reconsideration Determination). Labor

denied certification on the grounds that Plaintiffs’s firm did not produce an “article” as required

under section 222 of the Act. This court finds that Labor’s determination relies on incomplete

appropriate subdivision of the firm, have become totally or partially separated, or are
threatened to become totally or partially separated; and
(2)(A)(i) the sales or production, or both, of such firm or subdivision have decreased
absolutely;
(ii) imports of articles like or directly competitive with articles produced by such firm or
subdivision have increased; and
(iii) the increase in imports described in clause (ii) contributed importantly to such
workers' separation or threat of separation and to the decline in the sales or production of
such firm or subdivision; or
(B)(i) there has been a shift in production by such workers' firm or subdivision to a
foreign country of articles like or directly competitive with articles which are produced by
such firm or subdivision; and
(ii) (I) the country to which the workers' firm has shifted production of the articles is a
party to a free trade agreement with the United States;
(II) the country to which the workers' firm has shifted production of the articles is a
beneficiary country under the Andean Trade Preference Act, African Growth and
Opportunity Act, or the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act; or
(III) there has been or is likely to be an increase in imports of articles that are like or
directly competitive with articles which are or were produced by such firm or
subdivision.
19 U.S.C. § 2272(a) (West Supp. 2004). The language of the original section 222 was amended
by section 113 of the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reform Act of 2002, a division of the Trade
Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-210, 116 Stat. 933 (Aug. 6, 2002), which added new provisions
now in 19 U.S.C. § 2272(a)(2). The amendments apply to petitions for certification “filed on or
after the date that is 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 6, 2002].” See 19
U.S.C. prec. § 2271. Thus, the effective date of the new provisions is November 2, 2002. See
Former Employees of Rohm and Haas Co. v. Chao, 27 CIT __, 246 F. Supp. 2d 1339, 1342-43
n.1 (2003) (citing Pub. L. No. 107-210, § 151). Plaintiffs filed their application on December 27,
2002, and, therefore, the more generous terms of section 2272(a)(2)(B) not requiring any causal
link between increased imports and petitioners’ separation apply to Plaintiffs’ petition.
Court No. 03-00373 Page 3

factual findings and a flawed interpretation of the meaning of the term “article” within section

222 of the Act, and remands this action to Labor for further investigation.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs are former employees of EDS who were separated from their employment on

March 15, 2002 (Dan McGlinch) and April 3, 2002 (Ann M. Lett and Jodi McHargue). On

December 27, 2002, they filed a petition for trade adjustment assistance under section 221(a) of

the Act.2 See Petition Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers at EDS, Dec. 27, 2002, P.R.

Doc. No. 2 at 3.3 In their petition, Plaintiffs included an attachment for the section “products

produced by affected group” stating that “[t]he production of the following products, required to

provide computer application creation and support, was moved from Fairborn, Ohio to Juarez,

Mexico: computer programs, job control language, database support and documentation, third

party software support and documentation, program and job documentation, [and] project-

oriented documentation.” Petition Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers at EDS, Dec. 27,

2002, P.R. Doc. No. 2 at 4. On January 15, 2003, Labor denied Plaintiffs’ certification on the

ground that Plaintiffs’ firm did not produce an article as required under section 222 of the Act.

Notice of Negative Determ. Regarding Eligibility to Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance,

EDS, TA-W-50,486, P.R. Doc. No. 7 at 17-18 (notice published at 68 Fed. Reg. 6210, 6211). In

2
Codified at 19 U.S.C. § 2271, this section allows any “group of workers” to apply for
adjustment assistance.
3
There are two versions of the administrative record before the court: public and
confidential. Citations to the public version of the administrative record are referred to by the
names of the document, followed by “P.R. Doc. No.” followed by the document number and then
page number in the record. Citations to the confidential version of the record are as follows:
name of the document, “C.R. Doc. No.”, followed by the document number and then the page
number within the record.
Court No. 03-00373 Page 4

the petition for reconsideration of this determination, Plaintiffs added an additional paragraph to

the attachment for the section “products produced by affected group,” stating that “[w]ith the sale

of these products to the customer, complete ownership of the products was transferred from EDS

to the customer . . . includ[ing] all usage and Copyrights of the products.” Request for Admin.

Reconsideration of the Denial of TAA for Workers of EDS, Mar. 4, 2003, P.R. Doc. No.10 at 29.

In response to the petition, Labor initiated an investigation. Labor’s initial investigatory

work is memorialized in three forms: a verification guide, a confidential data request form and an

investigative report. In the Verification Guide, Labor’s formal comments on Plaintiffs’

allegations regarding “layoffs/import impact/shift in production” included “[[ ]] company;

moving services to [[ ]]4. Verification Guide, TA-W-50,486, C. R. Doc. No. 4 at 10. In the

Confidential Data Request Response, a response to a questionnaire sent by Labor to the EDS

Human Resources Manager, an EDS employee described the business activities of EDS as

“information technology” including several more detailed explanations. Confidential Data

Request Response, Jan. 6, 2003, C.R. Doc. No. 5 at 14. In response to the question whether the

firm’s workers produce an article of any kind, the EDS employee replied: “No. They provide”

certain other activities. Confidential Data Request Response, Jan. 6, 2003, C.R. Doc. No. 5 at

15. Labor’s investigator made no further inquiry concerning the nature of the work done by

Plaintiffs’ firm. Using this information as conclusive evidence, Labor issued the negative

determination. See Investigative Report, TA-W-50,486, C.R. Doc. No. 6 at 16. Following

Plaintiffs’ request for reconsideration of the negative determination, Labor took one additional

4
Confidential information found in the confidential version of the administrative record
has been redacted in this public version of the opinion.
Court No. 03-00373 Page 5

step. It asked one of the Plaintiffs, [[ ]], to clarify. Memo from Susan Worden, Apr. 8, 2003,

C.R. Doc. No. 11 at 30. This Plaintiff clarified that the computer program was custom-designed

for the customer’s operations. Memo from Susan Worden, Apr. 8, 2003, C.R. Doc. No. 11 at 30;

see Reconsideration Determination, 68 Fed. Reg. 20180, P.R. Doc. No. 12 at 32 (“A petitioner . .

. clarified that the subject firm created a custom-designed program for the customer’s financial

department.”). Labor then determined that Plaintiffs’ firm did not produce an “article” within the

meaning of the Act. Labor denied certification concluding that “[t]he functions performed at the

subject firm relate to information technology services. These services are thus not tangible

commodities, that is, marketable products, and are not listed in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule

of the United States, which describes all articles imported to the United States.” Reconsideration

Determination, 68 Fed. Reg. 20180. Relying on its interpretation of the Harmonized Tariff

Schedule of the United States (HTSUS), 19 U.S.C. § 1202, Labor explained that “informational

support that could historically be sent in letter form and that can currently be electronically

transmitted are [sic] not listed in the HTS.” Id. Plaintiffs now challenge Labor’s determination

regarding their eligibility for TAA before this court, specifically the finding that Plaintiffs’ firm

did not produce “articles” within the meaning of the Act.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court has exclusive jurisdiction over civil actions arising from “any final

determination by the Secretary of Labor . . . with respect to the eligibility of workers for

adjustment assistance.” 28 U.S.C. § 1581(d)(1) (2000). The Act provides for judicial review of

Labor’s final determination denying certification of aggrieved workers’ eligibility for TAA. 19

U.S.C. § 2395(a) (West Supp. 2004). The agency’s factual findings, “if supported by substantial
Court No. 03-00373 Page 6

evidence, shall be conclusive; but the court, for good cause shown, may remand the case to such

Secretary [of Labor] to take further evidence.” 19 U.S.C. § 2395(b).

The relevant statutes do not, however, provide guidance as to the standard of review for

Labor’s legal determinations. Former Employees of Murray Eng’g, Inc. v. United States Sec’y of

Labor, 28 CIT __, Slip Op. 04-45, at 6 (May 4, 2004). This Court, therefore, considers whether

Labor’s determination is “in accordance with law,” a default standard outlined in the

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706. See, e.g., Former Employees of Rohm

& Haas Co. v. Chao, 27 CIT __, 246 F. Supp. 2d 1339, 1346 (2003); Woodrum v. Donovan, 5

CIT 191, 193, 564 F. Supp. 826, 828 (1983); see also Alaska Dep’t of Envtl. Conservation v.

E.P.A., 124 S. Ct. 983, 1006, 540 U.S. 461, __ (2004) (“Because the [relevant] Act itself does

not specify a standard of judicial review in this instance, we apply the familiar default standard of

the [APA].”). The APA requires federal courts to set aside an agency action that is not in

accordance with any law, “not merely those laws that the agency itself is charged with

administering.” F.C.C. v. NextWave Pers. Communications Inc., 537 U.S. 293, 300 (2003).

In this case, Labor made a legal determination based on its interpretation of the terms of

the HTSUS. While Congress has granted Labor the authority to “prescribe such regulations as

may be necessary to carry out the provisions” of the Act, 19 U.S.C. § 2320, Labor has not

promulgated any regulations explicating the meaning of the term “article” for purposes of TAA.

See 29 C.F.R. § 90.2.5 Instead, Labor interprets the word “article” by referencing the HTSUS

and relying in part on the interpretation of the HTSUS by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and

5
Labor’s regulations largely restate the statutory requirements. Former Employees of
Murray Eng’g, Inc., Slip Op. 04-45 at 7 n.8; cf. 29 C.F.R. 90.16 with 19 U.S.C. §§ 2272-2273.
Court No. 03-00373 Page 7

Border Protection (“Customs”). There is no indication that Congress intended for Labor itself to

have authority to interpret the terms of the HTSUS.6 See Former Employees of Murray Eng’g,

Inc., Slip Op. 04-45, at 7. Nor does Labor appear to possess any particular expertise in applying

the HTSUS. Id. In addition, assuming arguendo that Labor has some independent authority to

explicate terms of the HTSUS, Labor’s determination in this case is more akin to a letter ruling

by Customs. Id. at 8 n.10 (citing United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 221 (2001)). Thus,

this Court need not grant Chevron deference to Labor’s interpretation of the HTSUS. Id. at 7

(citing Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council. Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984)).

Still, Labor’s determination may be able to claim respect “proportional to its ‘power to

persuade’.” See Mead, 533 U.S. at 235 (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140

(1944)) (Agencies charged with applying a statute “necessarily make all kinds of interpretive

choices,” and a “well-reasoned views of the agencies implementing a statute ‘constitute a body of

experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for

guidance.’” Id. at 227.).

DISCUSSION

I. Labor’s Legal Determination

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit recently concluded that “[w]hile the

definition of the statutory term ‘production’ is a question of law, the question whether particular

6
Congress has granted the United States Bureau of Customs and Border Protection the
authority to apply and interpret the HTSUS. See 19 U.S.C. 1500. The United States Customs
Service was reorganized into the United States Bureau of Customs and Border Protection
effective March 1, 2003. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, § 1502,
2002 U.S.C.C.A.N. (116 Stat.) 2135, 2308; Reorganization Plan Modification for the Department
of Homeland Security, H.R. Doc. No. 108-32, at 4 (2003).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 8

employees are engaged in ‘production’ within that definition is factual.” Former Employees of

Marathon Ashland Pipeline, LLC v. Chao, 370 F.3d 1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The court also

noted that because Labor in that case did not “explicitly construe the term ‘production’ in the

adjustment assistance statute,” it was unclear what deference could be accorded with respect to

“an unarticulated, implicit construction of [that] term.” Id. at 1382 n.2. In this particular case,

Labor has provided some basis for its conclusion that “informational support” or “information

technology services” do not involve “articles”, but Labor’s analysis is flawed and lacks sufficient

power to persuade.

In support of its legal determination that Plaintiffs’ company does not produce an article

within the meaning of the Act, Labor relied in part on the treatment of computer software under

the HTSUS. This recourse to the HTSUS is indeed sanctioned by the language of the Act, which

consistently refers to “an article” as a dutiable item. Former Employees of Murray Eng’g, Inc.,

Slip Op. 04-45, at 10 (citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 2119, 2252(d)(4)(B)-(C) (2000) (discussing “rate of

duty on any article,” “amount of duty with respect to any article,” suspension of liquidation “with

respect to an imported article,” and imposition of duty “with respect to an imported article.”));

see also Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 568 (1995) (elementary canon of statutory

construction to give a term a “consistent meaning throughout the Act”). In addition, Labor’s

regulation indicates that Labor chose to reference the HTSUS in deciding what constitutes an

article as a matter of law. See 29 C.F.R. § 90.11(c)(7) (“If available, the petition also should

include information concerning the method of manufacture, end uses, and wholesale or retail

value of the domestic articles and the United States tariff provision under which the imported

articles are classified.”).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 9

Labor’s recourse to the HTSUS in this case, however, was deficient because Labor

attempted to categorize something as inclusive and general as “information technology

services.”7 Labor’s decision that “informational support that could historically be sent in letter

form and that can currently be electronically transmitted are [sic] not listed in the HTS” suggests

that Labor focused on the HTSUS’s treatment of electronically transmitted computer programs.

See General Note 3(I), HTSUS (exempting “telecommunications transmissions” from “goods

subject to the provisions of the [HTSUS]”). Labor’s focus leaves out certain other provisions of

the HTSUS related to computer programs and eludes a meaningful construction of term “article.”

The reading of the relevant HTSUS subheadings establishes that software or a computer

program on a carrier medium is dutiable merchandise. See, e.g., 8524.31.00, 8524.40.00,

HTSUS. The duty imposed on software on a carrier medium by the HTSUS is determined based

solely on the nature of the recording medium. See 8524, HTSUS. This Customs’s valuation

practice is also consistent with the notion that software on a carrier medium is an article or

merchandise whose value is not determined by the intellectual property or data recorded on the

media.8 Department of the Treasury, Customs Service, U. S. Valuation of Imported Carrier

7
Information technology is a very broad “field of engineering involving computer-based
hardware and software systems, and communication systems, to enable the acquisition,
representation, storage, transmission, and use of information.” 9 McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science & Technology 169 (9th ed. 2002). Thus, information technology includes both tangible
and intangible components.
8
The International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce, also adheres to the
view that the transference of software on a carrier medium gives the subject merchandise the
“undeniable characteristics of merchandise”:
Furthermore, the Department, while acknowledging the intangible elements of
software, has focused its analysis on the tangibility of software when it is contained
on a carrier medium. The Department believes that a tangible object which embodies
intellectual property is merchandise. When the idea is transformed into instructions
Court No. 03-00373 Page 10

Media Bearing Data or Instructions for Use in Data Processing Equipment, 50 Fed. Reg. 30558

(July 26, 1985) (reaffirming its previous position that software be valued only on the basis of the

value of the carrier medium). Customs has, in fact, classified computer programs and software in

the HTSUS depending on the media on which they are recorded. See Headquarters Ruling

(“HQ”) 960179 (Apr. 17, 1997) (classifying the software on a magnetic diskette in subheading

8524.99.40, HTSUS, which provides for “[r]ecords, tapes and other recorded media for sound or

other similarly recorded phenomena. . . .: [o]ther; [o]ther . . .”; while classifying the software on

CD-ROM discs “for a computer laser reading system creat[ing] image phenomena in the form of

graphic icons on the user’s computer screens” was classified in subheading 8524.39.00, HTSUS,

which provides for “[r]ecords, tapes and other recorded media for sound or other similarly

recorded phenomena. . . : [d]iscs for laser reading systems: [o]ther. . . .” Id.).

Most importantly, under the HTSUS, the recording of a computer program on a carrier

medium results in a new article as evinced by a shift in tariff. Compare 8523, HTSUS

(“Prepared unrecorded media for sound recording or similar recording of other phenomena”) with

8524, HTSUS (“Records, tapes and other recorded media for sound or other similarly recorded

phenomena”). This indicates that the transference of software on a carrier medium gives the

and written into source code, processed into machine-readable object code by
computer programs such as compilers and assemblers, and is embodied on a carrier
medium, merchandise is created. Thus, the Department believes that it is reasonable
to treat software on a carrier medium as merchandise subject to the countervailing
duty law.
International Trade Commission, Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determ.: Certain
Computer Aided Software Eng’g Products from Singapore, 55 Fed. Reg. 1596, 1597 (Jan. 17,
1990).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 11

medium a new value.9 Labor, thus, cannot reasonably argue based on the HTSUS that workers

who produce and record software on a carrier medium are not engaged in production of a new

and different article. See Nagy v. Donovan, 6 CIT 141, 145, 571 F. Supp. 1261, 1264 (1983)

(“[T]he term ‘article,’ as used in section 222(3) of the Trade Act of 1974, does not embrace

activity by a worker that does not result in the creation or manufacture of a tangible commodity,

or that does not cause the transformation of an existing product into a new and different article.”)

Finally, Customs has declared that software modules transmitted electronically are

“merchandise” and “goods,” referring to certain dictionary definitions of these terms. HQ

114459 (Sept. 17, 1998). Notably, the Customs ruling letter concluded that the “fact that the

importation of the merchandise via the Internet [was] not effected by a more ‘traditional vehicle’

(e.g., transported on a vessel)” did not affect the Customs’ decision. Id. Customs further

explained that because the subject computer modules were imported into the United States via

the Internet, they were “exempted”10 from duty under General Note 16, HTSUS, 19 U.S.C. §

9
Software on a carrier medium is “similar to such items as books, newspapers, and
magazines. Although most of the value of these items resides in the intangible component they
contain, they are treated by Customs as merchandise.” Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing
Duty Determ.: Certain Computer Aided Software Eng’g Products from Singapore, 55 Fed. Reg.
at 1598.
10
The HTSUS is not clear on the significance of its “exemptions.” On the one hand,
General Note 1, HTSUS, reads that “goods provided for in this schedule and imported into the
customs territory of the United States from outside thereof . . . are subject to duty or exempt
therefrom as prescribed in general notes 3 through 18, inclusive.” HTSUS (emphasis added).
This could imply that electronically transmitted software is still merchandise but exempted from
the tariff schedule. On the other hand, General Note 3(e) states: “For the purposes of general
note 1 . . . telecommunications transmissions . . . are not goods subject to the provisions of the
tariff schedule.” HTSUS (emphasis added). This, however, does not signify that everything in
such exemptions escapes the definition of an article, because one of the exemptions in General
Note 3(e) is “articles exported from the United States which are returned within 45 days after
such exportation.” General Note 3(e)(e), HTSUS.
Court No. 03-00373 Page 12

1202 (1998 ed.). Id.

Although we give considerable weight to an agency’s construction of a statutory scheme

it is entrusted to administer, deference is still measured by the agency’s care, formality, relative

expertness, and the persuasiveness of the agency’s position. Mead, 533 U.S. at 228. Labor’s

interchangeable use of “computer programs” and “information technology services” undermines

its reasoning and renders its conclusion hardly discernible. A thorough exploration of the

HTSUS’s treatment of computer programs shows that Labor’s general conclusion regarding

computer programs is neither persuasive nor careful. Furthermore, Labor has not acquired

expertise in interpreting the HTSUS to credit its position otherwise.

In its brief, Labor further relies on older case law to establish that the term “article,” as

used in section 222(3) of the Act, “does not embrace activity by a worker that does not result in

the creation or manufacture of a tangible commodity.” Nagy, 6 CIT at 145-46, 571 F. Supp. at

1264-65 (holding that workers who performed splining of a hub did not produce an article

because their work constituted service with respect to an already completed article). Labor cites

to the legislative history of the Trade Act of 1974 that reveals Congress’s concern with trade

imbalances in “labor intensive industries.” See Trade Act of 1974, S. Rep. No. 93-1298 (1974),

It should be noted that in the arena of international trade, the United States has
purposefully exempted computer software products from duties. Proclamation No. 7011, 62 Fed.
Reg. 35909 (July 2, 1997) (to expand world trade in information technology products, 42 WTO
members, including the United States, agreed to eliminate duties on information technology
products, including computer software products); see also The Technology Administration,
Department of Commerce, Questions and Answers, Regarding Ambassador Hayes’s Statement
on Duty Free Treatment for Electronic Transmissions, Feb. 19, 1998, at
http://www.technology.gov/digeconomy/question.htm (last visited Nov. 30, 2004) (“In 1996, a
working party of technical experts at the World Customs Organization considered the question of
whether downloaded transmissions were to be considered ‘imported goods.’ It was concluded
that the question presented was a policy matter for national governments to decide.”).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 13

reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7186, 7197 (“The Nation’s economy has continued its long,

slow drift away from labor intensive industries and toward service industries. . . . This relative

decline in manufacturing employment has been offset by increases in service jobs.” Id.). While

this court recognizes that the Trade Act of 1974 at its inception was designed to alleviate the

plight of workers in labor intensive industries, the court finds that Labor’s conclusion that

information technology services generally do not involve production of any articles does not

comport with the trade adjustment provisions.11

Furthermore, any rigidity in implementation of the statute would undermine the remedial

nature of the Act. “The trade adjustment assistance statutes are remedial legislation and, as such,

are to be construed broadly to effectuate their intended purpose.” Former Employees of Chevron

Products Co. v. United States Sec’y of Labor, 26 CIT __, 245 F. Supp. 2d 1312, 1318 (2002)

(citing Woodrum, 5 CIT at 198, 564 F. Supp. at 832). When construing a statute, the duty of the

court “is to give effect to the intent of Congress.” Flora v. United States, 357 U.S. 63, 65 (1958).

The court must seek to discern the legislative will, first, by reference “to the literal meaning of

words employed.” Id.; see also Fortin v. Marshall, 608 F.2d 525, 527 (1st Cir. 1979). Only “[i]f

a literal meaning of the disputed provision does not answer the question presented, the court may

look to the entire statutory scheme and to the provision’s legislative history in an effort to resolve

the ambiguity.” Woodrum, 5 CIT at 194, 564 F. Supp. at 829. The language of the trade

adjustment assistance provisions is not ambiguous, and this Court has agreed with Labor’s

11
It should be also noted that the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reform Act of 2002
created more generous terms, which under certain requirements do not require petitioners to
prove that they lost their jobs directly as a result of an increase in imports of articles like or
directly competitive with those produced by their firm. See 19 U.S.C. § 2272(a)(2)(B).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 14

reading of the Act that the meaning of the word “article” is informed by the HTSUS. See Former

Employees of Murray Eng’g, Inc., Slip Op. 04-45, at 10. This precludes any need to search

legislative history to discern Congressional intent. Furthermore, this case also presents “the

familiar proposition that Congress need not, and likely cannot, anticipate all circumstances in

which a general policy must be given specific effect” and “changing circumstances” such as rapid

advances in technology should be treated consistent with Congress’s general intent. United

States v. Haggar Apparel Co., 526 U.S. 380, 392-93 (1999).

While the definition of the statutory term “article” is a question of law, the question of

whether particular items produced by Plaintiffs would fall into this definition is factual. Cf.

Former Employees of Marathon Ashland Pipeline, LLC, 370 F.3d at 1381. Labor’s legal

determination cannot be fully reviewed because Labor’s analysis conflates “information

technology services” with “computer programs.” On remand, Labor is asked to explain and

support clearly its position with respect to the characterization of these computer programs as

articles or services, considering that the HTSUS treats software embodied in carrier medium as

articles subject to tariff.

II. Labor’s Factual Determinations are Not Supported by Substantial Evidence

When evaluating the evidence underlying Labor’s conclusions, the court may consider

only the record before it. 28 U.S.C. § 2640(c); see Int’l Union v. Reich, 22 CIT 712, 20 F. Supp.

2d 1288, 1292 (1998). “While Labor has ‘considerable discretion’ in conducting its investigation

of TAA claims, ‘there exists a threshold requirement of reasonable inquiry. Investigations that

fall below this threshold cannot constitute substantial evidence upon which a determination can

be affirmed.’” Former Employees of Sun Apparel of Tex. v. United States Sec’y of Labor, 28 CIT
Court No. 03-00373 Page 15

__, Slip Op. 04-106 at 15. (Aug. 20, 2004) (internal citation omitted); see also Former

Employees of Hawkins Oil and Gas, Inc. v. United States Sec’y of Labor, 17 CIT 126, 130, 814

F. Supp. 1111, 1115 (1993) (“[N]o deference is due to determinations based on inadequate

investigations.”).

It is incumbent on Labor to decide whether the petitioning group meets the requirements

for TAA eligibility. See 19 U.S.C. § 2273. Whether Plaintiffs’ firm is engaged in the production

of articles is a question that requires sufficiently detailed factual information about the firm’s

work. In this case, Labor’s determination was not based on a meaningful description of the work

done by EDS. Plaintiffs’ petition provided an inclusive list of items that raised questions about

their basic constitution, including tangibility. Labor’s questionnaire did not elaborate on this

information, instead describing the business activities of EDS as “information technology,” once

again using unspecific terminology. See Confidential Data Request Response, C.R. Doc. No. 5

at 14. Based on this scant evidence, Labor concluded that EDS did not produce any articles.

Labor also de-emphasized the importance of additional information in Plaintiffs’ petition

for reconsideration that included the statement that with the sale of the product to the customer,

complete ownership of the products was transferred to its customer. Request for Admin.

Reconsideration of the Denial of TAA for Workers of EDS, Mar. 4, 2003, P.R. Doc. No.10 at 29.

While the “complete ownership of the products” is not determinative of whether the workers

were in fact involved in the production of an article, it suggests that the computer programs were

sold to the customer as products independent of any further maintenance and customer support.

Although Labor did take a further step by asking one of the Plaintiffs to clarify the nature of the

computer programs, this inquiry did not produce more useful detail. See Memo from Susan
Court No. 03-00373 Page 16

Worden, Apr. 8, 2003, C.R. Doc. No. 11 at 30; Reconsideration Determination, 68 Fed. Reg.

20180, P.R. Doc. No. 12 at 32. This Plaintiff gave a very limited response explaining that the

computer programs were custom-designed for a customer’s financial department. See

Reconsideration Determination, 68 Fed. Reg. 20180, P.R. Doc. No. 12 at 32. Labor’s

investigation was aborted at this point. Labor included this last response in its decision denying

TAA certification without indicating the impact of that statement on its reasoning. In this

context, Labor’s limited inquiry and the general nature of the responses from EDS simply do not

generate enough information to support Labor’s determination regarding computer programs

with the requisite level of substantial evidence.

In addition, the list of products created by EDS included “database support and

documentation,” “third-party software support and documentation,” and “program and job

documentation,” including “process and procedure documentation and support.” Petition Trade

Adjustment Assistance for Workers at EDS, Dec. 27, 2002, P.R. Doc. No. 2 at 4. This list

indicates that Plaintiffs’ firm was possibly producing printed material (such as brochures or

manuals accompanying computer programs) that could fall into one of the subheadings of

Chapter 49 of the HTSUS, Printed Books, Newspapers, Pictures and Other Products of the

Printing Industry; Manuscripts, Typescripts and Plans. See, e.g., HQ 561520 (Jan. 11, 2000) (In

this case involving the classification of a software program, which included a pre-recorded CD-

ROM disk containing software, a pre-recorded floppy diskette containing license files, and a

ring-bound operations manual and installation guide, the manuals were classified in subheading

4901.99.0050.). If EDS produced documentation as a part of the product sold to the customer, it

is not a far-fetched inquiry to ascertain whether this documentation was composed of dutiable
Court No. 03-00373 Page 17

articles under the HTSUS. The record lacks any showing that Labor inquired into the nature and

volume of the documentation produced.

Finally, Labor has relied on the legal conclusions of the EDS Human Resources official

who completed the questionnaire. “An unsupported conclusion simply does not suffice as a

proper investigation.” Former Employees of Alcatel Telecomms. Cable v. Herman, 24 CIT 655,

665 (2000) (not reported in F. Supp. 2d). Labor relied on the statements of the EDS

representative, who described the business activities of EDS as “information technology”

including certain activities. Confidential Data Request Response, C.R. Doc. No. 5 at 14. It also

relied on the representative’s response that EDS did not produce articles, but provided computer

related services. In effect, Labor substituted one EDS employee’s opinion that the company did

not produce “articles” for its own legal inquiry as to whether the products produced by EDS

constituted “articles” for the purposes of TAA statute. No factual findings in the record support

this conclusion.

Substantial evidence “requires not the degree of evidence which satisfies the court that

the requisite fact exists, but merely the degree which could satisfy a reasonable fact-finder.”

Allentown Mack Sales and Service, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 522 U.S. 359, 377 (1998). The record in this

case is not sufficient for a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that Plaintiffs’ firm is solely

engaged in service work, especially because the description of Plaintiffs’ work includes

production of items such as computer programs12 and accompanying documentation. Because

12
The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms defines [computer]
program as a “detailed and explicit set of directions for accomplishing some purpose, the set
being expressed in some language suitable for input to a computer, or in machine language.”
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms 1680 (6th ed. 2003). Relatedly,
software is the “totality of programs usable on a particular kind of computer, together with the
Court No. 03-00373 Page 18

the factual record is not sufficiently developed for complete judicial review, we remand this case

for further fact gathering.

CONCLUSION

On remand, Labor has two tasks. First, it must explain and support clearly its position

with respect to the characterization of the computer programs at issue as articles or services.

Since the HTSUS and its interpretation by Customs support the position that the transference of

software on a carrier medium creates a new article, Labor’s reasoned analysis will have to take

this into account.

Second, because Labor failed to thoroughly investigate Plaintiffs’ claims, its

determination is not supported by substantial evidence on the record. On remand, Labor shall

conduct a thorough investigation into Plaintiffs’ claims. In particular, Labor shall: (1) determine

whether computer programs were embodied in any medium when transferred to customers; (2)

explain the significance of custom-designed computer programs as opposed to mass produced

computer programs; (3) identify what type of documentation was produced by EDS (brochures,

manuals, etc.); (4) determine what was the production volume of such documentation and

whether it was considered a part of the product purchased by EDS’s customers; and (5) with

respect to each finding made in its determination, state with specificity the facts relied upon in

reaching such finding, including specific references to documents in the record.

documentation associated with a computer program, such as manuals, diagrams, and operating
instructions.” Id. at 1967. However, in common usage, software also “refers to the medium that
stores input and output data as well as computer programs.” Advent Sys. Ltd v. Unisys Corp., 925
F.2d 670, 674 (3d Cir. 1991) (emphasis added) (“The medium includes hard disks, floppy disks,
and magnetic tapes.” Id.).
Court No. 03-00373 Page 19

Labor’s remand determination is due on January 31, 2005. The parties’s comments are

due on March 2, 2005, and replies to such comments shall be submitted on March 14, 2005.

/s/ Judith M. Barzilay

Dated: December 1, 2004 ___________________________
New York, NY Judith M. Barzilay, Judge