(dissenting). The question involved here is not one to be viewed very much by the light of sentimental considerations, nor that of public policy. The former may embellish truth, but does not point the way to it. The latter may, in a proper case, make language, otherwise plain, appear to be ambiguous, and justify judicial construction, and aid in that regard, but otherwise it is a mátter solely for legislative consideration. Where words are plain and, taken as they read, lead to no absurd consequences, no consideration of public policy, in the judicial view, can legitimately create ambiguity, giving rise to opportunity and justification for varying the literal sense. Applying the rule to a statute, “there can be no reason for refusing to admit the meaning which the words naturally present; to go elsewhere in search of conjecture in order to restrict or extend the act, would be but an attempt to elude it. . . . However luminous each clause might be, however clear and precise the terms of it, all this would be of no avail, if it be allowed to go in quest of extraneous arguments, to prove that it is not to be understood in the sense which it naturally presents.” Smith, Stat. & Const. Law, §478. So much as a preface to what I may say regarding the meaning of the statutes here involved and suggestion of why, from my standpoint, I cannot agree with the reasoning of my brethren as to how such statute should be understood.
*145Some additional prefatory remarks respecting tlie subject of bow a judicial decision of one minor proposition among others, the solution of which by a logical process leads to the major conclusion embodied in the judgment, should be regarded upon such minor proposition becoming subsequently a major inquiry between parties not bound by the doctrine of res adjudicate,, are appropriate at this point. That subject, in fact, is one of the most important features of this case, and we may well discuss it at considerable length.
This court and other courts hare said over and over again that all propositions assumed by the court to be within the issues and all questions presented, considered, and deliberately 'decided by the court, leading up to the final conclusion reached, and upon which it is based, are as effectively passed upon as the ultimate question solved. There is well-nigh no end of support for that doctrine. We will content- ourselves with referring to a small part thereof. Buchner v. C., M. & N. W. R. Co. 60 Wis. 264, 19 N. W. 56; State v. Nat. Acc. Soc. 103 Wis. 208, 217, 79 N. W. 220; South Bend C. P. Co. v. Geo. C. Cribb Co. 105 Wis. 443, 445, 81 N. W. 675; Becker v. Chester, 115 Wis. 90, 128, 91 N. W. 87, 650; Carstairs v. Cochran, 95 Md. 488, 52 Atl. 601; Michael v. Morey, 26 Md. 239, 261; Allen v. Flood (1898) A. C. 1; Kirby v. Boyette, 118 N. C. 244, 24 S. E. 18; School Trustees v. Stocker, 42 N. J. Law, 115; Hawes v. Contra Costa W. Co. 5 Sawy. 287, Fed. Cas. No. 6,235; Porter v. Lee, 88 Tenn. 782, 14 S. W. 218; State ex rel. Bailey v. Brookhart, 113 Iowa, 250, 84 N. W. 1064; Railroad Cos. v. Schutte, 103 U. S. 118, 143; Wells, Res Adjudicata, § 217. The citations are to this effect:
. '-Where several points are decided any of which would determine the case, the conclusion upon-none can be rejected as obiter because it was not necessary to the result.”
“Where several points are presented and decided, the conclusions as to none can be said to be obiter because another *146point was found which, really dominated the whole situation and disposed of the case.”
“Though a question was not fully argued, the decision thereof is not obiter, if it was fairly involved in the case, and the judicial mind was fairly drawn thereto and expressed upon the subject.”
“"When a principle is declared in answer to a contention in the case and as a step in reaching the final result, not by way of mere argument or illustration, it is not to be regarded as obiter dictum. The manner in which it is applied to the case does not destroy its weight as an authoritative exposition of the law upon which the adjudication rests.”
The idea that a decision on a point not necessary to the final result is to be regarded as obiter was thus characterized in Kirby v. Boyette, supra:
“The proposition upon which the contention ... is based is unsound in law. . . . The theory is that if a court in the elucidation of the questions involved in any given controversy finds it necessary to crystallize the law upon the subject into a clean-cut rule, which will prove a guide to the profession,” such rule is without force, “because the ease in hand might have been decided by stating the principle governing the particular case instead of the broader one founded upon the reason of the thing but decisive also of other cases as well as that at bar. To lend our sanction to such a view of the law would be to imperil the security of many principles upon which titles have been acquired under the advice of the most competent counsel. A due regard for vested rights necessarily constrains a court to reject such a theory as little short of revolutionary.”
Quite as emphatic as that is the language of Waite, O. J., in Railroad Cos. v. Schutte, supra, part of which is quoted above, followed by this:
“Here the precise question was properly presented, fully argued, and elaborately considered in the opinion. The decision on this question was as much a part of the judgment of the court as was that on any other of the several matters on which the case as a whole depended.”
*147The application of these citations to Brown v. Phillips, 71 Wis. 239, 36 N. W. 242, will later become clear.
The cited authorities cover the subject of res adjudícala^ the force of the rule of slare decisis as a law of property, and such rule in its broader sense as well, all applying to the question in hand. A matter of law so judicially declared as to be binding upon parties to the action in which the declaration is made and their privies, under the doctrine of res adjudi-•cata_, if it pertains to property and is sanctioned, so to speak, •by lapse of time, is binding upon all under the doctrine of stare decisis, as a rule of property, • and if it does not fall within such rule it is to be regarded nevertheless as having such stability as not to give way to judicial action except upon •some seemingly overpowering necessity. The doctrine is voiced by text-writers thus:
“The certainty of a rule is often more important than the reason of it; the maxim Stare decisis, et non quieta movere is a safe judicial policy and should be adhered to. If the law •as heretofore pronounced by the court in giving construction to the statute ought not to stand, it is in the power of the legislature to amend it without impairing rights under it.”
The importance of the doctrine thus declared cannot.be overestimated. To depart from it by regarding the eonclu-•sions reached, as to all questions of law in every case that might have been, passed without affecting the final result, as mere obiter dicta, “loose sayings; words spoken by the bye, ■or on the spur of the occasion,” as the winters define the term, or, in other words, without force as to future litigation, would result in the most unfortunate confusion in the administration •of justice.
The view of courts generally on this subject is not better ■expressed anywhere than in Palmer's Adm’rs v. Mead, 7 Conn. 149, in these words:
“There is not in the common law a maxim more eminently just, and promotive of the public convenience, than that of *148stare decisis. ... If law well established may be annulled,, by an opinion, a foundation is laid for the most restless instability. . . . Ro system of inflexible adherence to established law can be as pernicious as . . . ceaseless and interminable fluctuations.”
A pretty full discussion of the subject of what respect should be paid to decisions of the character above indicated,, is found in Buchner v. C., M. & N. W. R. Co. 60 Wis. 264, 19 N. W. 56. There the rigorous rule as to what constitutes. obiter, seemingly applied here to the decision in Brown v. Phillips, 11 Wis. 239, 36 N. W. 242, and which seems to be necessary from the standpoint of the court to avoid the effect of it, in an opinion by the present chief justice, was most emphatically repudiated, and the view there expressed has since been repeatedly indorsed here and elsewhere. The case will be found frequently cited in the text-books and the decisions of other states as an authority to be followed.
The application of the doctrine so declared and indorsed is-not more strikingly illustrated than by the history of Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 10, 1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103. There four points were decided, any one of which was a legitimate basis for the final result. One of them was not argued at length by counsel, nor treated extensively in the opinion of the court. In a brief paragraph it was referred to by the learned chief justice who wrote the opinion, and pointedly decided. Thereafter, from time to time, what was said in respect to the’ matter was argumentatively mentioned by individual judges as obiter, but the court did not venture to overrule it. Some eighteen years after the date of the decision, it was, by a divided court, recognized as authority. Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345. Somewhat later, upon a cause being presented where the point involved was vital to the result, such decision was held to be a judicial rule and so-firmly established in our judicial system, being a rule of property, that only the legislature could properly change it. *149Becker v. Chester, 115 Wis. 90, 91 N. W. 87, 650. Still later that same point so referred to for over eighteen years as obiter, was given the dignity of having been the one of primary importance when it was first passed upon. Danforth v. Oshkosh, 119 Wis. 262, 97 N. W. 258.
In view of the foregoing and many other illustrations of a similar character that might be given, it seems a mistake for the court to say, in effect, that a decision, as a judicial rule, goes really no further than the mandate: the decision of the ultimate question in the case, or questions essential to the final result. If that were correct, the major part of every legal opinion would be obiter. There would be very little use for writing legal opinions and preserving them as precedents. All that would be useful would be a statement of the facts and the decision. That is the view expressed by the present chief justice in Buchner v. C., M. & N. W. R. Co., supra. In treating one of the underlying questions in the case, he said that if the extreme rule as to what constitutes obiter were to prevail, what he was then saying should be so characterized whenever subsequently referred to for authority in the decision of a case.
From the foregoing it would seem — when the court in deciding a case meets one of its recorded conclusions in some prior litigation, which was reached as one among other steps in approaching the final result that might, however, have been attained without taking that particular step, but which if to be followed is presently controlling, though in the light of the particular investigation produced by the new situation it appears to be wrong and not so firmly intrenched but what it xqay properly yield — that the more orderly way to solve the difficulty is to face the matter squarely, confess the error, and rectify it, rather than avoid it by the easy method of saying that it was not necessary to the former decision and hence is to be disregarded. This court has, it is believed, made few departures from such better way. To those few, I venture to *150say, it Ras added one in tlie decision from wine]! I now dissent.
So we Rave now Rere for consideration only a cold question of law. Warm it all we may witli beautiful expressions as to tRe broad field of woman’s influence, and Rer disposition to fully occupy it; illuminate it all we can by the light of right public policy, it remains a question of law still, not one-as to wRat tRe law ought to be, or what we would have it to be, but of what it in fact is, as voiced by the lawmaking power and declared by this court. I would not willingly yield to any one in thought or expression or deed in paying tribute, to the capacity and disposition and accomplishments of woman in moulding the destinies of children. I could sit, as-it were, at the feet of motherhood in supreme satisfaction and veneration, singing praises before the mind’s personification of its beauty and grandeur and usefulness, towering above all other things in preparing the young to cope successfully in the activities of life. But however much I may think womankind should be allowed and in fact should participate in governmental affairs “pertaining to school matters,” I must face the stern fact that courts do not make the law; they only declare it as they find it In that I do not intend to suggest want of appreciation of that situation by others: to claim the slightest superiority in that regard for myself. It is only to emphasize the point of view from which I take my observation of the written and the unwritten law on the subject in hand.
The written law is as follows:
“Every woman who is a citizen of this state, of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, . . . who has resided within the state one year and in the election district where she offers to vote ten days next preceding any election pertaining to-school matters shall have a right to vote at such election
The difficulty now is in respect to the meaning of the term “election pertaining to school matters.” We shall not take *151time to carefully analyze it. It goes without saying, it seems, that generally speaking the word “election” applies to the choice of officers, not the mere expression of approval or disapproval in respect to a referendum proposition. True, in its broad general sense it includes all acts of choosing between individuals or alternatives; hut what does it mean in the act in question? The literal sense of the word, ordinarily, in legal enactments relates to choice of persons for public office by voting; the exercise of the right of suffrage. In the constitution it is used over and over again and not in one instance, so far as we can discover, in any other sense than.the one indicated. When a referendum is provided for and the time for submission is not confined to that of a choice of officers, the term “election” is not used. When it is so confined, the idea of submitting the matter to a vote is spoken of as something distinct from the election itself; it is provided that it shall or may occur at the election. In sec. 5, art. XI, of the constitution, provision is made for submitting questions relating to banks at any general election, the result to be declared, not solely with reference to the vote cast in favor of the proposition, but to that and the vote cast at such election, referring to the election of officers. In sec. 1, art. XII, of the constitution, providing for submitting to a vote of the electors a proposed amendment to the constitution, the term “election” is not used, as the legislature is left free to submit such matter at an election or not in its discretion. The term is used in the same way in statutes, though with here and there an exception. That would lead, it would seem, very naturally to the belief that the legislature did not depart from that idea in the instance in question; that in using the term “election pertaining to school matters” they had in mind only election of officers, not an occurrence of voting on every subject pertaining directly or indirectly to the management or maintenance of schools that might be' passed upon at the polls.
*152The most that is claimed for the word “election” by those uniting in the decision from which I dissent is that the term as used is open to construction, and that its real meaning is as held. I do not thinlc it is so very clear that it is so open. If we grant that it is, however, then we have in favor of the literal sense the particular construction that has been given thereto for some twenty years. The law was passed in 1885. From that time to the instance in question no one seems to have supposed that it related to anything other than choice of officers. Is it not strange, if the legislature in submitting the matter td a vote of the people, and the latter in favoring it, supposed it related to voting upon every question that might be submitted to the electors, that the right was never exercised as now claimed until the exigency therefor arrived as to the particular matter in question in the city of Madison?
As proof further that no such broad meaning was intended for the term by the legislature, there is the fact that in the revision of the Statutes by Sanborn & Berryman in 1889, the law of 1885 was incorporated as we now find it, in connection with an explanatory note to the effect that it was not intended to afford women the unlimited right of voting at elections pertaining to school matters, and that “election,” therein, refers to choice of school officers, citing the decision of this court in Brown v. Phillips, 71 Wis. 239, 36 N. W. 242, made shortly after the law was enacted, and then fresh in the minds of the revisers, the decision having been made during the process of their work. Manifestly they framed the explanatory note in accordance with their and the common understanding of the law as then declared. They used substantially the language of this court, doubtless observing the headnote to the case prepared by the official reporter containing these words: “An election pertaining to school matters . . . is an election for the choosing of school officers or school employees.”
We further point to the well-nigh, if not quite, conclusive *153indication of a legislative construction in tbe fact that tbe law witb tbe explanation of its meaning aforesaid and tbe decision of tbis court witb tbe official reporter’s characterization of tbe point decided therein, were brought sharply to tbe attention of the legislature in 1898, at the time of tbe last revision, without any attempt being made to change it, or to modify tbe annotation. True, tbe adoption of tbe revision did not adopt such annotation; yet such adoption, under tbe circumstances, without tbe revisers’ attention being called to any error in the latter so as to lead to a change thereof, if -one were necessary, affords strong proof of legislative recognition of tbe law as meaning what tbe annotation indicates. That condition remained undisturbed down to tbe occasion in question, rendering tbe decision of Brown v. Phillips, supra, which we will now speak of more particularly, about .as forcible under tbe rule of stare decisis as one could well be.
In the case referred to, tbis court was brought face to face witb tbe subject of determining the meaning of tbe term un-der discussion. True, tbe particular question involved was whether an election “pertaining to school matters” included tbe election of city officers generally having to do witb such matters in tbe remote sense of choosing members of tbe school board and approving of contracts relating to schools, but it was assumed, as tbe history of tbe case bears unmistakable indications, that tbe point presented called for a construction of tbe term tinder consideration, not in part, but in tbe whole. An examination of tbe briefs of counsel, preserved in tbe state library, discloses that tbe case was presented at tbe bar in tbe broad aspect suggested. Counsel for tbe respondent contended for tbe correctness of tbe broadest meaning that could be taken of tbe law. They insisted that tbe legislature 'intended to extend to women tbe privilege of participating in all that concerns tbe interest and welfare of tbe schools. 'Counsel for tbe appellant contended that tbe intent, at tbe most, went no further than to give to women tbe right to vote *154at the election of officers haying to do with the immediate management of the schools. In dealing with the subject the-court demonstrated, historically, that from first to last the thought in the legislative mind, in formulating the enactment, was participation of women in the election of school officers. In closing the subject in the opinion, this plain language was used:
“Such right to vote is only given at an ‘election pertaining” or relating ‘to school matters/ . . . What are we to understand by the word ‘election’ as thus qualified ? When standing alone it is defined as ‘the act of choosing; choice; the act of selecting one or more from others.’ . . . Such qualified ‘election,’ therefore, must mean ‘the act of choosing a person to fill an office or employment’ in ‘school matters.’ . . . An election for the choosing of any school officers or school employees would be an ‘election pertaining to school matters.’ ”
The whole trend of the opinion seems to indicate that the-idea of the term “election” having been used in any other-sense than that of choosing officers or employees was not entertained by the court for an instant. Such being the case,, it is not to be wondered at that the revisers, while the decision was fresh in mind, formulated the explanatory note heretofore referred to, in harmony therewith.
What has been said sufficiently shows from my standpoint that the conclusion reached by the court is wrong. We might rest the matter without going further. Turning however to-sec. 943, Stats. 1898, as amended by ch. 312, Laws of 1903, under which the proceeding giving rise to this litigation was had, we are unable to find any warrant therein for participation by women in deciding the bond proposition at the polls.. The law referred to, so far as necessary to have it in view in-tins discussion, is as follows:
“Unless it is otherwise provided by law, no . . . city . . .. shall issue any bonds . . . unless upon compliance with the following conditions: Whenever a . . . common council shall declare its purpose to raise money by issuing bonds, it shall *155direct, by resolution, which shall be recorded at length in the-record of its proceedings, the . . . city . . . clerk to call a special election for the purpose of submitting the question of' bonding the . . . city ... to the electors thereof. . . . Such election shall be held at the usual place or places of holding elections, unless the . . . common council shall in the-resolution . . . designate some other place or places. Provided . . . that when any such special election is held at the. same time as a regular . . . city . . . election, then such, form of ballot . . . may be printed upon the official ballot to be voted at such election. . . . Provided, however, that the-provisions of this section shall not apply to the issuing of bonds by any city of this state for . . . school purposes . . .. unless within thirty days after the passage by the common council of the city of a resolution or ordinance authorizing-the issuing of bonds for such purposes there shall be filed in. the office of the city clerk a petition in writing signed by not less than ten per cent, in number of the voters who voted in. said city at the last general state election, asking for a submission of the question of issuing .such bonds to a vote of the-people.”
By my brethren, subject to a query to which some attention-will be given later, it is conceded that unless the term “electors thereof” in the enactment includes women they improperly voted on the occasion in question, even if the limited right of suffrage granted to women is as broad as respondents’ counsel contends and the court holds. In determining the meaning-of such term we make but little progress by considering its-general scope. That its ordinary signification is, a person having a constitutional right to vote at elections, generally, of public officers, needs no discussion. True, in its broad sense it includes all persons who have a constitutional right to vote on any proposition submitted to the public for an expression of their choice. The question for us to solve, however, is what is its meaning in the law under consideration. The first rule of construction to be applied, as before indicated, if the law is open to construction at all, is that it must be presumed that the legislature used the term according to-*156.the meaning generally ascribed to it. That would not include those having a mere limited right of suffrage, one not extend-' ing to elections generally. Is there anything in the law indicating that the legislature used the term in a different sense ? They could not have used it at the outset with reference to the limited right of suffrage conferred upon women, because whereas such right originated in the law of 1885, the law in question originated in 1872. That is proof conclusive, it would seem, that none but persons having the full right of •suffrage were thought of by the original framers. That is strikingly significant of the legislative purpose. It is provided that in case the bonding proposition is voted on at a regular city election, the ballot may be part of the general -official form. That feature was added to the law of 1903 two years after the enactment of ch. 285, Laws of 1901, providing separate ballot boxes for women. Comparing those two laws, it is seen that the later expression of the legislature does not include the thought that women are to vote on a bonding proposition. Under the law of 1901 they are not to use the ballot boxes or ballots provided for general elections. Under the act of 1903 no ballot is contemplated except those proper for the use of persons having the full right of suffrage.
The most convincing feature of the act of 1903 in support of our contention is the proviso that the bonding proposition is to be submitted to a vote of the electors, only upon condition of a petition therefor in writing being filed with the city clerk signed by not less than ten per cent, in number of the voters who voted in the municipality in the last general state election. Can there be any doubt but what the persons competent to petition are the persons to whom the proposition is required to be submitted ? No one can belong to the former who did not vote in the municipality at the previous general state election; no one could have done so without possessing the full right of suffrage. Women do not possess such right; *157therefore they cannot be counted as petitioners under the act. We see no way of escaping that logic. I understand counsel for respondent to have conceded that on the oral argument, and to have failed to respond readily, if at all, to a request for some logical reason for saying a person not competent to petition for submission of the bonding matter to vote of the electors may yet be regarded as an elector for the purpose of voting thereon. We hoped the court would treat what counsel seem so significantly to have failed.in. In that we are disappointed. It is said the circumstance that only electors, in the sense of full suffragists, are competent to petition for submission of the bonding proposition “has no material or persuasive bearing. It does not indicate any intention by the legislature to deny to any constitutional elector his right' to vote at the election which might be rendered necessary by the filing of the petition.” 'Why it is not material or persuasive as to the legislative intention the opinion is entirely silent. On that we have mere naked judicial assertion. I must-assume that the explanation of that is the difficulty of assigning any logical reason: the same difficulty that the learned counsel for respondents experienced on the oral argument. I make no claim that it indicates a legislative intention to deny to any constitutional elector his right to vote. The claim is that women are not constitutional electors, except in a very limited sense, and that they were not in the legislative mind in framing the act in question.
Now it would seem very plain that when the law says that a proposition shall be submitted to the-electors for their decision upon a petition being made therefor by ten per cent, of the electors who voted at the last previous state election, and that is what the law in question obviously says about as plainly as words could express a matter, electors at the initiative, by necessary implication, must be the same as electors to make the choice. To say that the former must be full *158■suffragists and tbe latter need not be, to nay mind is highly illogical: is to place by arbitrary construction an element in the statute not placed there by the legislature.
I see materiality and persuasiveness to a high degree in the •circumstance that only full suffragists are competent under the law to petition for submission of the bonding scheme. I ■see that because of the seeming unreasonableness in the idea that one may be an elector for the purpose of voting on the bonding proposition, and not for the purpose of petitioning for submission thereof to the electors. To my mind such ■circumstance indicates the legislative intent, because the class denominated electors are so tied with that denominated voters who may petition, as to show with all the certainty of express declaration that one is synonymous with the other. The confession that members of that one class only can properly petition for the referendum is tantamount to a confession that only members of that one class can participate in responding by voting on the proposition. The one follows the other, to my mind, by irresistible logic.
Now a word about the query of my brethren as to whether the legislature has power to provide for an election at which only a certain part of the electors recognized by the constitution shall be allowed to vote. I am a little at a loss to see the bearing of that. Perhaps since my brethren went no further than to venture the query, I should pass the matter unnoticed, but I will treat it briefly. The constitution does not recognize women as voters except in a very limited sense at “elections pertaining to school matters.” As such elections ■concern, if I am right, only the choice of school officers, the court’s query is entirely outside the case.' If it be referable to sec. 943 as amended by the act of 1903, in connection with the assumption that the issuance of municipal bonds pertains to school matters, then there is no great doubt of authority that it is competent for the legislature to limit the right to vote in municipalities as to their mere local matters, relating *159to tbe imposition of public burdens and the regulation of property, to those haying special qualifications, in the absence of any constitutional prohibition in that regard. On this the following are in point: McGraw v. Greene Co. 89 Ala. 407, 8 South. 852; Murdock v. Weimer, 55 Ill. App. 527; Scott v. Twombly, 20 Misc. (N. Y.) 652, 46 N. Y. Supp. 1084; State v. Woodruff, 2 Day, 504; Hanna v. Young, 84 Md. 179, 35 Atl. 674. In the last case cited the constitutional feature was particularly considered and passed upon. State v. Williams, 5 Wis. 308, is not inconsistent therewith.
There are other cogent and important reasons for the position I maintain. However, since those already given at length seem amply sufficient to justify my dissent from the decision of the court, I will not further discuss the case.