Slip Op. 12-114
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
GLOBE METALLURGICAL INC.,
Plaintiff,
Before: Leo M. Gordon, Judge
v.
Consol. Court No. 10-00032
UNITED STATES,
Defendant.
OPINION
[Results of remand of administrative review sustained.]
Dated: September 5, 2012
William D. Kramer, Martin Schaefermeier, DLA Piper LLP (US), of Washington, DC,
for Plaintiff Globe Metallurgical Inc.
L. Misha Preheim, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the Defendant United States. With him on the
brief were Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and
Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Joanna V. Theiss, Of Counsel, Office of the Chief
Counsel for Import Administration U.S. Department of Commerce.
Duane W. Layton, Sydney H. Mintzer, Margaret-Rose Sales, Mayer Brown LLP, of
Washington, DC, for Defendant-Intervenors Shanghai Jinneng International Trade Co.,
Ltd. and Jiangxi Gangyuan Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Gordon, Judge: This consolidated action involves an administrative review
conducted by the United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of the
antidumping duty order covering silicon metal from the People’s Republic of China
(“China”). See Silicon Metal from the People’s Republic of China, 75 Fed. Reg. 1,592
(Dep’t of Commerce Jan. 12, 2010) (final admin. review) (“Final Results”); see also
Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-570-806 (Dep’t of Commerce Jan. 5, 2010)
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 2
available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/2010-378-1.pdf (last visited
September 5, 2012)1 (“Decision Memorandum”). Before the court are the Final Results
of Redetermination, Sept. 6, 2011, ECF No. 76, (“Remand Results”), filed by Commerce
pursuant to Globe Metallurgical Inc. v. United States, 35 CIT ___, 781 F. Supp. 2d 1340
(2011). The court has jurisdiction pursuant to Section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act
of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2006),2 and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c)
(2006). For the reasons set forth below, the Remand Results are sustained.
I. Standard of Review
For administrative reviews of antidumping duty orders, the court sustains
Commerce’s determinations, findings, or conclusions unless they are “unsupported by
substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). More specifically, when reviewing agency determinations, findings,
or conclusions for substantial evidence, the court assesses whether the agency action
is reasonable given the record as a whole. Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458
F.3d 1345, 1350-51 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Substantial evidence has been described as
“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Dupont Teijin Films USA v. United States, 407 F.3d 1211, 1215 (Fed. Cir.
2005) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). Substantial
evidence has also been described as “something less than the weight of the evidence,
1
All Commerce unpublished decision memoranda were last visited the date of this
opinion.
2
Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions
of Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2006 edition.
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 3
and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not
prevent an administrative agency's finding from being supported by substantial
evidence.” Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm'n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). Fundamentally,
though, “substantial evidence” is best understood as a word formula connoting
reasonableness review. 3 Charles H. Koch, Jr., Administrative Law and Practice §
9.24[1] (3d. ed. 2012). Therefore, when addressing a substantial evidence issue raised
by a party, the court analyzes whether the challenged agency action “was reasonable
given the circumstances presented by the whole record.” Edward D. Re, Bernard J.
Babb, and Susan M. Koplin, 8 West's Fed. Forms, National Courts § 13342 (2d ed.
2012).
II. Discussion
Defendant-Intervenors, Shanghai Jinneng International Trade Co., Ltd. and
Jiangxi Gangyuan Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. (“Respondents”), challenge Commerce’s
treatment in the Remand Results of a surrogate financial statement of FACOR Alloys
Limited (“FACOR”), a ferroalloy producer in India, which was used by Commerce to
calculate Respondents’ selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) for the
margin calculation. Specifically, Respondents challenge as unreasonable Commerce’s
exclusion of FACOR’s sale of a captive power plant as a non-routine transaction. See
Def.-Intervenors’ Comments on Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand,
Oct. 14, 2011, ECF No. 80.
When calculating SG&A, Commerce includes “gains or losses incurred on the
routine disposition of fixed assets . . . because it is expected that a producer will
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 4
periodically replace production equipment and, in doing so, will incur miscellaneous
gains or losses. Replacing production equipment is a normal and necessary part of
doing business.” Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from Mexico, 75 Fed. Reg.
6,627 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 10, 2010); Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-201-
822 (Feb. 3, 2010) cmt. 8 at 44, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/mexico/
2010-2987-1.pdf (“SSSS in Coils from Mexico”). Commerce excludes from its SG&A
calculation any resulting gains and losses from non-routine sales of fixed assets
because they “do not relate to the general operations of a company.” Id. In determining
whether to include or exclude a fixed asset sale from SG&A, Commerce considers the
nature and significance of the sale, and the relationship of the transaction to the general
operations of the company. Id.
Commerce has applied this framework many times to various transactions,
including: the sale of a pulp mill by a lumber producer (non-routine, excluded), Certain
Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 69 Fed. Reg. 75,921 (Dep’t of Commerce
Dec. 20, 2004), Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-122-838 (Dec. 13, 2004) cmt. 9
at 56, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/canada/E4-3751-1.pdf; the sale of a
shipping vessel by a rebar producer (non-routine, excluded), Certain Concrete
Reinforcing Bars from Turkey, 70 Fed. Reg. 67,665 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 8, 2005),
Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-489-807 (Nov. 2, 2005) cmt. 25 at 83, available at
http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/turkey/05-22242-1.pdf; the sale of a sawmill by a
lumber producer (non-routine, excluded), Issues and Decision Memorandum
accompanying Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 70 Fed. Reg. 73,437
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 5
(Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 12, 2005), Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-122-838
(Dec. 5, 2005), cmt. 8 at 38, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/canada/05-
23932-1.pdf (“Softwood Lumber Products from Canada 2003-04”); the sale of a
warehouse by a stainless steel producer (non-routine, excluded), SSSS in Coils from
Mexico, cmt. 8 at 45; the sale of land for corporate headquarters by a PET film producer
(non-routine, excluded), Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip from the
Republic of Korea, 75 Fed. Reg. 70,901 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 19, 2010), Issues
and Decision Memorandum, A-580-807 (undated), cmt. 3 at 6, available at
http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/korea-south/2010-29271-1.pdf; the sale of timber tracts
by a lumber producer (routine, included), Softwood Lumber Products from Canada
2003-04, cmt. 40 at 111; and the sale of certain production equipment by an orange
juice producer (routine, included), Certain Orange Juice from Brazil, 76 Fed. Reg.
50,176 (Aug. 12, 2011), Issues and Decision Memorandum, A-351-840 (Aug. 5, 2011),
cmt. 7 at 21, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/brazil/2011-20563-1.pdf.
In Softwood Lumber Products from Canada 2003-04 Commerce explained the
difference between the routine disposition of a fixed asset and the disposition of an
entire facility:
It is the Department’s practice to include gains or losses incurred on the
routine disposition of fixed assets in the G&A expense ratio calculation.
The Department follows this practice because it is expected that a
producer will periodically replace production equipment and, in doing so,
will incur miscellaneous gains or losses. Replacing production equipment
is a normal and necessary part of doing business. The costs associated
with assets currently being used in production are recognized, and
become part of the product cost, through depreciation expenses. The
Department includes such gains and losses from the routine disposal of
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 6
assets in G&A expense rather than as a manufacturing expense, because
the equipment, having been removed from the production process prior to
the sale or disposal, is not an element of production when the disposal or
sale takes place. It rather is simply a miscellaneous asset awaiting
disposal. The gains or losses on the routine disposal or sale of assets of
this type relate to the general operations of the company as a whole
because they result from activities that occurred to support on-going
production operations. In short, it is a cost of doing business. The
Department’s approach for these types of gains and losses is to allocate
them over the entire operations of the producer.
We disagree with Abitibi that the question is whether the closed or sold
facility pertains to the merchandise under review. Once a facility is sold or
shut-down, by definition it no longer relates to the ongoing or remaining
production, and it becomes either an asset owned by another party or an
asset awaiting sale or disposal. Prior to the sale or shut-down, the cost of
the facility would be allocated to the products produced at that facility in
the form of depreciation expenses. Post shutdown or sale, the associated
cost no longer is a direct or indirect production cost. The question is
whether such costs are appropriate for inclusion in G&A expenses and
relate to the company as a whole. The policy of not basing our decision
on whether the facility in question produced the merchandise under review
or merchandise not under review is consistent with our treatment of such
costs in past cases.
As discussed above, these respondents either sold or shut down entire
production facilities during the POR. These respondents are in the
business of producing and selling commercial goods to customers: they
are not the business of manufacturing and selling entire production
facilities. From a cost perspective, it would not be reasonable to assign
the gain or loss on the disposition of a facility to the per-unit cost of
manufacturing of the products that are still being produced at the
respondent’s other facilities, because the facility in question now has
nothing to do with producing the respondent’s products. The question,
again, is whether the shut-down and sale, or the outright sale, of a
production facility supports the general operations of the company. The
reason for including financial and G&A expenses in COP or CV is that
companies incur various costs and expenses, apart from those associated
with production operations, to maintain and generally support the
company. . . .
Moreover, we disagree with the petitioner that the permanent closure or
sale of a production operation is routine and the type of transaction that
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 7
should be picked up as part of G&A expense. The sale of an entire
production facility is a significant transaction, both in form and value, and
the resulting gain or loss generates non-recurring income or losses that
are not part of a company’s normal business operations, and are
unrelated to the general operation of the company. The sale of an entire
production facility does not support a company’s general operations,
rather it is a sale or removal of certain production facilities themselves. It
represents a strategic decision on the part of management to no longer
employ the company’s capital in a particular production activity. These
are transactions that significantly change the operations of the company.
If the task before the Department is to determine a particular producer’s
cost to manufacture a given product (including the costs associated with
financing and supporting the producer’s general operations) it is not
reasonable to include gains or losses on the sale of an entire production
facility as a product cost.
While the Department has included such gains and losses in the past, in
more recent cases, we have changed our practice and excluded the gains
and losses associated with plant closures and sales. . . .
Softwood Lumber Products from Canada 2003-04, cmt. 8 at 33-35. Commerce echoed
this explanation in SSSS in Coils from Mexico:
The sale of an entire warehouse does not support a company’s general
operations. Rather, it represents a strategic decision on the part of
management to no longer employ the company’s capital in a particular
production activity. These are transactions that significantly change the
operations of the company and are non-routine in nature. From a cost
perspective, it would not be reasonable to assign the gain or loss on the
disposition of an entire facility to the per-unit cost of manufacturing of the
products that are still being produced at the respondent’s other facilities,
because the facility in question now has nothing to do with producing the
respondent’s products. . . .
...
Mexinox is in the business of manufacturing and selling stainless steel
products and not in the business of selling warehouses.
SSSS in Coils from Mexico, cmt. 8 at 45.
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 8
In the Remand Results Commerce reasoned that FACOR’s sale of its captive
power plant was not a routine disposition of production equipment, but a non-routine
disposition of a complete production facility:
A functioning power plant is a type of production facility, and
therefore, its sale is more similar to the sale of an ongoing business line
(such as the Kraft pulp mill in Softwood Lumber from Canada 2002-2003
or the shipping line in Concrete Reinforcing Bar from Turkey) than the
routine disposition of equipment or machinery. Since FACOR's primary
business activity is the production and sale of ferrochrome, its sale of a
power-producing facility is non-routine in nature, and unrelated to its
general operations. This is consistent with the determinations cited by
Respondents. In SSSS from Mexico, the Department excluded profits on
the sale of an entire warehouse from SG&A, stating that the sale of its
warehouse "does not support a company's general operations." Likewise,
in PET Film from Korea, the Department excluded profits on the sale of
land, because selling land was not part of its normal business operations.
As noted above, FACOR is in the business of producing and selling
ferroalloys, not power plants. The Department's treatment of the sale of
the power plant as non-routine is consistent with past practice.
Further, in its Draft Remand Results, the Department cited to the
large change in profit on the sale of the fixed asset between the prior and
current period merely as supporting evidence that FACOR's sale of a
power plant was an unusual, non-routine transaction. Slight fluctuations in
the profits and losses realized by companies from year to year are to be
expected, however, in this case, FACOR's profits on the sales of fixed
assets increased over 1000% year-over-year (from the 2006-2007
accounting period to the 2007-2008 accounting period). This sizeable
increase in profits on the sale of fixed assets is indicative of an unusual
transaction, and FACOR's financial statements show that the unusual
transaction accounting for this change is the company's sale of an entire
power plant in the current period. Contrary to the Respondents' argument,
the consideration of the change in profit was but one part of the evidence
which the Department considered in its determination that the sale of the
power plant is non-routine.
Second, with respect to the significance of FACOR's sale of its
power plant, we continue to find that FACOR's sale of a power plant was a
significant transaction in both form and value. We disagree with
Respondents' interpretation of Softwood Lumber from Canada 2003-2004
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 9
as requiring that only the sale of a production facility can be categorized
as non-routine. For instance, in Reinforcing Bars from Turkey, the
Department excluded the profit from the sale of shipping vessels from
SG&A, and in SSSS from Mexico, the Department excluded the profit from
the sale of a warehouse, which are not production facilities. Moreover, an
entire power plant is a type of production facility. The Department does
not require a demonstrable change in the operations of the company to
consider the sale of a plant or facility to be significant in form. The primary
business lines of respondents whose asset sales were determined to be
non-routine in Softwood Lumber from Canada 2002-2003, Softwood
Lumber from Canada 2003-2004, and Concrete Reinforcing Bars from
Turkey all continued with no minor changes after the non-routine sales of
fixed assets, as is the case of FACOR.
FACOR's sale of a power plant was also significant in value. As
Petitioner has noted, FACOR's power plant accounted for over 50 percent
of the book value of its fixed assets, and even when considering the
accumulated depreciation of the power plant, the power plant in question
still represented over 40 percent of the company's total fixed assets,
calculated on the same basis. Moreover, the Department has not
determined that the significance of a transaction must be determined by
examining its proportion of total revenue, nor has the Department set a
lower limit for the percentage of total revenue that an asset sale must
reflect in order for the sale to be considered non-routine. Although
Respondents rely on Chlorinated Isos Prelim in support of their argument
that the Department should consider the sale to be not significant, in
Chlorinated Isos Prelim, the Department did not explain why it determined
to treat the profits from the sale of a fixed asset as an offset to SG&A.
This issue was also not discussed in the final results. Therefore, this
determination does not support Respondents' contention that, where a
sale of a fixed asset results is a small percentage of total revenue, the
Department must treat the sale as routine.
The Department also continues to find that the sale of a surplus
asset may also be significant. The simple fact of a company stating that it
has excess capacity does not preclude a transaction from being
considered significant. A surplus asset is one that is no longer needed by
the company, not necessarily an asset that is insignificant to the company
in terms of its productive capacity and value, or one that a company
routinely sells.
With respect to the relationship of FACOR's sale of its power plant
to its general operations, we continue to find that the sale of the power
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 10
plant was not related to the general operations of FACOR. Again, a power
plant is a production facility, and whether or not the products and services
produced by the production facility are used in the manufacture or sale of
the company's primary product, the sale of a production facility remains
outside the scope of the company's primary, general business. We
continue to find that whether or not power plants are commonly owned by
ferroalloy producers is not determinative of whether the sale of a power
plant is routine or not.
Many categories of businesses are likely to possess certain
manufacturing facilities that are not directly related to their primary
business line - whether the "side" line be the production of Kraft pulp or
the provision of shipping. The commonality between these examples and
a power plant is that each of these facilities generates output of a product
or service - paper, transport, or power - that is outside the scope of the
company's primary business line. These unrelated goods and services
may be employed in the manufacture of the company's own products -
such as the shipping services the respondent provided for its own inputs
and outputs instead of contracting a shipping company in Concrete
Reinforcing Bars from Turkey - or they may be sold for profit to customers.
The way the outputs of a productive manufacturing facility are employed
by a specific company are not determinative of whether the sale of the
asset is routine.
Remand Results at 13-16.
Respondents’ contend that if properly applied, Commerce’s practice governing
fixed asset sales should yield only one reasonable outcome: FACOR’s power plant sale
must be included as a routine transaction in the SG&A calculation. Respondents do a
creditable effort briefing their case, although it simply is too difficult a case to make.
Unlike in the market economy context where a respondent benefits from the wisdom
and insight of its own accountants analyzing its own fixed asset sales, here,
Respondents (along with Commerce and petitioner) are interpreting the power plant
sale through the limited information provided in surrogate financial statements. Against
such an administrative record (which does not specifically detail the frequency with
Consol. Court No. 10-00032 Page 11
which Indian ferroalloy producers buy or sell entire power plants), and against the litany
of Commerce decisions excluding comparable fixed asset transactions, it is too tall an
order for the court to direct Commerce via affirmative injunction to include the power
plant sale within its SG&A calculation. Such an order would have to explain how the
sale of an entire power plant by ferroalloy producers, not in the business of selling
power plants, amounts to an insignificant, routine transaction, and further, why that
determination is the only outcome that the administrative record reasonably supports.
The standard of review contemplates that more than one reasonable outcome is
possible on a given administrative record, and Commerce’s decision here to exclude the
power plant sale from its SG&A calculation is consistent with its past practice and
certainly is as reasonable, if not more so, than Respondents’ proposed alternative. The
court must therefore sustain the Remand Results.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons the court sustains Commerce’s Remand Results.
Judgment will be entered accordingly.
/s/ Leo M. Gordon
Judge Leo M. Gordon
Dated: September 5, 2012
New York, New York